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349603

New York, Dec. 27, 1913. No. 1.

Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

AN INTERESTING FORM OF THE
PNAPPING TURTLE.
(Chelydra_ serpentina. )

Recently several large snapping turtles have
been received at the Philadelphia Aquarium, which
appear to differ from those found commonly about
Philadelphia and the Middle Atlantic States
generally. I am indebted to Mr. W. E. Meehan,
the Director of the Aquarium, for the opportunity
of examining them. Altogether three specimens
are in his possession, one from Minnesota and the
others from Lake Copake in New York. Of the
last, one is small. All agree in one striking fea-
ture, though most developed in the two large exam-
ples, in the presence of three lengthwise keels
on the upper surface-of the carapace being well
elevated and very conspicuous. Other examples
with low and evenly convex carapaces, and with
the keels but slightly developed, if at all present,
are of all ages, the largest measuring 144 inches
over the longest diameter of the carapace. These
local specimens are from Pennsylvania and New
Jersey. This evidence is interesting, as most writers
state that the carapace becomes gradually smoother
withage, though my incomplete observations, chiefly
from lack of northern material for comparison,

would point to a possible existence of two forms.
This involves a question of the correct application of
the fortunately few synonyms heretofore grouped
under Zestudo serpentina Linneeus, which may
be restricted to the northern or extremely keeled
form. Chelydra lacertina Schweigger is virtually
identical. The remaining Chelydra emarginata of
Agassiz may then refer to the southern form, or at
least to that common in the Delaware Valley

and south.
H. W. FOWLER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

COLOR CHANGES IN COLLARED
LIZARDS.

Last summer it was my good fortune to be able
to study Bailey’s Collared Lizard ( Crotaphytes col-
laris) in the Painted Desert of northern Arizona.
Those which I observed were found only in locali-
ties where the volcanic or other rock occurred in
piles, or was scattered over the ground. The liz-
ards were generally seen perched upon one of these
rocks. During the cooler hours of the day they
were nearly always a dark, dirty gray, but when
the air was warm and the lizards became more ac-
tive, the color changed to a bright emerald green.
This was in the country of the sandstone rocks.
Where the black lava rock occurred the great
majority of the lizards were of the same dark color,
even when active and during the sunny part of the
day. In this latter country they were a perfect
example of protective coloration, but the green ones
seem quite conspicuous, unless one could imagine
a resemblance to the short grass, which occurred
iregularly.

I have two specimens in captivity, and notice
this same color change during the day. In the

morning, or when the air is cool, they lie sluggishly
on the bottom of the cage, or under a rock, and at
such times they are of this dark color and show
no desire to feed. When the sun strikes their cage,
however, they scramble around in a lively manner,
their lighter colors begin to show, and they snap up
meal worms eagerly.
They are good feeders, quite. hardy, and are
very gentle, never offering to bite.
DWIGHT FRANKLIN,
New York, N. Y.

PTSHES IN THE WATER-SUPPLY: OF
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE.

On April 15, 1910, we visited Mr. Alfred D.
Poole at Wilmington, who offered us every oppor-
tunity to examine the fishes in the filter-beds.
These are fed from the reservoir, which is supplied
from the Brandywine Creek, at a considerable dis-
tance. After the water was drawn off, we found
the following: Abramis crysoleucas, Notropis hud-
sonius amarus, N. analostanus, N. cornutus, Cypri-
nus carpio, Catostomus commersonti, Ameiurus neb-
ulosus, Lepomis auritus, Hupomotis gibbosus and
Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi. On September 24,
1910, we again inspected other of the filter-beds,
finding all of the above except Ameturus nebulosus,
besides the following additional species: Angwilla
chrisypa, Semotilus bullaris, Ameiurus catus and
Micropterus dolomieu. On November 20 and 21,
1915, we again visited Wilmington, and examined
the reservoir after the water was drawn off. We
found it contained the following: Notropis analos-
tanus, Oyprinus carpio, Anguilla chrisypa, Lepomis
auritus, Hupomotis gibbosus and Micropterus salm-
oides. These lists are quite interesting as showing
the variety of species which gradually stock artifi-

cial bodies of water after considerable periods of
time, as several years had elapsed since their pre-
vious drainings.
R. J. PHILLIPS and H. W. FOWLER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

NOTES ON FISHES NEAR NEW YORK.

Since a List of the Fishes Known to have
Occurred within Fifty Miles of New York City went
to press in the Abstract of the Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New York, published Febru-
ary 8, 1913, further data, changing the local status
of the following species, has come to the writer’s
attention :

Hippocampus hudsonius. (Feb.!) April to Nov.!
Lobotes surinamensis.2, Casual. Sept. and Oct.

One seen in the fishermen’s catch at Galilee, N. J., Sept.

20, 1913.
Prionotus carolinus. May to Nov. 21.°
Urophycis chuss. Common. Oct. to at least Nov. 21.4
Paralichthys dentatus. May to Nov. 21.
Paralichthys oblongus.? Common. Nov.
Limanda ferruginea.? Common. Nov.

Lophopsetta maculata. August to Noy. 23, at which
date in 1912 it was seen taken from rather deep water.

1. N. Y. Zoological Soc. Bull., April 1904.
2. N. Y. Zoological Soc. Bull., Jan. 1907.
3. Seen taken by the writer off New York in twenty-one fathoms,

Nov. 21, 1912.
J. T. NICHOLS,
New York, N. Y.

LATE ACTIVITY OF PICKERING’S HYLA.

On December 7, 1913, at Plainfield, N. J., I
heard three Pickering’s Hylas giving their clear,
Spring whistle in different parts of the woods. The
day, like the preceding, was unseasonably warm
(temperature 54° F. at 11:45 A. M.) and rainy, and

the woods very wet.
W. DE W. MILLER,

Plainfield, N. J.

New York, Jan. 19, 1914. No. 2

im \

We NA .
in) a AS wage

Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

RIO GRANDE INDIAN FISHERMEN

Most of the Southwestern Indians will not eat
fish, but the tribes along the Rio Grande have
gotten over this prejudice if they ever had it. An
explanation for the former non-use of fish is as
follows: When the people came up out of the
underworld through a lake in the north they wan-
dered about looking for good places to live. When
they came to the Rio Grande the leader made a
bridge of Guacamayo feathers. Those persons who
refused to cross are now the nomadic Indians,
those who crossed safely are the Pueblo Indians,
and those who fell in are the fish.

The methods of fishing are various, although
snares and traps seem to be the most ancient.
The snare is made of a horsehair loop tied to the
end of a short stick. Lying on the bank the fish-
erman maneuvers this snare till it is directly in
front of the fish, and then draws it up with a jerk.
The fish, startled, shoots straight ahead and is
caught. The Indians of Taos Pueblo are very
skillful at fishing in this manner. The fish-hook
has been acquired from the white man and is
valled a ‘‘ pointed fish snare.” Bone ones are
sometimes made. H. J. SPINDEN.

New York, N. Y.

AMPHIBIANS: AND Gh Reese bs Aan
JENNINGS, MARYLAND.

During June of 1907, while on a visit to Mr.
Herman Behr in this part of Garrett County, I
collected or noted a number of interesting species,
as follows: Plethodon erythronotus, P. glutinosus,
Spelerpes bislineatus, 8. longicauda, Desmognathus
fusca, Diemictylus viridescens (both forms), Bufo
americanus, Pseudacris triseriatus, Hyla picker-
ingii, Rana pipiens, R. palustris, R. clamata, R.
sylvatica, Thamnophis sirtalis, and Agkistrodon
contortiria. Mr. Behr also reported Natrix sipedon,
Crotalus horridus and Chelydra serpentina.

This list is offered, as no previous account has
ever been given of the region, and as several of the
species are of interest geographically.

T. D. KEIM,
Stelton, N. J.

NOTES ON THE FISHES AT OCEAN
OITY;, MARYLAND:

In August, with Mr. A. R. Burton, the off-
shore pounds were visited to study the fishes of the
region. Small collections were also made in Isle
of Wight and Sinnepuxent Bays. As no recent
account of the fishes has appeared since Uhler
and Lugger’s in 1876, the following list is offered :

Carcharhinus milberti
Several small ones.
Sphyrna zygena
A dozen young.
Pristis pectinatus
A mounted example on exhibition was
reported to have been taken in 1911. It

was about 10 feet long, and had 25 teeth
on each side of the rostrum.

Raja eglanteria
Dasyatis say

Pteroplatea maclura
Myliobatis freminvillar
Acipenser sturio
Anguilla chrisypa
Opisthonema oglinwm
Brevoortia tyrannus
Stolephorus mitchilli
Fundulus majalis
Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepidotus
Fundulus diaphanus
Fundulus lucie
A few in ditches.
Cyprinodon variegatus
Tylosurus marinus
Syngnathus fuseus
Menidia beryllina cerea
Menidia menidia notata
Scomberomorus maculatus
Trichiurus lepturus
Caranx crysos
Trachinotus carolinus
Pomatomus saltatrix
Rachycentron canadus
Poronotus triacanthus
Morone americana
Many parasitized with Livoneca ovalis, some-
times two within a single gill opening.
Centropristes striatus
Orthopristis chrysopterus
Cynoscion regalis
Cynoscion nebulosus
Bairdiella chrysura
Micropogon undulatus
Leiostomus xanthurus
Menticirrhus saxatilis
Alutera schopfir
Spheroides maculatus
Chilomycterus schepfi
Prionotus strigatus
Lophopsetta maculata
Paralichthys dentatus
Lophius piscatorius
H. W. FOWLER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

THALASSOCHEHLYS CARHTTA IN THE
SOUTH ATLANTIC.

During November, 1912, the writer observed
numbers of loggerhead turtles in the South Atlan-
tic Ocean between the latitudes of 32° 54’ S. and
37° S., and the longitudes of 42° 15’ W. and 46°
29° W. The area included within these limits lies
400-500 miles east of the coast of Uruguay. The
specific dates and notes are as follows:

“Nov. 3.—Two loggerheads, with carapaces
fully a meter in length, noted separately.

‘* Nov. 4.—Three seen, of which one was har-
pooned and captured. Its carapace was grown
over with algae, and its stomach contained Chon-
drophoride (Velella). A Cape Verde sailor who
was suffering from rheumatism drank a cup of the
blood of this turtle as medicine.

‘ Noy. 8.—Rough weather. Many loggerheads
seen throughout the day (latitude 36° 16’ S., longi-
tude 46° 35’ W.). One was observed swimming or
floundering on its back, raising one pectoral flipper
above the surface of the water as it paddled.

‘“ Nov. 9.—One seen. This loggerhead lay idly
at the surface until it was grazed by the ship.
Beneath its plastron was a veritable cloud of small
fishes which kept their position when the turtle
darted away.”

Re Co MURR EY.
Brooklyn, N. Y.

New York, Feb. 14, 1914. No. :

:

Cw
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Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

CONCERNING THE OCCURRENCE OF
SUCKERS (ECHENEIDID®) ON
BALISTID 2.

During a period of prevailingly caln weather,
August 8 to 25, 1912, in an area included between
the latitudes 26° and 32° N. and the longitudes 49°
and 62° W., I had an opportunity to observe from
the deck of the American whaling brig ‘“ Daisy”
considerable numbers of one or more species of
pelagic trigger fish (Balistide). A photograph of
a specimen captured on August 11 furnishes a
satisfactory identification of the family.

These fishes were called by the sailors ‘‘ old
wives” and “leather jackets.” Schools of them
darted round the vessel, swimming mostly on their
. sides, and the fishes readily bit hooks baited with
sperm whale meat. The dorsal fin was high and
situated well posteriorly ; some of the individuals
were spotted or blotched with white. The largest
specimen caught measured 28 centimeters in
length.

On August 9 (latitude 27° N., longitude
62° W.) I saw one accompanied by three small,
slender, dark-colored fishes (remoras) which
appeared to be attached to the trigger fish’s side,

except that they sometimes wriggled away from it
for a few seconds, or changed their positions in the
manner of Echeneididse on sharks. A notebook
sketch made at the time shows the parasites about
one-quarter the length of the Balistid, or perhaps 8
centimeters long. R. ©. MURPHY.
Brooklyn, N. Y.

NOTES ON FISHES NEAR NEW YORK.

On December 20, 1913, one or two Big Skate,
Raja ocellata, were taken from the fishing steamer
“Taurus” at Cholera Bank, Long Island. This
seems the latest definite available record near New
York City for the species, which probably winters.
The prongs of an egg-case were projecting from
the cloaca of a female.

During the fall and ensuing winter of 1913,
Dr. Wiegmann has been active studying the occur-
rence of fishes as captured near New York, and
hopes by continuing his observations to get much
more definite data on their abundance and migra-
tions than is now available. The following late
dates obtained are of interest:

Sheepshead Bay: Goggle-eyed Sead, Trachurops cru-
menophthalmus, Sept. 24; White Mullet, Mugil carema, Nov.
9; Northern Barracuda, Sphyrena borealis, Nov. 16.

Coney Island: <Alewife, Pomolobus pseudoharengus,
Nov. 26; Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, Nov. 26; Silvery
Anchovy, Stolephorus argyrophanus, Noy. 18. A single large
specimen of the Silvery Anchovy was obtained. The
identification has been verified at the American Museum of
Natural History.

Sandy Hook: Blackfish, Tautoga onitis, Dec. 31;
Squirrel Hake, Urophycis chuss, Dee. 51, abundant.

W. H. WIEGMANN,
J. T. NICHOLS,
New York, N. Y.

LIST OF SALIENTIA FROM NEAR
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA.

The following were collected ten miles south
of Jacksonville by the writer, 1911-1912:

ORDER SALIENTIA.
Family Ranide.

Rana pipiens Schreber, abundant all over.
Rana sphenocephala Cope, abundant all over.
Rana wesopus Cope, local, not very plentiful.
Rana clamitans Latreille, sparsely, scattered companies.
Rana catesbiana Shaw, permanent bodies of water.
Rana grylis Stejneger, not rare, but very shy.

Family Hngystomatide.

Engystoma carolinense Holbrook, abundant everywhere
after heavy rains.

Family Bufonide.
Bufo lentiginosus Shaw and
Bufo quercicus Holbrook, common, in companies in tem-
porary water, or scattered on cultivated ground.
Family Hylidae.
Hyla pickeringti Storer, rare here.
Hyla squirella Bose., in gardens and cornfields

Hyla femoralis Latreille, common on pine trees, but not
easily caught.

Hyla cinerea Daudin, found in scattered bands, among
water hyacinths on creeks.

Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, local, not very plentiful.

Chorophilus nigritus Le Conte, common during the winter
months.

Chorophilus occidentalis Bd. and Gd., plentiful, in seat-
tered companies.

Chorophilus ocularis Holbrook, abundant everywhere.
Acris gryllus Le Conte, plentiful on edges of bayous.

Re Ee DECKERT.
New York, N. Y.

THE FOOD OF THE LOGGERHEAD
TURTLE (Caretta caretta).

A large loggerhead turtle was sent to the
Philadelphia Aquarium in October last, where it
shortly died. It was secured off the New Jersey
coast. Upon an examination of the contents of its
alimentary canal, the intestinal tract was found
completely filled with the remains of hermit crabs
(Pagurus pollicaris) and borers (Natica duplicata).
No other food appeared to have been taken. Dr.
Henry A. Pilsbry, who also examined the specimen
and identified the shells, secured three species of
barnacles from its carapace, plastron, and inside
its mouth. One of these barnacles he may likely
describe as new. H. W. FOWLER,

Philadelphia, Pa.

BELATED SINGING OF TOADS.

Numbers of Common Toads have been observed
every year in the water of Patchogue Lake singing
as late as the middle of August. These toads
behave exactly as toads do in the breeding season,
but no females have been seen among them.

FRANK OVERTON,
Patchogue, N. Y.

BOX TURTLE ACTIVE IN DECEMBER.

In connection with Mr. Miller’s December
record for Pickering’s Hyla (‘ Copeia,” No. 1), a
Box Turtle observed by the writer out and active
below the Palisades at Englewood, N. J., December
21, 1913, is of interest. J. T. NICHOLS.

Englewood, N. J.

New York, March 14, 1914. No. 4

Ca 2
a ae ee

Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

PICKERING’S HYLA ACTIVE IN
JANUARY.

On January 30, 1914, I heard two Spring
Peepers (Hyla pickeringti) singing at noon in a
swamp at Brookhaven, Long Island, N. Y. There
would be a series of half a dozen or more peeps
followed by a silence of about five minutes; the
frogs responded twice to my whistled imitations of
their calls. The temperature of the air was 56°
F. in the shade; there was a gentle wind blowing from
the southwest, and the sun shone dimly through
fog clouds. Much ice was still to be seen on the
ponds; the temperature had been warm for several
days previously. FRANK OVERTON,

Patchogue, N. Y.

A NOTE ON THE PURRING GOURAMI.

Although not as highly colored as most of the
Labyrinth-fishes from the Far Hast, Ctenops vitta-
tus, commonly called the Purring Gourami, com-
mands more than usual attention because of its
being able to produce purring sounds.

It is a small fish, seldom over 2 inches in
length, and not often seen in aquaria in this
country, as it is very delicate as regards changes
in temperature and handling. Only recently has it
been my good fortume to have a few pairs of them
for any length of time.

The purring sound is heard very frequently
during the mating period; it is a short, sharp
brrr—brrr, like the sound produced by throwing
pebbles in rapid succession against glass. In doing
it the fish, with gill-covers, tail and fins extended,
shakes himself violently, and the purring, accord-
ing to its strength, can be heard distinctly for a
distance of 25 feet and more.

RICHARD DORN,
Upper Montclair, N. J.

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
OBSERVED AT BEVERLY, N. J.

During the past five years I have noted and
collected the following amphibians and reptiles in
my locality:

Plethodon erythronotus—Under logs in woodland.

Spelerpes bislineatus— Under stones in creek bottoms.

Desmognathus fusca— Under stones in streams.

Bufo americanus— Gardens.

Acris gryllus crepitans—Pond edges.

-Hyla pickeringii—Marshes and gardens.

Hyla versicolor—Garden.

Rana pipiens—Grassy pools.

Rana palustris—Meadows and contiguous woodland.

Rana catesbeiana— Creek borders.

Rana sylvatica—W et woodland.

Natrix sipedon—Creeks and river meadows.

Bascanion constrictor—Low, wet wood growths.

Thamnophis sirtalis—Low meadows. (Both striped and
spotted.)

Heterodon platirhinos—Dry fields and woodlands. (Both
dark and light phases.)

Sceloporus undulatus—Pine lands.

Chelydra serpentina—Creeks.

Kinosternon pensylvanicum—Muddy streams, takes the
brook.

Sternotherus odoratus—Muddy streams, takes the brook.

Chrysemys picta—Creeks.

Clemmys muhlenbergii— Meadow streams.

Clemmys insculpta—Low woods.

Clemmys guttata—Creeks.

Terrapene carolina—Meadows.

J. F. STREET,
Beverly, N. J.

RIO GRANDE INDIAN FISH TRAPS

Fish traps are made according to a widespread
fashion. Two converging walls of brush that point
downstream are built. At the center is an opening
where a log is placed to form a waterfall. Below
this waterfall is a willow mat which is carefully
screened in from the side. The fish are swept out
towards the end of this mat, which is above water,
and are unable to go back over the little waterfall.

Large fish-nets are made by communal labor
out of the fiber of Indian hemp and the wide-
leaved yucca. Each man makes his piece of net
and brings it to a meeting. There the different
pieces are patched together to form a large seine.
The mesh is made even by the use of a flat stick
over which the tying is done. Stones are used for
sinkers and gourds for floaters.

The throwing of the net is a communal enter-
prise and the whole village profits by it. The
governor of the pueblo has charge, and before the
event comes off either he or the war captain goes
to the river bank and throws in an offering of
cornmeal to placate the river spirit. After the
fish have been eaten, many Indians throw the
bones back to the river, believing they will again
become fish. Others throw the vertebre on ant
hills so the ants will clean them nicely and they
can be used as beads. H. J. SPINDEN,

New York, N. Y.

EGG-LAYING OF THE LOGGERHEAD
TURTLE.

At Cape Lookout, in North Carolina, on July
27, 1913, at about midnight, my captain, with one
of the other members of my crew, noticed the fresh
tracks of a turtle, and upon following them for a
short distance, came upon a very large loggerhead

MY
lf

turtle laying her eggs. His description, which I

know to be reliable, follows :

He states that the turtle had almost buried
herself in the sand; thai the laying of each egg, at
intervals of ten to fiftee1, seconds, was accompanied
by a convulsive movement; that she appeared not
to notice their presence while laying, although he
struck her. He received 25 or 30 of the eggs in
his hand as they were laid. After she had finished
laying she filled the héle, and, with her flippers,
smoothed the sand over. then showed a disposition
to defend her nest by r2maining near it, but they
handled her roughly and she started for the sea,
more than 100 yards distant. The nest was opened
and the balance of the eggs secured. The entire
number laid was only 87, which is the smallest
number I have ever known to be laid by a logger-
head turtle. In my experience they usually lay
about 150. R. J. COLES,

Danville, Va.

PADDLEFISH FOUND IN MUD.

During the construction of a dam across the
Nolichucky River near Greeneville, Tenn., an area
of the river bottom was exposed to view by means
of a cofferdam on November 9th, 1913.

All the water was pumped out, and during the
pumping process no fish were observed in the water.

The rock bed of the river was covered by two
feet of clean sand, and over this was three or four
inches of fine silt. In chis silt were found half a
dozen living fish called by the natives Shovel-nosed
Catfish, identified at the American Museum of
Natural History as Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula.
These fish ranged from 2 to 24 feet in length, the
head and paddle being: about half the length of
the fish. WARREN TRAVELL,

New York, N. Y.

Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

EFFECT OF THUNDER ON FISHES

On July 9 and 31, 1915, when collecting with
seines in the bight of Cape Lookout, North Caro-
lina, immediately following two violent electrical
storms, I found fishes unusually scarce. The
precipitation had been heavy on both these occa-
sions, but I have in the past noticed scarcity of
fish following thunder accompanied by little or no
rainfall, and believe that vibration of the ground
caused by heavy thunder drives them into deeper
er: Reve Olbes 1

Danville, Va.

NOTES ON LEOPARD LIZARDS

Very little has been published on the habits
of the Leopard Lizard (Crotaphytes wislizenit),
although it is common in many parts of the
Southwest.

There seems to be considerable variation in
the color and pattern, depending on the sort of
country in which they are found. Those living in
a region of dark volcanic rocks have a darker pat-
tern than those found in the red sandy desert.
The Leopard Lizards which I observed last sum-
mer were of the latter type, and were chiefly seen

at Tuba, in the Painted Desert, Arizona. The
general color of these lizards was light in tone, the
ground color was pale buff and the spots of a soft
rich brown which blended at the edges. The
females were slightly larger than the males and
invariably had a series of brilliant orange-red bars
along the sides of the body and tail and along the
under side of the tail. None of the males which I
examined had any red color. The under sides of
both sexes are pure white.

These lizards were feeding largely upon cicadas
during the month of June. An examination of
their stomachs showed this. On one occasion I
saw a Leopard Lizard leap over two feet up and
catch a cicada which was singing in a low grease-
wood bush.

Leopard Lizards probably lay their eggs dur-
ing July, although I was unable to make any
observations on their breeding habits. During the
month of June I saw many adults but no young,
while in August and September I saw no adults
but quite a few young lizards, evidently of that
year’s brood. The young were about five inches
in length and were slightly darker than the adults.

Errata.—In Number 1 of * Copeia,” page 2, Crotaphytes
collaris should read Crotaphytes baileyi.

DWIGHT FRANKLIN,
New York, N. Y.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE SALIENTIA
OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

The two species of ‘“ Leopard frog,” Rana
pipiens, Schreb., and Lf. sphenocephala, Cope, are
the commonest frogs hereabout. Both species
can be found everywhere, from February to Novem-
ber. The breeding season is not restricted to a few

weeks or months, as in the North, but frogs may
be heard singing in chorus, after heavy rains, dur-
ing the time mentioned above. I have found their
spawn, in shallow bayous, in February, March,
April, May, August and October.

Rana wsopus, Cope, the “Gopher frog,” is a
silent frog, very shy and not often seen. Its call
is a loud, deep snore, and can be heard from late
February to the end of May. These frogs croak
only at night, and are then easily caught by the
light of a lantern. Outside of the breeding season
this frog frequents the burrows of the ‘ Gopher
turtle,” Testudo polyphemus, sitting at the mouth
of these burrows and vanishing into them at the
slightest alarm. Two or three frogs will inhabit
the same turtle-burrow. The one-year-old frogs of
this species I have repeatedly caught, wandering
from the high ground and its burrows into the
swampy meadows below, where the insect life is
more abundant. On being discovered, they will
not dash away with long leaps, like other frogs,
but squat close to the ground, motionless, like
some toads, and are then easily picked up.

Rana clamitans, Latr., the “ Pond frog,” and
Rk. cateshiana, Shaw, the common ‘“ Bull-frog,”
frequent the borders of the larger creeks, also per-
manent smaller streams. They are not as common
here as in the North. Both differ from northern
frogs of the same species in having their under
sides much darker, some specimens being black
with a very few small whitish spots.

Rana grylis, Stgr., is called the “ Pig-frog,”
owing to its loud grunting call, repeated three or
four times. This is a beautiful frog, closely related
to the common Bull-frog. It is one of the shyest
of all frogs, usually floating in water two or three

feet deep, under the branches of a floating dead
tree, or among other debris, so that it is almost
impossible to get within capturing distance with-
out alarming it. Its size is 4 to 5 inches from
snout to vent. The call is heard at any time, day
or night, from deeply wooded bayous, oftenest in
March, April and May. R. F. DECKERT.

New York, N. Y.

FISHES IN POLLUTED WATERS

For many years the tidal reaches of the
Schuylkill River to the Fairmount dam in Phila-
delphia have been greatly polluted, suggesting the
impression that they support little or no fish life.
I have recently received a number of fishes from
this region, through Mr. W. E. Meehan, the Direc-
tor of the Philadelphia Aquarium, besides notes
on others not sent. The most interesting was a
gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) captured
from a small run during the past October. Those
species commonly noted are Anguilla chrisypa,
Notropis hudsonias amarus, N. amenus, Cyprinus
carpio, Carassius auratus, Catostomus commersoni,
Ameiurus nebulosus, Fundulus heterochitus macro-
lepidotus, Ambloplites rupestris, Hupomotis gibbosus,
Micropterus salmoides, Perca flavescens and Boleos-
oma nigrum olmstedi. Species of more or less
unusual occurrence were Pomolobus pseudoharen-
gus, Salmo furio, Ameiurus catus, Hsox reticulatus,
Pomowis sparoides, Lepomis auritus, L. incisor,
Micropterus dolonieu and Morone americana.

H. W. FOWLER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

New York, May 15,1914. No. 6

Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-

blooded vertebrates.

ON SNARING SUCKERS

Mr. Spinden’s article in Copeia (Rio Grande
Indian Fishermen) recalled one of the earliest
episodes of my youth. When I was ten years old
(1847), I was a boarding scholar at Greenville,
N. Y., and much addicted to angling, especially in
a stream immediately back of our house. A New
York boy (I forget his name) came with a mother
or aunt to spend a week or so with my teacher’s
family, and had a new wrinkle in the line of fish-
ing. He had a long “catgut leader,” which he
made into a loop and attached it to the end of a
pole, and this he used to take suckers ( Catostomus) ;
he slowly directed the loop towards the sucker and,
leading it over the head, jerked it up when he had
led it to the middle of the body and landed the
fish. I do not remember that he caught any other
fish than suckers in that way, the other fishes being
too timid to stand the test.

THEO. N. GILL,

Washington, D. C.

NOTES ON PELAGIC FISHES

The following notes are based on observations
made during an Atlantic cruise in the whaling brig
‘* Daisy.” The fish parasites mentioned have been

identified by members of the staffs of the U.
National Museum and the Bureau of Animal
Industry.

Sphyrana picuda Bloch and Schneider

A specimen taken by the writer on August 22,
1912, latitude 31° 50° N., longitude 50° 49° W., had
two large trematodes, Distomum ampullaceum
Buttel-Reepen, in its intestine.

Coryphena hippurus Linné

A dolphin caught on August 26, 1912, latitude
32° N., longitude 46° 12' W.., had three whole flying-
fish in its ‘stomach, and a trematode. Hir onan
clavata (Menzies), in its intestine.

September 2, 1912, latitude 32° 21’ N., longi-
tude 43° W. At noon a large piece of flotsam was
harpooned from the deck of the ship and towed
astern. Many dolphins and other fishes swam
under the shelter of the wreckage, and remained
with it while it was being drawn along. Fifteen
of the fishes, of which five were Oor yphena hippu-
rus, were caught on lines from the ship.

November 1, 1912, latitude 29° 18' S., longitude
40° 59° W. In the mouth of a dolphin taken on
this date were an amphipod (Mutyphis faba) and
two isopods (/dothea metallica).

October 7, 1912, latitude 5° N., longitude 22°
25' W. A large albacore was caught on this date.
Within its stomach were young dolphins (Cory-
phena), a decapod crustacean, and a pelagic * violet
snail” (Janthina).

Hlagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard)

October 3, 1912, latitude 6° 46’ N., longitude
24°35 W. A female of this species which measured
more than a meter in length was taken.

October 11, 1912, latitude 3° 20' N., longitude
24° 44' W. A 7-foot shark which swam round and

round the ship on this date, was accompanied not
only by several pilot fish, but also by a troup of
fifty or more young runners (Hlagatis). They
were seen with the shark for several hours.

R. C. MURPHY,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

ON THE SYSTEMATIC NAMES OF THE
SNAPPING TURTLES

In the first number of “‘ Copeia,” Mr. H. W.
Fowler has indicated his belief that there exist in
the United States two forms of the Snapping Turtle
—a northern one, with a well-developed median
keel to the carapace in the adult, and a southern
one, common in the Delaware Valley and south,
with the median keel but slightly developed, if at
all. To the former he reserves Linnzus’ name,
Chelydra_ serpentina; for the latter he employs
Agassiz’s Chelydra emarginata, based upon speci-
mens from Mobile and New Orleans, stating that
‘* Ohelydra lacertina Schweigger is virtually iden-
tical” with Ch. serpentina.

Without being able at the present moment to
express an opinion as to the existence of two
separable forms of the Snapping Turtle in this
country, I wish to call attention to the fact that,
if they are distinct, the keel-less form must take
the name given by Domolber

The latter, in 1812, Kénigsberg. Arch. Naturw.
Math; vol: 1p. 293, distinguished between two
forms, of which Ch. lacert tina is characterized as
having “testa oblonga, scutellis vertebralibus
planis, lateralibus carinatis,” while Ch. serpentina
is said to have “testa oblonga, trifariam carinato-
spinosa,” or precisely the same characters as given
by Mr. Fowler. From Duméril’s Cat. Méth. Coll.
Rept. Mus. Paris, 1851, p. 15, we learn that
Schweigger’s type is still in the Paris Museum of
Natural History, viz., ‘‘the one of which the
vertebral keels are effaced, a character apon which

he |Schweigger| had based the distinction between
this species [ Ch. lacertina], considered new by him,
and that which he described under the name of
Ch. serpentina.”

Therefore, if there be two forms of Snapping
Turtles, their names would be Chelydra serpentina
serpentina (Linneus) and COhelydra_ serpentina
lacertina (Schweigger):

LEONHARD STEJNEGER,
Washington, D. C.

NOTE ON HAWAIIAN GECKOS

During April, 1913, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry
secured two interesting geckos while visiting the
Hawaiian Islands. As any additional information
to Dr. Stejneger’s account of the ‘ Hawaiian
Land Reptiles” (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXI,
1899, pp. 783-813) is desirable, I give the following
records:

Peropus mutilatus (Wiegmann).

Obtained on the island of Kahoolawe, from which it
has not previously been reported.

Hemidactylus garnotii Duméril and Bibron.
One secured at Moomouii, on the island of Molokai.
Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril and Bibron).

An old example, collected by J. K. Townsend many
years ago. is interesting as likely being the first
Hawaiian gecko in any museum, especially American.
It is still in good preservation. Though labeled
simply + Sandwich Islands,” it was probably secured
on Oahu. The original label also shows that it was
coufused with the preceding species.

H.-W. FOWLER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

a
ea

as

Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

NOTES ON THE GILA MONSTER.

In May, 1907, the Children’s) Museum in
Brooklyn received a fine specimen, 17 inches in
length, of the Gila Monster, Heloderma suspectum
Cope, captured a few weeks previous near Tucson,
Arizona. When it died, February 3, 1914, or
almost seven years after captivity, it measured
18 inches.

At first vicious and ever ready with partly
open jaws and quick motions of the head to snap
at an intruder, the lizard became sluggish after a
few weeks, rarely attempting to bite even when
handled. It frequently drank water, but refused
to take food, such as eggs, whole or beaten, chopped
beef, or milk. After two months of such behavior,
forcible feeding was resorted to. This was accom-
plished by means of a glass tube, 3 inch in diameter
and 18 inches long. The procedure briefly was as
follows: grasping the lizard just behind the head
and holding it in a vertical position the jaws were
pried open with a strong pair of dental forceps, the
tube inserted to a depth of from 2 to 24 inches and
the contents of one beaten egg allowed to run
down. Thereafter this operation was repeated
once a month. It worked perfectly ; there was no

spilling and the reptile apparently thrived. Dis-
section after death showed blood-clots around the
heart; otherwise all organs looked normal. Thick
layers of fat lined the sides of the abdomen. A
few days before, while feeding, the forceps slipped
and the reptile’s jaws closed with sufficient force
to splinter the glass tube. Injury received through
this accident probably caused death.

Shedding of the skin did not occur at regular
intervals, but rather continuously, small patches
peeling off here and there.

On October 26, 1907, a museum attendant was
bitten in the fleshy part of the base of the thumb of
the right hand. The reptile’s hold was extremely
tenacious, and some time, perhaps a minute, elapsed
before the hand was released. The wound showed
6 small punctures. Swelling and discoloration of
the hand, accompanied by great pain in the hand
and arm, followed quickly. Although immediately
placed under medical care, when the _ patient
reported for duty two weeks later, he still com-
plained of numbness in the hand and arm and
occasional dizziness. Lack of mental reserve and
a physical condition below the average in this case
no doubt contributed in rendering the effect of the
Gila Monster’s bite unusually severe.

GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

A HYBRID CENTRARCHID.

On December 12-14, 1911, a small collection
of fishes was made in the Chesapeake and Ohio
Canal above Violet’s Lock, about 25 miles above
the city of Washington, D. C.

Among the fishes taken was a Centrarchid
which is apparently a cross between Chanobryttus

gulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) and Lepomis
bosus (Linneus). At the time of capture it was
noted that the form and color were unusual and
unlike any of the Centrarchids common to these
waters.

gib-

Following is a table of comparative measure-
ments of the hybrid and a typical example of each
of the other species of nearly the same size:

Cheenobryttus Lepomis

gulosus Hybrid gibbosus
_—
Total length in Gm............-.- 19.4 16.3 15.4
Head (without flap) in standard
eietGiliia sacs cooppcuopeposadanc 2.67 2.59 2.91
Depth in standard length........ 2.28 2.10 PAK)
Bye in head...........-.-.s sees 5.28 4.63 4.00
Severe bel (eho Rs GononooabennccaToos 3.86 3.00 3.65
Ny aU EA Yo copononEceopanpeuDoconce 2.15 2.55 | 3.23

Maxillary reaching...........---- to behind pupil |to front of pupil | to front of eye

UNterOrbital ee. .-icccce eye e101 4.06 3.64 Salil
PECtOr al ee rieiietersleretetelelaierleri- ais 1.66 1.42 1.20
Teeth on tongue.............----- present present absent
[DYoyeshlidejp pos leccosscononmgoo0boT xe OME xe OTL Galil a
reed senaacnpdudch se00noe IDM i al LEROY £ 11) 0 ee 05a
Seale formu Bere ses ce ioietarelsisacss/arere 7+11—42 (+5) | 7+12—42 (+5) 7+12—39 (4-4)
odoooDe 6 5

Rows of scales on cheeks 6 |

The profile of the hybrid is very different from
C. gulosus, the body being short and deep, ovate ;
the snout is long, pointed, and the upper profile,
from tip of snout to origin of dorsal, is relatively
straight.

In C. gulosus the pectoral is broad, distal mar-
gin evenly rounded; in the hybrid, it is broad,
pointed, upper rays longest, and in L. gibbosus it is
narrow, pointed, median rays longest. Although
the color pattern of the hybrid is nearest to that of
C. gulosus, it is unlike that of any example seen in
these waters, the color markings are less distinct

and on lower side and belly blend into those of
typical examples of L. gibbosus. The coloration of
the fins and the form and coloration of the opercu-
lar flap agree with C. gulosus.

The writer has seen other hybrid Centrarchids
from the vicinity of Washington, D. C., one of
these being apparently a cross between C. gulosus
and LL. gibbosus; another between C. gulosus and
L. cyanellus Ratinesque. In this connection it is
interesting to note that C. gulosus is not a native
species, having been introduced into the Potomac
by the Fish Commission about 1895.

LEWIS RADCLIFFE,
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.

SOME NOTES ON THE CRICKET FROG
ON LONG ISLAND.

The country lying between Flushing and
Jamaica is an excellent place for frogs. In the
woods and between the woods are many small
ponds varying from a small pool to a fair-sized
pond, big and deep enough to swim in. Here as
early as March 23, 1913, I found and collected sev-
eral Cricket Frogs. Later, as the spring advanced,
they became quite common, the small gray frogs
being the most plentiful. ;

This year, 1914, their appearance was later,
April 19 being the first. Two weeks later, May 3,
I collected several and heard the song; about 11
o'clock one sang as I watched it. Later in the
day, at a pond some two miles northeast, I heard
some more, while those in my collecting box sang

several times.
HOWARTH S. BOYLE,
EHimhurst, N. Y.

New York, July 1, 1914. No. 8.

3
Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

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FISHES AND REPTILES FROM ASSUAN,
EGYPT.

Mr. C. F. Silvester recently submitted the fol-
lowing collection :

FISHES.

Anguilla anguilla (Linneeus). Adult.

Hydrocyon forskalii Cuvier. Adult and half-grown.
Alestes baremose (Joannis). One adult.

Labeo coubie Riippell. Adult.

Barbus bynni (Forskal). Small example.
Eutropius niloticus (Riippell). Adult.
Siluranadon auritus (G. St. Hilaire). Two adults.
Porcus bajad (Forskal). Adult.

Synodontis schall (Schneider). One adult.

Clarias lazera Valenciennes. Adult and young.
Lates niloticus (Linneus). Adult.

Tilapia nilotica (Linneus). Adult.

REPTILES.

Eryx thebaicus Reuss. Four.

Pryx jaculus (Linneus). Hight.

Coluber diadema Schlegel. Two adults.

Coluber florulentis (G. St. Hilaire). Eight, all ages.

Psammophis sibilans (Linneus). Seven, adult and

young.

Psammophis shokari (Forskal). Six, adult and young.

Naja haje (Linneeus). Four adults.

Cerastes cerastes (Linneus). Two adults.

Ptyodactylus hasselquistii (Donndorff). One adult.

Tarentola annularis (G. St. Hilaire). Four adults.

Agama flavimaculata (Riippell). Adult.

Agama pallida Reuss. Three adults.

Uromastix ornatus Riippell. One adult. This species
apparently not previously recorded definitely
from Egypt. Back uniform in color.

Varanus griseus (Daudin). Adult.

Varanus niloticus (Linneus). Adult.

Acanthodactylus boskianus (Daudin). One.

Scineus scincus (Linneus). Six, mostly adults.

HENRY W. FOWLER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

AMBLYSTOMA OF LONG ISLAND

Three species of Amblystoma (A. punctatum,

A. opacum, A. tigrinum) have been listed as being
found in the vicinity of New York City.* Of these
only A. tigrinum is mentioned, without specific
data, as occurring on Long Island. Observations
by the writer and material in the Museum of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences show the
following Long Island records:

AMBLYSTOMA PUNCTATUM (Uinneus).
(Spotted Salamander).

2 specimens Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. Aug., 1900.
—G. K. Cherrie and L. Ericson.

3 specimens Forest Park, Brooklyn. May, 1906.
Under stones and logs, damp soil.
—Geo. P. Engelhardt.

1 specimen Huntington, L. 1 Aug., 1913.
In potato patch. —Miss Graeve.

*Sherwood, William L. Salamanders found in the vicinity of New York City.
Linn. Soc. 1894-95. No. 7.
Ditmars, Raymond L. The Batrachians of the vicinity of New York City.
Amer. Mus. Journal, Vol. V, No. 4. Oct., 1905.

This species appears to be common on Long
Island. Specimens are frequently brought to the
Museum. Its favorite haunts are damp woods,
often at some distance from streams and ponds.

AMBLYSTOMA OPACUM (Gravenhorst).
(Marbled Salamander).
1 specimen Mt. Sinai, L. I. Sept. 18, 1909.
—R. C. Murphy.

1 specimen Baldwin, L. L. July 25, 1911.
—Dwight Franklin.

My only experience in finding this species has
been in the pine barrens near Lakehurst, N. J., at
a place known as “ Bone Hill,” where, in company
with Mr. William T. Davis, three specimens were
captured, Aug., 1906, in a barrel sunk at one end
of a small pool. This pool, though much reduced
in summer, never runs dry, and the barrel formed
an excellent trap which the salamanders could
readily enter in spring, when the water is high,
but from which they could not escape in the sumn-
mer. For several succeeding seasons A. opacum
was found in the barrel, but no other species.
When visited during June, 1912, the barrel had
collapsed, but the pool swarmed with larve 1 to 13
inches long. Except during the breeding season,
this species prefers dry or shady places, as already
reported by Cope and others.

AMBYSTOMA JEFFERSONIANUM (Green).

1 specimen Montauk, L. [. May 31, 1913.
—Geo. P. Engelhardt.

The capture of this specimen is of unusual
interest in furnishing the first record of the species
from Long Island and, it appears, also froin the
vicinity of New York City. In general it can be

said that this salamander is northern in its distri-
bution. Cope records it from West Virginia,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, New York, Ver-
mont and Canada; De Kay from Albany and
Peru, Clinton County, New York. The Long
Island specimen was discovered under a board in
a slightly moist depression near the road about
half way between Montauk and Montauk Point, a
locality abounding in swamps, ponds and small
streains. It measures four inches in length, there-
fore not fully grown, and in color during life
was above glossy black with numerous light-blue
blotches and spots; below grayish to lead-colored.
During four months of captivity the specimen fed
sparingly on meal worms. In alcohol the ground
color has changed to olive-brown and the blotches
and spots have faded into buff. A wax cast, with
natural colors restored, has been prepared.

AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM (Green).
(Tiger Salamander. )

Reported by William L. Sherwood from Ran-
cocas, L. I., but this no doubt should read Rancocas,
N. J., as there is no such place on Long Island.

Raymond L. Ditmars refers to this species as
“occasionally found on Long Island.”

No specimens or specific data are at hand.
Information regarding this species, as well as other
salamanders from Long Island, would be much

appreciated.
GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

New York, August 29, 1914. No. 9.

Published by the contributors to advance the Science of cold-
blooded vertebrates.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE SALIENTIA
OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

Engystoma carolinense, Holbrook, the “ Nar-
row-mouth Toad,” is a common Batrachian here,
but owing to its nocturnal habits, it is not often
seen. After thunder-showers, however, every pool
and ditch resounds with its cry, which sounds like
a nasal ‘ baa” or “bee” and has also some resem-
blance to the noise made by an electric buzzer.
I have caught hundreds of these queer little toads,
and on August 28, 1911, came across their spawn
in a ditch between two potato hills. The eggs are
laid in oblong, jelly-like sheets, or flat masses,
about 13 inch long and 1 inch wide. The egg-
masses contain about 100 to 150 eggs.

Below is what I believe to be the first record
of the growth and metamorphosis of this species:

Eggs laid, night of August 27, 1911.

Aug. 28. One egg-mass put in flat enamelled pan in
about 14 inch of water. Larve straight-
ened out, but still in the egg-imass.

Aug. 30. Larve released from egg-mass, } inch long,
with small gill tufts.

Sept. 1. Larve 5’, inch long, gills disappearing.
Sept. 2. Larve } inch long, all have lost gills.
Sept. 8. Hind legs budding, length of larvie } inch.

Sept. 12. Legs fully developed, arms appearing, tail
getting shorter, length of larve 2 inch.

Sept. 14. Larve breathing air, tailis but a short stump.

Sept. 16. Tail gone. the young toads measure 2 inch
from snout to vent.

Bufo lentiginosus, Shaw, is the southern repre-
sentative of our common (northern) toad, and seems
to prefer the neighborhood of human habitations for
its abode. Near our house we found them under
boards, logs, tubs, heaps of rubbish, ete. Their
habits are in every respect similar to those of Bufo
americanus, and the call of the male cannot be dis-
tinguished from that of the northern species. The
toad itself, however, is differently built, the head
being wider and higher, and the arms and legs
shorter and more delicate. The eyes, also, are
larger, and the enormous bony knobs on the large
heads of some of the old females give them a sort of
resemblance to species of the tropical cystignathoid
toads Ceratophrys. Unlike the latter, our toads
are gentle creatures, living their life of usefulness
in our farms and gardens.

Bufo quercicus, Holbrook, is, I believe, the
smallest species of the whole genus Bufo, called
the ‘ Oak-toad,” and very common around Jackson-
ville. Its cry resembles that of a small chick, very
loud and shrill, and may be heard at any time of
day or night, sometimes from absolutely dry and
dusty fields and roadsides, where these tiny toads
hop about in the glaring sunshine, living on the
smallest of insects. The full chorus, which is ear-
splitting, is, however, heard only at night, after
heavy rains. The throat of the male is black, and
when the pouch is distended, forms a small elongate
bladder, slanting upward, and about ? inch long
and 4+ inch in diameter. The spawn is laid in tiny
strings, and the metamorphosis is very rapid. The

young toads, when fully developed, are 4 inch or
less in length. The adults measure: Male, 1 inch;

female, 14-14 inch.
RICHARD F. DECKERT,
New York, N. Y.

KING FISH AT CORSON’S INLET, N. J.

There has never been a commercial fishery at
this point, but it has long been visited by sports-
men. Among the fish sought Jlenticirrhus saxatilis
holds a prominent place. The remarkable varia-
tion in numbers of this fish in different years is as
noticeable here as at other points, the species occur-
ring in great abundance for one or two years and
then gradually decreasing from year to year until
few are caught. For the last fifteen years, how-
ever, Which is as far as reliable accounts go, it has
never entirely disappeared.

The year 1907 began the latest period of maxi-
mum abundance. During the previous August
and September large numbers of young fish, less
than two inches long, were seen along the sandy
marshes of the Inlet, and many hauls of the bait
nets contained little else.

The fish usually makes its appearance early in
May, the 4th being the earliest date of which I
have a note, and remains until October. In 1909
the last seen were October 11th. After the middle
of September a northeast storm is usually followed
by their disappearance.

Menticirrhus americanus was first noted by me
June 27th, 1909, when 8 examples were found in a
catch of 95 king fish. July 26th there were 10
examples in a total of 25 of the two species. They

were noted during August and September and
until October 11th, when one example was seen.
In 1910 they were noted from May 22d to Septem-
ber 11th. In 1911, 1912, and 1913 they were found
in July and August, in very small numbers com-
pared with Menticirrhus saxatilis, which continued
abundant.

Young and half grown examples of Menti-
cirrhus saxatilis are common in the Inlet during
summer, but I have never identified any but full
grown specimens of Menticirrhus americanus. It
is probable that the latter spawn here, however, as
the females frequently contain large and mature

ovaries.
R. J. PHILLIPS,
Philadelphia, Pa.

FOUR-TOED SALAMANDER ON
LONG ISLAND

Two specimens of the Four-toed Salamander
(Hemidactylium scutatum) were collected a year
apart at the same small pool in a second-growth
woods at Jamaica North. They were found by
tearing the moss apart that grew at the base of
some dead trees that were just at the edge of the

pool.
HOWARTH S. BOYLE,

Elmhurst, N. Y.

New York, September 15, 1914. No. 10.

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates.

FISHES FROM POCOTALIGO RIVER,
SOUTH CAROLINA

During a recent trip to central South Carolina,
May 14-June 1, 1914, I obtained a few fish from
the Pocotaligo swamp near Manning in the coastal
plain, which have been identified by Mr. Henry W.
Fowler, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and which are now in the collection
of that institution. As a list of them may be of
interest in tracing the range of the several species,
it is here presented.

An examination of numerous strings of fish
caught by negro boys in the various channels of
the river in the heart of the swamps showed the
following species, which are evidently the most
common forms, found in such localities, though
doubtless there are others: Ameturus natalis,
Chenobryttus gulosus, Acantharchus pomotis,
Enneacanthus obesus and Hsox americanus. I also
obtained in a scoop net a number of Gambusia
holbrooki in one of the channels where a small
brook entered from the edge of the swamp. At
the head of a small tributary swamp, the water
from what was originally a large shallow pool, had
almost entirely disappeared, leaving a puddle a few
feet in diameter literally swarming with little fish,

tadpoles, water beetles and crayfish. The fishes
proved to be young Acantharchus pomotis and Hsox
americanus. The whole section of country was
suffering from an almost unprecedented drought,
and many ponds and small streams which undoubt-
edly contained fish under normal conditions were
absolutely dry, while in the big river swamps the
water was entirely restricted to the channels.
WITMER STONE,
Philadelphia, Pa.

POISONOUS SNAKES NEAR
NEW YORK CITY

It will be of interest to herpetologists to learn
of the occurrence of poisonous snakes in the
southerly portion of Westchester County. For
some years past the writer has had reports of the
occurrence of copperhead snakes and occasional
‘attlesnakes in the region immediately north of
White Plains and south of Mt. Kisco. He has
been sceptical of these reports owing to the habits
of several species of non-poisonous snakes which
vibrate their tails when angry, causing these to be
mistaken for rattlesnakes. There is also the com-
mon habit among local observers without proper
knowledge of mistaking harmless water snakes
( Tropidonotus) and the flat-headed ‘ adders”
( Heterodon) for the copperhead snake. Of late,
however, there have been persistent rumors of
copperhead snakes in the hills near North White
Plains. The country is quite wild and few people
roam about the hilly portions. On the 25th of June
a friend of the writer confirmed these rumors by
capturing a large copperhead snake ( Ancistrodon
contortrix) on a hill a short distance from North
White Plains. This is the nearest definite record

of a poisonous snake occurring in the vicinity of
the boundary of New York City that the writer
has ever received—excepting the numerous copper-
heads captured on the Palisades along the west
shore of the Hudson. The specimen described
was caught just ten miles from the city line.

It is particularly interesting to note that the
reports of rattlesnakes occurring in southerly West-
chester County have also been confirmed by a large
yellow specimen being captured on a hill near
Sherman Park, this being seventeen miles from
the city line. The collector informed the writer
that there were several other snakes seen on this
same hill, which is of a ledgy character.

RAYMOND L. DITMARS,
New York, N. Y.

AN UNUSUAL RED SALAMANDER

A few days ago while chopping cord-wood
with my friend Dr. Bremer of the Harvard Medical
School, I was surprised to find, under the bark of
a hemlock log, a brilliant red salamander. I
thought first that I had the red eft form of the
common pond salamander (Notophthalmus viri-
descens ), though the situation was not one where
this creature would be expected. Next I thought
of Spelerpes ruber, but I knew instinctively that
this also was improbable on account of the loca-
tion. An examination showed that it was an
aberrantly colored individual of Plethodon erythro-
notus. This species, if examined closely in a living
state, will often be seen to show scattered, minute
red dots in the black areas, showing that the red
pigment is not really confined to the mid-dorsal
region. It probably exists along with the black
pigment wherever this occurs, but only shows when

the more dense black pigment is absent. Now
supposing this black pigment to be completely
wanting, the result would be a salamander similar
to that which we obtained at Cohasset, Mass. I
have no doubt, judging from similar cases, that a
single unit pigment character has been lost with
this, at first sight, rather startling result. While
the common term albinism and melanism have one
a latin and one a greek origin, I presume for the
sake of euphony that this predominance of red pig-
ment might well be called erythrism. The specimen
is No. 3527 of the Amphibian Collection, Museum
of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS BARBOUR,
Cambridge, Mass.

NOTE ON THE SWAMP TREE TOAD
(PSEUDACRIS TRISERIATUS)

But few definite records have been given for
this interesting little amphibian in the Middle
States. In New York it does not appear to have
been noticed except in the southern part of the
state. In New Jersey it has been reported from
Signac, Plainfield and in Gloucester County. In
Pennsylvania it has been found in the lower part
of Chester County, and at Pine Grove in Cumber-
land County. Iam now able to add another record
based on two living examples in my _ possession,
received from M. E.S. Mattern, who secured them
in late April, along Lizard Creek, near Bowmans
Station, in Carbon County. In Maryland it has
been obtained at Jennings, as reported in COPEIA,
No. 2. HENRY W. FOWLER,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Edited by J. T. NricHoLs, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, October 15, 1914. No. 11.

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates.

NOTE ON A NESTING SUNFISH

During the last few days of May, 1914, the
writer observed over twenty “nests” of the com-
mon sunfish (#. gibbosus) along the shore of
Umpawaug Pond, Topstone, Conn.

An examination of a few of these did not dis-
close any eggs, although many of them were
guarded by the spunky little males.

These nests could readily be seen through the
clear water as saucer-like depressions from which
the mud and debris had been cleared, exposing the
pebbles and sand.

On one of these nest guardians the writer tried
an experiment. Dropping a water-logged piece of
heavy fishline into the centre of the nest he
awaited results. The sunfish eyed it suspiciously,
nibbled at it and then bore it off two feet from the
edge of the nest. This experiment was repeated
with various objects with the same result. Finally
a half a dozen were thrown in at once, to the con-
sternation of the sunfish, who retreated. Two
days later the writer observed the same nest with
the objects in place, but along side of it a brand
new nest with the little sunfish on guard.

DWIGHT FRANKLIN,
New York, N. Y.

FISHES SWALLOWED BY GAR PIKE

As is well known, gar pikes are highly pre-
dacious fish. They devour vast numbers of food
and game fishes; and in localities where they are
abundant they are treated as pests and destroyed
by the thousand.

But although their voracious habits are well-
known, there do not appear to be any definite
records as to the size of the fish they swallow.
This is due to the fact that only a very few out of
the thousands of gars taken, annually are opened,
and among these it is rare to find one containing a
fish newly ingested and still recognizable. The
following two records accordingly seem worth pre-
serving.

During a stay of seven weeks at Moon Lake,
Miss., a few years ago, I saw over a dozen large
alligator gars (Lepiso ysteus tristach us), some of them
over 9 feet long, cut up by negroes to smoke for use
as food in the winter. In one instance I saw a
fish taken from the stomach of a gar. It was a
crappie, or calico bass (Pomoxis sparoides), 6 inches
long.

The second record is the following: The New
York Aquarium recently received an alligator gar
which had been shipped alive from the lower
Mississippi at Memphis, Tenn. It died on the way
north, and on reaching the Aquarium was turned
over to the Museum, where it was skeletonized.
It measured 6 feet 6 inches in length, and on being
opened it was found to contain a flat-nosed gar
(Lepisosteus platostomus) 2 feet 2 inches in length,
or exactly one-third its own length. The ingested
fish had apparently been but recently swallowed ;
it was still intact, only the scales and head bones
having begun to disintegrate in a few places. It
lay in the “alimentar y canal with the head pointed
toward the tail of its captor, indicating that it had
been engulfed head first and not from behind.

L. HUSSAKOF,
New York, N. Y.

J

THE LONG-NOSED DACE IN THE
HACKENSACK, NEW YORK

The widely-distributed fish ( Ahinichthys cata-
racte) has only been noted occasionally in New
York. Originally described from Niagara Falls it
has since been found in the St. Lawrence River,
near Ithaca, and at Plattsburg. Mr. Nichols says
it is a rare local resident within the fifty-mile limit
of New York City. It was, therefore, with inter-
est that I secured a fully adult male in nuptial
dress, while on a visit with Mr. George Herbert
Lings to his father’s estate near Blauvelt, in Rock-
land County. This example was taken May 19,
1914, in rocky rapids, in a tributary of the Hack-
ensack. Several other fishes, seen at the same
time, were believed also to be this species. In
quiet water, in the near vicinity, we noted Abramis
crysoleucas, Notropis bifrenatus, Catostomus com-
mersonnii, Hrimyzon sucetta oblongus, Lepomis
auritus (nesting) Hupomotis gibbosus, Rana clamata,
R. palustris, R. catesbeiana, R. sylvatica and
Chrysemys pieta. HENRY W. FOWLER,

Philadelphia, Pa.

CHUB MACKEREL IN GRAVESEND BAY

Limited numbers of this species (Scomber
colias) were taken in Gravesend and Sheepshead
Bays, during the late summer of 1913. The
average length of specimens taken on September
27, 1913, was 142 mm. During the past summer
large numbers of compact schools appeared in early
June. On June 27, 1914, they averaged 97 min.
in length. Immense numbers were taken for bait
and as food for the local colony of Italians. In
three hauls of a 100-foot dragnet, 62 pounds were
taken. In late August the species was taken by
hook at Sheepshead Bay and then averaged 131
mm. in length. The stomachs contained several
species of Arthrostraca (Hlasmopus and Ampi thoe )
and small Silversides (Menidia notata). Locally
they were used as live bait in the capture of Weak-

fish and Fluke. WM. H. WIEGMANN,
New York, N. Y.

A LIST OF THE’ AMPHIBIANS . AND

REPTILES OBSERVED IN RICHLAND

COUNTY, ILLINOIS, IN MAY, 1913

The writer and Miss Crystal Thompson were

sent by the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, to Richland County, [linois, in May,
1913, to obtain specimens and study the habits of
Rana areolata Baird. During the field work the
following species of amphibians and reptiles were
collected :

oA

Ambystoma microstomum (Cope).—Frequently plowed
out of mouse and crayfish burrows.

Bufo americanus LeConte.—Common.

Chorophilus nigritis (eConte).—apparently not com-
mon; but one specimen observed.

Acris Grytlus LeConte.—Abundant on the shores of
ponds.

Rana pipiens Schreber.—Common.

Rana areolata Baird.—Not common; found in crayfish
burrows.

Rana catesbiana Shaw.—Abundant.

Ophiosaurus ventralis (Linn.).—Rare.

Heterodon platyrhinus LUatreille.—Three specimens
secured.

Natrix fasciatus (Linn.).—Abundant; frequently head-
lighted in the ponds at night.

Cyclophis aestivus (Linn.).—One specimen observed.

Bascanion constrictor (Linn.).—Reported as formerly
abundant, but now nearly exterminated. Often
plowed out of burrows.

Pituophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel).—Common; frequently
plowed out of burrows.

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linn.).—few observed.

Chelydra_ serpentina (Linn.)—Common in creeks and
ponds.

Terrapene carolina (Linn.).—Very abundant; a series of
23 specimens collected and many more observed.

HELEN THOMPSON GAIGE,
Ann Arbor, Mich.

Edited by J. T. NicHoLs, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, November 20, 1914. No. 12

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertabrates

A NEW RECORD FOR THE PROWFISH.

Zaprora silenus Jordan

In the Proceedings of the California Academy
of Sciences of 1896, (page 203, pl. 20), Jordan de-
. scribed as new to Science a species of Scombroid fish
which constituted a new genus and family related to
the Icosteidae but differing from it in having pharyn-
geal teeth.

In the addendum of the Fishes of North and
Middle America, Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47,
U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 3, 1898, p. 2850, Vol. 4, plate
CLII, fig. 1) it is again described, and it is stated
that ‘only the type, 29 inches long, known.”

In Fishes of Alaska, Evermann and Goldsbor-
ough, it is mentioned and figured, and the statement
is made that it is “known only from 2 specimens, the
type and one other now in the Provincial Museum
at Victoria, both taken in Nanaimo Harbor, British
Columbia.”

In “Check List of the Fishes of Canada and
Newfoundland,” by Andrew Halkett, Naturalist,
Department Marine and Fisheries, 1913, p. 77, it
states that “only two specimens are known, one from
Nanaimo, (the type) which is in the Provincial Mu-
seum, Victoria, and the other from the Straits near
Victoria, Vancouver Island.”

In April, 1914, Captam Andrew Weiding

caught on a halibut trawl in 65 fathoms of water in
Lat. 58° 5’ N., Long. 149° W., a specimen of this fish
which was sent to the Bureau of Iisheries by Edwin
Ripley, fish dealer of Seattle, Washington. As the
present specimen, which was 33" inches in total
length differed somewhat from the typical descrip-
tion, the following notes upon it are given: Stand-
ard length 74cm. Depth, 18.5 cm. Length of caudal
peduncle, 4 cm. Depth of caudal peduncle, 7.2 cm.
Pectoral rounded, its longest ray 11 em. Caudal
truncate, its longest ray, 11 cm. Pectoral with small
scales on base on rays, extending (on middle ray) to
6. 5 em. Dorsal, anal and caudal sealed at base.
Dorsal formula, LIV. Anal, 24. Head, 13.7 cm.
Eye, 2.4 em. Snout, 3em. Max., 4.5 cm: Enteror-
bital, 5.8 cm. Ground color, gray, lighter beneath,
punctulated with black dots. Scales with bluish mar-
gins. Dorsal and anal without punctulations. Pee-
toral dark at base, with dote, distal portion light gray,
margin blackish. Caudal whitish at edges and to-
wards end, after margin blackish. Pores of head,
white. Forehead grayish. Yellow spot in upper axil
of pectoral. B. F. tag no. 9547.

Witiiam C. KENDALL,
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.

COMPARATIVE NUMBERS OF LIZARDS
AND SNAKES ON DESERT.

Lizards are the most abundant form of desert
reptile life. They greatly outnumber the snakes both
in point of individuals and species. In the summer
of 1913, the writer saw only three species of snakes
on the Painted Desert, Arizona. ‘These were the
prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus confluentus), bull snake
(Pituophis sayt), Arizona ribbon snake(?) (Hutaen-
ia megalops).

Among the lizards which are abundant may be
mentioned: Bailey’s Collared Lizard, Leopard Liz-
ard, Racerunners, Swifts and Horned Lizards.

Dwicut FRANKLIN,
New York, N.Y.

MUD TURTLE ATTACKED BY CRAB.

Canoeing in the muddy shallows of a creek at
Mastic, Long Island, with Mr. Alan S. Nicolay on
August 29, 1914, a large Blue Crab was observed
firmly holding a Mud Turtle (Ainosternon pennsyl-
vanicum) of perhaps more than half its size, one of
whose feet waved helplessly above the surface. ‘The
crab probably had it by the neck, and the encounter
might well have ended disastrously if not interrupted.

The waters at Mastic are rather unusual. The
creek where the encounter took place, though directly
tributary to brackish Moriches Bay, is, judging from
the water plants, almost, if not quite, fresh. The
writer has taken the Painted Turtle in it. The Snap-
ping Turtle is common in the Mastic Region; Spotted
Turtles are abundant in narrow, more or less fresh
creeks in the brackish meadow; the Mud Turtle is
frequently seen and the writer has found it on the
beach side of the bay. A fisherman at Brookhaven,
whose numerous stock of Diamond-backed ‘Terrapin
were examined says that this part of the bay is excel-
lent for that species. The Box ‘Turtle 1s common
in the woods, but the writer has never found the
Wood or Musk Turtles in the vicinity.

Mr. Waldron De W. Miller considers the latter
species definitely less coast-wise than the Mud ‘Turtle
in the vicinity of New York. He finds it at Plain-
field, N. J., where he has not taken the Mud Turtle,
which he has, however, found in the Cheesequake
Marshes, lower Raritan River Marshes, and at Sandy

Hook, N. J. J. T. Nicwots,
New York, N. Y.

AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM IN SOUTH
DAKOTA.

Last summer, during the month of August, the
writer lived among a number of Wahpeton Sioux, re-
siding about Drywood Lake about ten or twelve miles
from Sisseton, S. Dakota. The abundance of the
tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum in Drywood
Lake, and indeed in all the ponds thereabouts, was

notable. Both forms occurred, the axolotl phase
dwelling in the water, and the salamander phase on
the land.

After a rain, or in the morning while the ground
was still heavily bedewed, numbers of these salamand-
ers could be found crawling over the prairie, espe-
cially along the roads. I have seen as many as seven
in the course of a couple of miles, and their mangled
bodies were often seen where they had been run over,
sometimes as much as half a mile from the lakes.

These salamanders delighted in burrowing in the
mounds of loose black earth cast up by the pocket
gophers on the prairie. ‘They often covered them-
selves, leaving only the tip of the nose exposed. If
irritated, they would slowly lash their tails, which
would exude abundant drops of a thick white milky
fluid. The Indians believed this to be poisonous.
Great variation in the coloring of these salamanders
was observed, some being almost uniformly dull olive,
others plainly and strikingly barred with yellow. No
specimens under five or six inches in length were
observed, and most may have been eight or even nine
inches long.

ALANSON SKINNER,
New York, N. Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

a ee

nti Dut EY ed irs

_—

New York, December 15, 1914. No. 18

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

A NEW RECORD FOR THE LUMPPFISH
IN CHESAPEAKE BAY.

This seems to be the second specimen to be re-
corded from Chesapeake Bay. It was caught in a
trap off Wolf Trap Light, April 29, 1914, by E. L.
Wilson, and later taken to the Bureau of Fisheries
for identification. The specimen was a large one
about 14% inches long, and full of ripe or nearly ripe
egos. B. F. tag 9548.

In Forest and Stream, August 3, 1907, page
178, Barton A. Bean records the capture of an adult
female Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus), at Buckroe
Beach, Chesapeake Bay, about two miles north of
Old Pomt Comfort. It was included in a shipment
of fish to Messrs. Sheaffer & Stuart, of Washington,
D. C., by Thomas V. Weber, April 14. After de-
scribing the specimen Bean says:

“The specimen here recorded is a female, appar-
ently having spawned; seventy eggs passed freely
from the fish while being measured.”

Witiiam C. KEenpatt,
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.

NOTES ON NEW JERSEY FISHES.

During the past season a number of New Jer-
sey fishes have fallen under my notice. Though
most of the species are common, several interesting
associations and records are here given:

On May 19th, while at Sea Isle City, Carcharias
littoralis, aja erinacea, R. ocellata, R. laevis, Pomo-
lobus aestivalis, Brevoortia tyrannus, Scomber scom-
brus, Sarda sarda, Pomatomus saltatrix, Porontus
triacanthus, Centropristis striatus, Stenotomus chry-
sops, Cynoscion regalis, Micropogon undulatus,
Spheroides maculatus, Prionotus carolinus, P. striga-
tus, Paralichthys dentatus, Lophopsetta maculata,
Mierluccius bilinearts, Gadus callarias, Urophycis
regius and U. chuss were found; July 20th, Carchar-
hinus milbertt and Echeneis naucrates were ob-
tained; July 24th, Sphyrna zygaena, Fundulus ma-
jalis, Menidia menidia notata, T'rachinotus carolinus,
Syngnathus fuscus and Menticirrhus saxatilis; Aug-
ust 29th, Z'rachinotus falcatus, Orthopristis chrysop-
terus and Bairdiella chrysura.

Mr. W. J. Fox, who also secured some of the
above, obtained Caranx crysos, Stephanolepis his-
pidus and Anguilla chrisypa at Carson’s Inlet on
August 11th. The last was an adult, and remarkable
for its deformed body, being twisted in rather even
undulations. I examined a small Cyclopterus
lumpus, taken in the pound at Ocean City in late
April, and was informed several others were also ob-
tained. Aleutera schoepfu and Urophycis regius were
also secured there June 21st; and Synodus foetens at
Beesley’s Point on September 10th.

Among: fresh-water fishes, those of the Alex-
socken Creek, above Lambertville, obtained July
22nd, contained three adults of Rhinichthys catarac-
tae. ‘These were the first I ever collected in New
Jersey, and were taken in the rapids, associated with
the very common R. atronasus. Semotilus atromacu-
latus, Notropis cornutus, Fundulus diaphanus, and
Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi were also found. R.
atronasus were very abundant in Jacobs Creek, near
Harborville. A small collection from the Pompton
River, near Mountain View, in Passaic County,
contains Semotilus bullaris, Notropis photogenis
amoenus, Ambloplites rupestris, Lepomis auritus,
Eupomotis gibbosus and Micropterus dolomieu.

Henry W. Fow ter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

SALAMANDERS COLLECTED IN WEST-
CHESTER COUNTY, N. Y.

Amblystoma opacum Gravenh.
Amblystoma punctatum Linn.
Amblystoma jeffersonianum Green.
Hemidactylium scutatum 'Vschudi.
Plethodon cinereus Green.
Plethodon cin. erythronotus Green.
Plethodon glutinosus Green.
Spelerpes bilineatus Green.
Speler pes ruber Daudin.

10. Desmognathus fusca Raf.

11. Diemyctylus viridescens Rat.

12. Diemyctylus vir. miniatus Raf.

All these salamanders have been found by the
writer to be fairly abundant, except the three species
given below:

Amblystoma jeff ersonianum Green, is my latest
find. One specimen, only, was taken at Silver Lake
Park, near White Plains, N. Y., about 1,000 feet
from the lake, on a hill in the woods, at an altitude
of about 100 feet from the level of the lake. ‘The
salamander was under a large flat rock, exposed to
full sunshine, in soft, perfectly dry, almost dusty soil.
It was covered with dust, but upon being handled,
this rubbed off, and showed the salamander in its
typical colormg. ‘The color is dark brown above,
with small, light blue spots on the sides, limbs, and
sides of the tail; undersides bluish-black to gray.
Length 4% inches from tip of snout to tip of tail.
Following is a condensed description taken from
Bulletin No. 34, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. 89-92:

“Body cylindrically more slender . . . . than A.
Punctatum. . . . The head is elongated, with muz-
zle obtuse . . . . The eyes arelarge ... . the gular
fold is distinct . . . . that behind the angle of the
jaws is inconspicuous, as is the lateral parotoid fur-
row. There are twelve costal furrows. The tail is a
little shorter than the body and head. It is oval in
cross-section in the middle . . . . without any ridge
or crest . . . . it becomes more and more compressed
towards the tip. The limbs are largely developed and
the toes very long. The digits are cylindrical and

er Oe eee

without any basal web.”

These external identification characters corre-
spond exactly with the spec:men.

Hemidactylium scutatum ‘Tschudi has_ been
taken repeatedly at Silver Lake Park, in the hills
near the lake, usually in or under decaying logs. At
first glance it resembles a pale specimen of Plethodon
cinereus erythronotus, but the color is more nearly
yellowish-brown. ‘The undersides decide the ques-
tion, bemg pure milky-white with small dark dots in
Hemidactylium but lead colored, or pinkish-gray in
Plethodon. 'The costal grooves are also very much
more pronounced than in the other genus.

Spelerpes ruber Daud., one specimen (young),
found in a brook near Silver Lake, is too well known
to require description here. I only mention it on ac-
count of its apparent rarity in the district.

Ricuarp F, Deckert,
New York, N.Y.

ON ALFARO CULTRATUM.

Alfaro cultratum is one of the most interesting
of the killifishes, and is abundant in the swift streams
of certain portions of the lower Caribbean slopes of
Costa Rica. Its most curious feature is a double row
of scales that extend below the ventral body line,
forming a thin edge, which is continuous with the keel
formed by the flattened anterior portion of the body,

This is an evident adaptation for life in the very
fast water which the fish inhabits, although the species
does very well in an ordinary aquarium. It is one of
the live bearing forms, and on one occasion a captive
female appr oximately 70 mm. in length gave birth to
65 young, and, about three months lates to 75. Lhe
young average about 7 mm. in length, and the scales
of the keel are plainly visible when the fish is held in
a proper light. Most live-bearing Poecillidae breed
the year round in aquaria, and it seems probable that,
where conditions are favorable, they do so also in ihe
wild state.

Ler S. CranDAtt,
New York, N.Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

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INDEX TO DATE

Abramis crysoleucas, 1, 11.
Acantharchus pomotis, 10.
Acanthodactylus boskianus, 8.
Acipenser sturio, 2.

Acris gryllus, 3, 11.

Acris gryllus crepitans, 4, 7.
aesopus, Rana, 3, 5.
aestivalis, Pomolobus, 18.
aestivus, Cyclophis, 11.
Agama flavimaculata, 8.
Agama pallida, 8.

Alestes baremose, §8.

Alfaro cultratum, 13.
Alutera schoepfii, 2, 13.
Ambloplites ruptestris, 8, 13.

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, 8, 13.

microstomum, 11.
Amblystoma opacum, 8, 13.
Amblystoma punctatum, 8, 13.
Amblystoma tigrinum, 8, 12.
Ameiurus catus, 1, 5.
Ameiurus natalis, 10.
Ameiurus nebulosus, 1, 5.
americana, Morone, 2, 5.
americanus, Bufo, 2, 4, 11.
americanus, Esox, 10.
americanus, Menticirrhus, 9.
amoenus, Notropis, 8, 13.
Ampithoe, 11.

ampullaceum, Distomum, 6.
analostanus, Notropis, 1.
Ancistrodon contortrix, 2, 10.
Anguilla anguilla, 8.
anguilla, Anguilla, 8.
Anguilla chrisypa, 1, 2,
annularis, Tarentola, 8.
areolata, Rana, 11.
argyrophanus, Stolephorus, 3.
atromaculatus, Semotilus, 13.
atronasus, Rhinichthys, 13.
auratus, Carassius, 8.
auritus, Lepomis, 1, 5, 11, 13.
auritus, Siluranadon, 8.
baileyi, Crotaphytes, 1, 5.
Bairdiella chrysura, 2, 13.
bajad, Poreus, 8.

Balistidae, 3.

Barbour, T., 10.

Barbus bynni, 8.

baremose, Alestes, 8.
Bascanion constrictor, 4, 11.
beryllina cerea, Menidia, 2.
bifrenatus, Notropis, 11.
bilinearis, Merluccius, 13.
bilineatus, Spelerpes, 2, 4, 13.

Amblystoma

5, 13.

bipinnulatus, Elagatis, 6.
Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi, 1,
1133.
borealis, Sphyraena, 3.
boskianus, Acanthodactylus, 8.
Boyle He S75) 9:
3revoortia tyrannus, 2, 3, 13.
Bufo americanus, 2, 4, 11.
Bufo fowleri, 3.
Bufo lentiginosus, 3, 9.
3ufo quercicus, 3, 9.
bullaris, Semotilus, 1, 13.
bynni, Barbus, 8.
eallarias, Gadus, 13.
canadus, Rachycentron, 2.
Caranx icrySos, 2, 13:
Carassius auratus, 8.
Carcharhinus milberti, 2, 13.
Carcharias littoralis, 13.
earetta, Thalassochelys, 2, 3
carolina, Terrapene, 3, 4, 11
carolinense, Engystoma, 3, 9.
ecarolinus, Prionotus, 1, 13.
earolinus, Trachinotus, 2, 13.

carpio, Cyprinus, 1, 5.

catesbiana, Rana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11.
eataractae, Rhinichthys, 11, 13
Catostomus, 6.

Catostomus commersonii, 1, 5,

ecatus, Ameiurus, 1, 5

Centropristes striatus, 2, 13.
ecepedianum, Dorosoma, 8.
Cerastes cerastes, 8.
cerastes, Cerastes, 8.
Chaenobryttus gulosus, 7, 9.
Chelydra emarginata, 1, 6.
Chelydra lacertina, 1, 6.
Chelydra serpentina, 1, 2, 4, 6,
22
Chilomycterus schoepfi, 2.
Chorophilus nigritis, 3, 11.
Chorophilus occidentalis, 3.
Chorophilus ocularis, 3.
chrisypa, Aneuilla, a 2) 5,) Is:
Chrysemis picta, 4, 11, 12.
ehrysops, Stenotomus, 13.
chrysopterus, Orthopristis, 2, 1
chrysura, Bairdiella, 2, 13.
ehusss Urophyeis; 1235 13)
cinerea, Hyla, 3.

New York, December 31, 1914.

bi

ae
ee

11

Mt,

>.

cinereus erythronotus, Plethodon,

24, 110; 13.
clamitans, Rana, 2, 3, 5, 11.
Clarias lazera, 8.
clavata, Hirundinella, 6.

Clemmys guttata, 4, 12.
Clemmys insculpta, 4, 12.
Clemmys muhlenbergii, 4.
Cnemidophorus, 13.
CWoless ee. sne
colias, Scomber, 11.
ecollaris, Crotaphytes, 1.
Coluber diadema, 8.
Coluber florulentis, 8.
commersonii, Catostomus, 1, 5, 11.
confluentus, Crotalus, 12.
constrictor, Bascanion, 4, 11.
contortrix, Ancistrodon, 2, 10.
cornutus, Notropis, 1, 18.
Coryphaena hippurus, 6.
coubie, Labeo, 8.
Granda, Wa. 5! dle.
Crotalus confluentus, 11.
Crotalus horridus, 2, 10.
Crotaphytes baileyi, 1, 5, 12.
Crotaphytes collaris, 1
Crotaphytes wislizenii, 5, 12.
crumenophthalmus, Trachurops, 3.
erysoleucas, Abramis, 1, 11.
erysos, Caranx, 2, 13.
Ctenops vittatus, 4.
cultratum, Alfaro, 138.
curema, Mugil, 8.
ecyanella, Lepomis, 7.
Cyclophis aestivus, 11.
Cyclopterus lumpus, 13, 13.
Cynoscion nebulosus, 2.
Cynoscion regalis, 2, 13.
Cyprinodon variegatus, 2.
Cyprinus carpio, 1, 5.
Dasyatis say, 2.
Deckert, R. F., 3, 5, 9, 13.
dentatus, Paralichthys, 1, 2, 13.
Desmognathus fusca, 2, 4, 13.
diadema, Coluber, 8.
diaphanus, Fundulus, 2, 138.
Diemyctylus viridescens, 2, 10, 13.
Diemyectylus viridescens miniatus,
113.
Distomum ampullaceum, 6.
Ditmars, R. L., 10.
dolomieu, Micropterus, 1, 5, 13.
Dorn, R., 4
Dorosoma cepedianum, 8.
duplicata, Natica, 8.
EMcheneididae, 3.
Hcheneis naucrates, 13.
erinacea, Raja, 138.
eglanteria, Raja, 2.
EHlagatis bipinnulatus, 6.
Llasmopus, 11.
emarginata, Chelydra, 1.
Engelhardt, G. P., 7, 8.
Engystoma carolinense, 3, 9.
Enneacanthus obesus, 10.
Erimyzon sucetta oblongus, 11.
Eryx jaculus, 8.
Eryx thebaicus, 8.
Esox americanus, 10.
Esox reticulatus, 5.
Eupomotis gibbosus, 1, 5, 11, 11,
gy
vo.
Mutaenia megalops, 12.
fMutropius niloticus, 8.
Eutyphis faba, 6.
faba, Eutyphis, 6.
faleatus, Trachinotus, 13.
fario, Salmo, 5.
fasciatus, Natrix, 11.
femoralis, Hyla, 3.
ferruginea, Limanda, 1.
flavescens, Perea, 5.
flavimaculata, Agama, 8.
florulentis, Coluber, 8.
foetens, Synodus, 13.
forskalii, Hydrocyon, 8.
Howler Eley) Lae oor amon UG is
MOS Ay se

fowleri, Bufo, 3.

E’ranikdiinty) Isl) eo yells

freminvillii, Myliobatis, 2.

Fundulus diaphanus, 2, 13.

Fundulus heteroclitus macrolepi-
dotus, 2; 5.

Fundulus luciae, 2.

Fundulus majalis, 2, 13.

fusca, Desmognathus, 2, 4, 13.

fuscus, Syngnathus, 2, 13.

Gadus callarias, 13.

Gaige, El. Lae

Gambusia holbrooki, 10.

garnotii, Hemidactylus, 6.

gibbosus, Eupomotis, 1, 5, 7, 11,
Tale alee

Gilly TSN. Ge

glutinosus, Plethodon, 2, 13.

gratiosa, Hyla, 3.

griseus, Varanus, 8.

grylio, Rana, 38, 5.

gryllus, Acris, 3, 11.

gryllus crepitans, Acris, 4, 7.

gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 7, 10.

guttata, Clemmys, 4, 12.

haje, Naja, 8. 4

hasselquistii, Ptyodactylus, 8.

Heloderma suspectum, 7.

Hemidactylium scutatum, 9, 138.

Hemidactylus garnotii, 6.

heteroclitus macrolepidotus,
Fundulus, 2, 5.

Heterodon platyrhinus, 4, 11.

Hippocampus hudsonius, 1.

hippurus, Coryphaena, 6.

Hirundinella clavata, 6.

hispidus, Stephanolepis, 18.

holbrooki, Gambusia, 10.

Homo sapiens, 2, 4.

horridus, Crotalus, 2, 10.

hudsonius, Hippocampus, 1.

hudsonius amarus, Notropis, 1, 5.

Hussakof, d.,- 14.

Hydrocyon forskallii, 8.

Hyla cinerea, 3.

Hyla femoralis, 3.

Hyla gratiosa, 3.

Hyla pickeringii, 1, 2, 3, 3,

Hyla squirella, 3.

Hyla versicolor, 4.

Ianthina, 6.

Idothea metallica, 6.

incisor, Lepomis, 5.

insculpta, Clemmys, 4, 12.

jaculus, Eryx, 8.

jeffersonianum, Amblystoma, 8, 13.

Keim, T. D., 2.

Kendall iw, (Cy 220135

Kinosternon pennsylvanicum, 4, 11.

Labeo coubie, 8.

Lacertina, Chelydra, 1.

laevis, Raja, 13.

Lates niloticus, 8.

lazera, Clarias, 8.

Leiostomus xanthurus, 2.

lentiginosus, Bufo, 3, 9.

Lepidodactylus lugubris, 6.

Lepisosteus platostomus, 11.

Lepisosteus tristoechus, 11.

Lepomis aunitus: 1.5; wi 13.

Lepomis cyanellus, 7.

Lepomis incisor, 5.

lepturus, Trichiurus, 2.

Limanda ferruginea, 1.

littoralis, Carcharias, 13.

Lobotes surinamensis, 1.

longicauda, Spelerpes, 2.

Lophius piseatorius, 2.

Lophopsetta maculata, 1, 2, 13.

luciae, Fundulus, 2.

lugubris, Lepidodactylus, 6.

lumpus, Cyclopterus, 13, 13.

maclura, Pteroplatea, 2. :

4) 4:

maculata, Lophopsetta, 1, 2, 1s.
maculatus, Scomberomorus, 2.
maculatus, Spheroides, 2, 13.
majalis, Fundulus, 2, 13.
marinus, Tylosurus, 2.
megalops, Hutaenia, 12.
Menidia beryllina cerea, 2.

Menidia menidia notata, 2, 11, 13.
menidia notata, Menidia, 2, 11, 13.

Menticirrhus americanus, 9.
Menticirrhus saxatilis, 2, 9, 13.
Merluccius bilinearis, 13.
metallica, Idothea, 6.
Micropogon undulatus, 2, 13.
Micropterus dolomieu, 1, 5, 13.
Micropterus salmoides, 1, 5.
microstomum, Amblystoma, 11.
milberti, Carcharhinus, 2, 13.
Miller, W. DeW., 1.

mitehilli, Stolephorus, 2.
Morone americana, 2, 5.

Mugil curema, 3.
muhlenbergii, Clemmys, 4.
MibiAOlai IR Oxy AE By Us
multilatus, Peropus, 6.
Myliobatis freminvillii, 2.
Naja haje, 8.

natalis, Ameiurus, 10.

Natica duplicata, 3.

Natrix fasciatus, 11.

Natrix sipedon, 2, 4.
naucrates, Echeneis, 13.
nebulosus, Ameiurus, 1, 5.
nebulosus, Cynoscion, 2.
Nichols, Jee 1, 3; 3, 22.
nigritis, Chorophilus, 8, 11.
nigrum olmstedi,

nilotica, Tilapia, 8.
niloticus, Hutropius, 8.
niloticus, Lates, 8.
niloticus, Varanus, 8.
Notropis amoenus, 5, 13.
Notropis analostanus, 1.
Notropis bifrenatus, 11.
Notropis cornutus, 1, 13.

Notropis hudsonius amarus, 1, 5.

obesus, Enneacanthus, 10.
oblongus, Paralichthys, 1.
occidentalis, Chorophilus, 3.
ocellata, Raja, 3, 13.
ocularis, Chorophilus, 3.
odoratus, Sternothaerus,
oglinum, Opisthonema, 2.
onitis, Tautoga, 3.
opacum, Amblystoma, 8, 13.
Ophiosaurus ventralis, 11.
Opisthonema oglinum, 2.
ornatus, Uromastix, 8.
Orthopristis chrysopterus, 2, 13.
Overton, F., 3, 4.

Pagurus pollicaris, 3.

pallida, Agama, 8.

palustris, Rana, 2, 4.
Paralichthys dentatus, 2 oe
Paralichthys oblongus, 1.
pectinatus, Pristis, 2.

per wan tcar, Kinosternon, 4,

4, 12.

Perca flavescens, 5.
Peropus multilatus, 6.
IEAMTINDHOS, JR, dla, ty Os
Phrynosoma, 13.
pickeringii,
picta, Chrysemis, 4, 11, 12.
picuda, Sphyraena, 6.
Piprens; Rana, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11.
piseatorius, Lophius, 2.
Pituophis sayi, 11, 12.
platostomus, Lepisosteus, 11.
platyrhinus, Heterodon, 4, 11.

Plethodon cinereus erythronotus,

ay Ga AN Saley

Boleosoma, 1, 5,

Fivda, 15 2, 3,93, 4,4.

Plethodon glutinosus, 2, 138.
pollicaris, Pagurus, 3.
Polyodon spathula, 4.
polyhemus, estudo, 5.
Pomatomus saltatrix, 2, 13.
Pomolobus aestivalis, 13.
Pomolobus pseudoharengus, 3, 9.
pomotis, Acantharchus, 10.
Pomoxis sparoides, 5, 11.
Poreus bajad, 8.
Poronotus Triacanthus, 2, 13.
Prionotus carolinus, 1, 13.
Prionotus strigatus, 2, 13.
Pristis pectinatus, 2.
Psammophis shokari, 8.
Psammophis sibilans, &.
Pseudacris triseriatus, 2, 10.
pseudoharengus, Pomolobus, 3, 5
Pteroplatea maclura, 2.
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, 8.
punctatum, Amblystoma, §, 13.
quercicus, Bufo, 3, 9.
Rachycentron canadus, 2.
Radcliffe, L., 7.
Raja eglanteria, 2.
Raja erinacea, 13
Raja laevis, 13.
Raja ocellata, 3, 13.
Rana aesopus, 3, 5.
Rana areolata, 11.
Rana cateshbiana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11.
Rana clamitans, PA Oe Be itil,
Raa SEyLiO; oF os
Rana palustris, 2, 4.
Pehateh joyuonkevaisy, Ay By Hy ayy JBL
tana sphenocephala, 3, 5.
Rana. sylvatica, 2, 4, 11.
regalis, Cynoscion, 2, 13.
regius, Urophycis, 18.
reticulatus, Esox,
Rhinichthys atronasus, 13.
Rhinichthys cataracts, 11, 13.
ruber, Spelerpes, 10, 18.
rupestris, Ambloplites, 5, 18.
Salmo fario, 5.
salmoides, Micropterus, 1, 5.
saltatrix, Pomatomus, 2, 18.
sapiens, Homo, 2, 4.
Sarda sarda, 13.
sarda, Sarda, 13.
saxatilis, Menticirrhus, 2, 9, 13.
say, Dasyatis, 2.
sayi, Pituophis, 11, 12.
Sceloporus undulatus, 4.
sehall, Synodontis, 8.
schoepfi, Chilomyecterus, 2.
schoepfii, Alutera, 2, 13.
Scincus, scincus, 8.
scincus, Scincus, 8.
Scomber colias, 11.
Scomber scombrus, 13.
Scomberomorus maculatus, 2.
scombrus, Scomber, 13.
secutatum, Hemidactylium, 9, 13.
Semotilus atromaculatus, 138.
Semotilus bullaris, 1, 13.
peepenn as Chielydra, 15) 2; 4;, 11,
9
serpentina, Testudo, 1.
shokari, Psammophis, 8.
sibilans, Psammophis, 8.
silenus, Zaprora, 12.
Siluranodon auritus, 8.
sipedon, Natrix, 2, 4.
sirtalis, Thamnophis, op 4,0
Skinner, A., 12.
Sparoides, Pomoxis. i, dale
spathula, Polyodon, 4.
Spelerpes bilineatus, 2, 4, 13.
Spelerpes longicauda, 2.
Spelerpes ruber, l(t), 13.
sphenocephala, Rana, By 43)
Spheroides maculatus, 2, 13

Sphyraena borealis, 3. tigrinum, Amblystoma, 8.

Sphyraena picuda, 6. Tilapia nilotica, 8.

Sphyrna zygaena, 2, 13. Trachinotus carolinus, 2, 13.
Spinden, H. J., 2, 4. Trachinotus faleatus, 13.
squirella, Hyla, 38. Trachurops crumenophthalmus, 3.
Stejneger, L., 6. Mrawells SW. 4:

Stenotomus chrysops, 13. triacanthus, Poronotus, 2, 13.
Stephanolepis hispidus, 13. Trichiurus lepturus, 2.
Sternothaerus odoratus, 4, 12. triseriatus, Pseudacris, 2, 10.
Stolephorus argyrophanus, 3. tristoechus, Lepisosteus, 11.
Stolephorus mitehilli, 2. Tylosurus marinus, 2.

Stone, W., 10. tyrannus, Brevoortia, 2, 3, 13.
Street, J. &., 4. undulatus, Micropogon, 2, 13.
striatus, Centropristes, 2, 18. undulatus, Sceloporus, 4.
strigatus, Prionotus, 2, 13. Uromastrix ornatus, 8.

sturio, Acipenser, 2. Urophyeis chuss, 1, 3, 18.
sucetta oblongus, Erimyzon, 11. Urophycis regius, 13.
surinamensis, Lobotes, 1. Varanus griseus, 8.
suspectum, Heloderma, 7. Varanus niloticus, 8.

Swifts, 13. variegatus, Cyprinodon, 2.
sylvatica, Rana, 2, 4, 11. ventralis, Ophiosaurus, 11.
Syngathus fuscus, 2, 13. versicolor, Hyla, 4.
Synodontis schall, 8. viridescens, Diemyctylus, 2, 10,
Synodus foetens, 13. 1123.

Tarentola annularis, 8. viridescens miniatus, Diemyctylus,
Tautoga onitis, 3. lB},

Terrapene carolina, 3, 4, 11, 12. vittatus, Ctenops, 4.

Testudo polyphemus, 5. Wiegmann, W. H., 3, 11.
Testudo serpentina, 1. wislizenii, Crotaphytes, 5.
Thalassochelys caretta, 2, 3, 4. xanthurus, Leiostomus, 2.
Thamnophis sirtalis, 2, 4, 11. Zaprora silenus, 12.
thebaicus, Eryx, 8. zygaena, Sphyrna, 2, 18.

Thunder, 5.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

es

New York, January 25, 1915. No. 14

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

DO SNAKES SWALLOW SMALL MAM-
MALS HEADS OR TAILS FIRST?

While in the Yosemite valley, July 11-15, 1914,
I saw three individuals of the rattlesnake (Crotalus
oregonus) of that region. ‘Two of these were seen
July 13, just above Nevada Falls at an elevation of
about 6,000 feet, on the trail to Clouds Rest. ‘The
third was seen July 15, in the entrance to the valley
near Cascade Falls, elevation about 3,445 feet. The
first of the two seen on the way to Clouds Rest was
lying on some rocks at the side of the trail. It was,
of course, soon killed by members of our party.

The snake was about two feet long and had seven
rattles and a button. A very noticeable swelling or
enlargement just amidships, as well as its sluggish
condition, suggested that it had recently swallowed an
animal of some kind.

Like Kipling’s Elephant’s child, we were all
filled with “insatiable curiosity”, and not being afraid
of being spanked, at once asked a new fine question:
“What did the rattler have for breakfast?” 3

The obvious way to find out was to cut the rattler
open, which we proceeded to do. I held the snake
with my left hand near its head and the other abaft
the swelling, while Mr. C. E. Crunsky performed the
surgical operation, and the new fine question was
answered—the rattler had a fine adult Merriam Chip-
munk (Hutamias merriami) for its breakfast. And
the rattler had swallowed it tail first!) The head of

the chipmunk was towards the snake’s head, and its
legs, tail and fur all lay back toward the snake’s tail,
smooth and in perfect order. ‘This surprised us very
much. We could hardly see how the chipmunk could
go down tail first without turning the tail, or some
of the legs, or the fur, the other way. We could
scarcely believe our own eyes; some of the party were
even disposed to grant there had been an error in ob-
servation. But as all members of the party (there
were six or seven of them) were agreed as to the fact,
it is evident that this chipmunk had been swallowed
tail first.

A few days later Dr. J. Grinnell sent me a pho-
tograph taken August 1, 1914, by Mr. Edward R.
Warren of Colorado Springs, which showed a gopher
snake mn the act of swallowing a chipmunk tail first—
only the head of the chipmunk remained exposed.

BarRTtoN WARREN EVERMANN,
San Francisco, Cal.

SOME AMPHIBIANS NEW TO WHITE-
FISH POINT, MICHIGAN

During the summer of 1914, the biological sur-
vey of the Whitefish Pomt region, Chippewa County,
Michigan, which is being made by the University of
Michigan Museum of Zoology, was continued, and
additional data on the reptile-amphibian fauna were
secured. ‘The three amphibians listed below were ob-
tained for the first time, and increased to sixteen the
total number of species known to occur in the region.
(See Ann. Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1912, pp. 215-
217.) .
Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green).—Found
under old logs at the edge of black ash and cedar
swamps.

Diemictylus viridescens Rafinesque.—But one
specimen was obtained. This was found in a decayed
log at the edge of a marsh.

Hyla_ pickeringii Holbrook.—Common in the
hardwood forests and tamarack swamps.

Heten THompson GAIGE,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.

THE GENUS CRYPTOTOMUS COPE

A recent examination of the type species (C.
roseus Cope), compared with other members of this
genus, convinces me that at least two well-marked
groups occur, which may be admitted to sub-generic
rank. ‘They may be set forth as follows:

Sub-genus Cryptotomus Cope.

Type Cryptotomus roseus Cope.

Body elongate, labroid in appearance. Front
profiles attenuate. Cutting-edge of jaw teeth formed
of several overlapping series, each tooth distinct, and
posterior flaring out behind. Scales on breast greatly
enlarged. One row of large scales on cheek. Dorsal
spines very flexible. :

One species, brightly colored.

Sub-genus Nicholsina sub-gen. nov.

Type Cryptotomus beryllinus Jordan and Swain.

Body moderately long, scaroid in appearance.
Front profiles gently convex. Cutting-edge of jaw
‘teeth formed of nearly continuous or single series,
with only few anterior distinct. Free posterior ca-
nines frequent. Scales mostly uniform in size, not
enlarged on breast. Cheek with one or two rows of
large “scales. Dorsal spines flexible.

Several species, small, and usually of toh or
olive coloration. Besides the type, they are C. den-
tiens (Poey), C. retractus (Poey), C. ustus. (Valen-
ciennes) and C. auropunctatus (Valenciennes), in
America.

Dedicated to Mr. John T. Nichols, of the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History.

Henry W. Fowter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

A NOTE ON A DRAWING OF CARANX
BARTHOLOMAEI CUVIER & VALEN-
CIENNES.

In the Fishes of North and Middle America,
Jordan & Evermann (Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus. vol.
iv., 1900), plate CXLII, fig. 389 is erroneously la-
belled Caranwx latus. This dr awing was made by H.
L.. Todd from a specimen colle acted by Vinal N. Ed-

wards at Woods Hole, Mass., U. S. National Muse-
um No. 20247. Upon examining the fish in the con-
tainer to which this number is given (labeled C.
fallax), the writer found seven specimens, six of these
were C.. bartholomaei and one was C. latus. From
the form of the fish, the lack of elevation of anterior
rays of soft dorsal and anal; the greater number of
soft rays (26 dorsal rays in drawing, 21 or 22 in
latus ; 22 anal rays in drawing, 16 to 18 in latus) ; the
absence of a black blotch on opercle; the short maxil-
lary, its tip not reaching anterior margin of pupil,
and curved and straight portions of lateral line sub-
equal, it is evident that the drawing was made from
one of the specimens of C. bartholomaei.
Lewis Ravcrirre,
U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.

DEKAY’S SNAKE IN THE LATE FALL
Previous to November 26, 1914, there were sev-
eral drops of temperature to below the freezing point,
18 degrees above zero being reached on one occasion.
On the above date, the eminent was milder, the ther-
mometer registering as high as 50 degrees. While
the writer was walking near the corner of Kings-
bridge Road and University Avenue, he found a
young DeKay’s snake (Storeria dekayi), about 8cm.
in length. It was quite active and when released,

quickly disappeared under the dried grass.
LEE S. CRANDALL,
New York NOY:

Rdited by J. T. Nrcnors, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, February 20, 1915. No. 15

sw
4

Ve . ant cal awe << ~ = =
o— NA/ 5 a NS
=—=—S= were i oy ay : ( ° SS)

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

NOTE ON SOME GYMNOTID FISHES.

The following species of this family (Gymno-
tide) were noticed in the collection of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. As they have
not been studied for many years, and several are new
records, they are offered as a slight contribution to
science.

Electrophorus electricus (Linneus). Demara-
ra, Pebas in Ecuador, and South America.

Gymnotus carapo Linneus. Surinam; Rio Ja-
cuby, Sao Joao to Rio Negro and Chapada, in Brazil;
Peruvian Amazon; Upper Amazons; Pebas and Am-
byiacu River, Ecuador.

Sternopygus macrurus (Schneider). Surimam;
Rio Jacuby, Peruvian Amazon, Ambyiacu River.

Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes). Rio
Jacuby and Sao Joao to Rio Negro and Chapada,
Peruvian Amazon, Pebas, Ambyiacu River.

Eigenmannia troscheli (Kaup). Peruvian Am-
azon, Sao Joao.

Steatogenes elegans (Steindachner). Upper
Amazon (Hauxwell). Apparently not recorded
from this region previously.

Hypopomus brevirostris (Stemdachner). One
from Colombia, likely Rio Magdalena, as it was re-
ceived from R. W. Mitchill.

Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linneus). Peruvian
Amazon.

Sternarchorhamphus macrostoma (Gunther).
Peruvian Amazon.

Sternachus albifrons (Linneus). Peruvian Am-
azon. A young one from the Ambyiacu River also
likely this species.

Sternarchus bonaparti Castelnau. Peruvian
Amazon.

Sternarchella balaenops (Cope). ‘This is only
known from the type (Sternarchus balaenops Cope,
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878, p. 682) from the
Peruvian Amazon. It is closely related to Sternar-
chella schotti (Steindachner), but differs chiefly in
its shorter head and the more swollen protruding
mandible.

Henry W. Fowtrer,
Philadelphia, Pa.

EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN HADDOCK.

In the effort to determine any racial diiferences,
if such exist, between Kuropean and American Had-
dock (Melanogrammus aeglifinis), a vertebral count
of 25 examples of the latter was recently made at the
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. The comparisons were
made with published records of the vertebral count
of haddock from Scotland and Iceland (Williamson,
26th Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scot-
land). The results as indicated below, show that
there is no appreciable difference in the number of
vertebrae between fish from the several localities.

Number Average

Locality of No. of
Specimens Vertebre Range
Massachusetts ....—.2.- 25 54.1 58-55
Scotland! >in os es Ve Pe 33: 53.7 52-56
Teeland) =. ..2. == eee ees 8 53.9 58-55
Number
Locality of Number of Vertebre
Specimens 52 53 54 55 56
Massachusetts — .................. 25 —— 4 15 6 =
Scotland.]- =. ss 33 Lgl Oe t= 2 i|
Meelandns 22 as 8 SS ee

W. W. WELSH,
U. §. Bureau of Fisheries.

THE GESTATION PERIOD IN THAMNO-
PHIS BUTLERIIL (COPE).

In 1912 the writer (Biol. Bul., XXIV, pp. 18-
20) published the results of observations on the
breeding habits of Thamnophis butlerii (Cope), some
of which concerned the length of the period of gesta-
tion in southern Michigan. Since the snakes have
been observed to breed at various times between April
9 and April 24, and the time of breeding is probably
determined largely by the prevailng temperatures
during April, and because the young appear in Au-
gust or early in September (August 7-September
6), 1t was concluded that “it is very probable that the
length of the gestation period is rather exact for the
species,” the differences in the time of parturition
being largely due to differences in the time of breed-
ing. It is to be expected that the period is subject
to some variation, since presumably the body tem-
perature of the embryo, like that of the mother, fluc-
tuates with the temperature of the air, and this influ-
ences the rate of development.

The records which have been obtained show that
the length of the period may vary as much as 40 days.
The female which was under observation in 1912, gave
birth to young in 144 days, but a female which was
fertilized on April 18, 1913, had her young on July
31, or in 104 days, and in the case of one which be-
caine pregnant on April 18, 1914, parturition oc-
curred on August 9, or in 113 days.

The factors which cause this variation have not
been determined, but that temperature is one is sug-
gested by the fact that the snakes kept in relatively
cool places during gestation, had the longest periods.
The female which gave birth in 144 days was kept in
a cool place in the laboratory and was not exposed to
sunlight, while the female with the next shorter pe-
riod was kept in a warm place and exposed to the
sunlight for a short time each day, and the female
which had young in 104 days was kept in a glass-
covered cage in a warm room where the sunlight fell
upon it for several hours each day. Unfortunately,
the females which had copulated and were kept as
controls, proved to be sterile, and the observations are

very few in number, so that no conclusions as to the
cause of the variations in the gestation period have
been reached. It is certain, however, that there are
variations, and it is planned to investigate the influ-
ence of temperature by keeping the pregnant females
in constant temperature rooms.
ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN,
Ann Arbor, Mich.

LOS ANGELES SNAKES.
The following snakes were observed within one-
half day’s walk of the city of Los Angeles during the
years 1913 and 1914:
1.—Kosy Boa, Lachinura roscofusca. (Cope)
2.—Paciiic Bull Snake, Pituophis catenifer.
( Blainville )
Boyle’s King Snake, Ophibolus getulus boy-
fi. (Baird & Girard)

4.—Coral King Snake, Ophibolus zonatus.

3.

( Blainville)
5.—Red Racer, Zamenis flagelliformis frenatus.
(Stejneger )
6.—Blue Racer, Zamenis constrictor flaviventris.
(Say)

7.—Striped Racer, Zamenis laterale.
( Hallowell)

8.—Western Garter Snake, Thamnophis parie-
talis. (Say)
9.—Pacific Garter Snake, or “Water-snake,”
Thamnophis hammond. (Kennicott)
10.—Patch-nosed Snake, Salvadora grahamiae.
(Baird & Girard)
11.—Western Ring-neck Snake, Diadophis ama-
bilis. (Baird & Girard)
12.—*Rock Snake, Hypsiglena ochroryncha.
(Cope)
13.—*Tantilla, T'antilla eiseni. (Stejneger)
14.—Pacifie Rattlesnake, Crotalus oregonus.
(Golbrook)
*Hitherto unrecorded from this locality.
Pau. RUTHLING,
Los Angeles, Cal.

Edited by J. T. Nrcnots, American Museum of Natural History
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Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NORTH-
ERN FROG, RANA SEPTENTRION-
ALIS, BAIRD, IN MAINE

The Northern Frog is not included in S. Hen-
shaw’s list of the Batrachia of New England (1904),
but the following recent records show that it Is widely
distributed in northern Maine:

Dr. W. C. Kendall collected it July 10, 1903, at
Cross Lake Thoroughfare, Kagle Lake, Aroostook
Co., and presented one specimen to the Portland So-
ciety of Natural History and another to Bowdoin
College.

September 8, 1912, A.S. Pope collected one from
a wood road, which passed through a sphagnum bog
near Grassy Pond, Piscataquis Co., not far from the
foot of Mt. Katahdin, and saw several others in the
same place. The specimen is in the Lee Museum of
Biology at Bowdoin College.

September 6, 1913, Dr. Manton Copeland found
Rana septentrionalis common along the banks of Ciss
Stream, which flows from Round Pond into Cauc-
mogomoe Lake, Piscataquis Co. He identified seven
specimens, and secured three for the Lee Museum
of Biology. They were found on the marshy banks
of the stream where bull frogs (Rana catesbiana)
were abundant. Subsequently I had the opportunity
to examine and photograph these frogs. They lived
well in captivity, eating flies freely.

Through the kindness of Mr. Arthur H. Norton,
I am permitted to publish the following data collected
by him:

“Rana septentrionalis—Ilt was observed in Van
Buren and Caswell, Aug. 15-16, 1914. It was found
to be numerous in two small dead water ponds in
Caswell, locally called Mud and Girard Ponds. ‘They
were more conspicuous than Rana clamata, inhabiting
similar places, i.e., tussocks of sedge on the edges and
the beds of lily pads near shore.

“At Van Buren they were found in ditches by the
railroad track and were common.

“At Mud Pond, Caswell, they were heard calling,
and the same is true of RP. clamata.

“The call of R. septentrionalis was found to be
similar in nature to that of R. clamata, but differed
strikingly in tone, being higher and slightly metallic,
resembling closely the sound produced by striking a
long nail on the head with a hammer in driving it
into heavy timber. I did not observe the pungent
odor which has given it the name of Mink Frog.”

From these facts I conclude that Rana septentri-
onalis is rather generally distributed in the northern
part of Maine, and that it is found in the same locali-
ties as R. catesbiana and R. clamata, not tending to
replace either of these species.

Puitir H. Pores,
Manchester, Maine.

SOME AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF
DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The following list includes species I have seen
or collected within the county limits since the fall of
1912. Where the number of specimens is given, the
error is on the side of understatement, as in many
cases I have not recorded in my notes specimens seen
which were not caught.

Plethodon erythronotus (Green).—Both forms
common in Cobb’s creek near Haverford and at Darby
creek near Coopertown Road.

Spelerpes bislineatus (Green).—Common_ in
Cobb’s creek near Haverford, and in a small creek

rising near Coopertown and entering Darby creek at
Coopertown Road—more aquatic than the preceding.

Spelerpes ruber (Daudin).—Fairly common in
the same localities as the preceding.

Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque) .— Fairly
common in the same localities as the two Spelerpes.

Bufo americanus Holbrook.—Common_ every-
where.

Hyla pickeringu (Holbrook).—Several caught
near Haverford and Cobb’s creek.

Rana catesbeiana Shaw.—Not rare but seldom
seen except at night. Cobb’s creek, near Haverford.

Rana clamata Daudin.—Common; Cobb’s creek
and Darby creek.

Rana palustris Le Conte-—This and the preced-
ing the most common frogs seen. Same localities as
preceding.

Rana sylvatica Le Conte.—N ot secured, though
some frogs seen in thickets near Coopertown Road
were believed to be this species.

Regina leberis (Linneus).—F airly common. I
have about 18 records for the county, mostly for
Cobb’s creek near Haverford, though a few for Dar-
by creek above Fox Croft, and one for Naylor Run,
near Grassland.

Natriv sipedon (Linneus).—Common in Cobb’s
creek from Bryn Mawr to. Ardmore, in a Darby from
below Adele to above the Hunt, and in Naylor Run
near Grassland. I have about 40 records.

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook) .—I have three rec-
ords for the county. One near Coopertown, one in
Cobb’s creek at Ardmore Ave., and one at Haverford
College.

Coluber constrictor Linnzeus.—Fourteen records
and all but one on the railway embankment along
Darby creek from below Coopertown Road to Fox
Croft. The other was on the opposite side of the
creek, near Coopertown Road.

Thamnophis sauritus (Linneus).—Cobb’s creek,
near Haverford. Three records.

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnexus) .—About 60 seen

around Cobb’s creek from Bryn Mawr to Ardmore
Junction. Also in Darby and smaller creeks.

Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus (Boie).—One
specimen from near Coopertown, a typical triangulus,
with blotches reaching only the fifth row of scales.

Ancistrodon contortrix (Linneus).— H. E.
Knowlton, of Haverford, tells me he was bitten by a
copperhead about two years ago, over in the rocks
along the railroad near Coopertown Road. I think
this is a good record, as he knows the common snakes
of this region.

Sceloporus undulatus (Latreille) —Not seen by
me, but reported by H. E. Knowlton from near Coo-
pertown Road. He had previously seen some speci-
mens I had in captivity, so I think this is a good
record.

Chelydra serpentina (Linneus).—I caught two
ina pond near Haverford and saw one taken in Dar-
by creek above Coopertown Road.

Sternothoerus odoratus (atreille).—I have seen
ene taken in Darby creek, probably near Coopertown
Road.

Chrysemys picta (Schneider).—Caught — in
Cobb’s creek near Haverford and Darby creek above
and below Coopertown Road.

Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schoepff).—I have seen
some said to have been taken in Darby creek above
Coopertown Road.

Clemmys insculpta (Ie Conte).—Caught two
along the railroad embankment near Fox Croft.

Clemmys quttata (Schneider).—One taken in a
small creek between Coopertown and Darby, and one
taken in Cobb’s creek, near Haverford.

Terrapene carolina (Linneus ).—Fairly common
near Coopertown.

EK. R. Dunn,
Haverford, Pa.

Edited by J. T. NicuoLs, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

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Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

LONG ISLAND SNAKES

The only published list is that of Mr. George P.
Engelhardt which appeared without signature in T'he
Museum News, Brooklyn, Vol. 8, May, 1913, p. 129,
and recorded twelve species. One of these, the King
Snake (Ophibolus getulus), mentioned by DeKay
(1842) as occurring rarely on the “brush plains,” has
never been rediscovered, and the record is very doubt-
ful.

To Mr. Engelhardt’s list we can add one species,
the Grass Snake (Liopeltis vernalis), and additional
data regarding several of the others.

1. Kutaenia saurita (Linn.), Ribbon Snake.
General in distribution and always near streams,
ponds or swamps. At Mastic this species is more com-
mon than the Garter Snake (EF. sirtalis).

2. Eutaenia sirtalis (Linn.), Garter Snake.
The most common snake on Long Island, still found
in the parks, vacant lots and gardens of Brooklyn.
At Orient the earliest spring record is March 15. It
is generally common early in April. An unusually
late autumn record is Orient, Dec. 10, 1913.

3. Tropidonotus fasciatus sipedon (Linn.),
Water Snake. Common in or near streams, ponds
and marshes.

4. Storeria dekayi (Holbrook), Brown Snake.
Abundant within the city limits of Brooklyn and gen-
erally distributed over Long Island. Not common in
the Orient Point district.

5. Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer), Red-bel-
lied Snake. ‘Two records:—pine woods at Yaphank,
July, 1911, and Mt. Sinai, September 11, 1914.

6. Zamenis constrictor (Linn.), Black Snake.
Common, especially in sandy regions near the south
shore. Not known from the Orient Point district, but
found sparingly on Gardiner’s Island. Dates, April
15, 1913, Kast Marion; Oct. 8, Gardiner’s Island. A
specimen taken at East Marion on May 15, 1912,
measured 70 inches in length.

7. Laopeltis vernalis (DekKay), Grass Snake.
One taken at Easthampton in July (G. W. Hollis-
ter). Observed at Mt. Sinai in July.

8. Diadophis punctatus (Linn.), Ring-neck
Snake. One taken at Port Jefferson in June, 1906.
Yaphank, May-July.

The Yaphank colony of Ring-neck Snakes, so
rar as captures during several years indicate, is re-
stricted in range to the woods bor dering a cranberry
bog on the Weeks’ estate.

Long Island examples of this snake seem to dif-
rer considerably from typical mountain specimens.
‘The cervical ring is very narrow on Long Island spec-
imens in the Br ooklyn Museum collection, being only
one scale, or one scale and a half, in width, and some-
times broken by the dark line of the dorsal ridge.
Specimens from Stowe, Vermont, have strongly
marked rings often three scales in width.

9. Ophibolus doliatus triangulus (Daudin),
Milk Snake. General in distribution, but not com-
mon. Coldspring Harbor, several records; Yaphank,
July, 1910; Orient, June, 1908; Greenport, May,
1909; Southold, October, 1911.

10. Carphophis amoenus (Say), Worm Snake.
Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, May, 1913; Jamaica
South, May, 1906; Bay Shore, 1913. This species
still persists within the city limits of Brooklyn, but it
is commonly overlooked because of its burrowing hab-
its. It may often be found hiding under logs or
boards.

11. Heterodon platyrhinus (ULatreille), Hog-
nose Snake. General and common throughout most
of Long Island; rare on the north prong (Southold
township). Spring date, May 15, Gardiner’s Island.

The favorite habitat of the Hog-nose appears to
be the sand dunes, where toads (Bufo fowleri), upon
which this snake almost exclusively feeds, also occur
in great abundance. On_ several occasions during
July and August, 1908, the young were encountered
in amazing numbers ainong the dunes at Rockaw ay
Beach, and their tracks made a hier oglyphic network
among the hollows of smooth sand. A party of camp-
ers on the beach had captured a hundred or more
young Hog-noses and had placed them in a barrel of
water, from the notion that they belonged to an aqua-
tic species. Most of the young snakes were drowned.

Only the spotted form of this species has been
observed on the beaches, but the black form is not
uncommon in the wooded regions about J amaica. Mi:
W. T. Davis has a specimen which was “of uniform
slate color,” collected at Yaphank, July 14, 1907.

The Hog-nose Snake seems to be abundant along
the south coast of Long Island all the way to Mon-
tauk Point. Several were seen in a well at Promised
Land.

12. Crotalus horridus Linn, Banded Rattle-
snake. Formerly not uncommon in swamps and pine
barrens of Long Island, but now doubtless very rare.
A fine specimen, collected about thirty years ago, is
in the collection of the Long Island Historical So-
ciety. Another specimen upon authentic informa-
tion, was killed at Centre Islip in 1903. A set of
rattles from a specimen killed about 1870 is in the
possession of Miss Clara Weeks of Yiaphank.

The practical extirpation of the Rattlesnake on
Long Island probably followed closely on the east-
ward extension of the Long Island Railroad in 1895.
The snakes acquired the fatal habit of sunning them-
selves on the railroad embankments, and of lying
across the heated rails. According to Mr. A. H.
Helme, one of the last strongholds of the rattlers was

in the neighborhood of Freeport. There are no re-
cent records.
G. P. ENGELHARDT,
JOS NicHors:
Roy LatHuam,
R. C. Murpny,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

ALLIGATORS IN WINTER

On December 24, 1914, on Bogue Banks, near
Morehead City, N. C., I killed a four-foot alligator
which had crawled about 30 feet from its “cave,” or
hole. It was sluggish and did not appear to notice
me as I came up to it. This is the first one I have
ever killed here in the winter, and its being out at this
season near the northern limit of its range, is inter-
esting. I have reliable evidence from the natives that
they not infrequently come out in this vicinity in
winter, and are even heard bellowing.

RussELt J. COLes,
Danville, Va.

THE YELLOW-TAIL (Ocyurus chrysurus) IN
NEW JERSEY

In 1905 I wrongly described an example of this
species as the gray snapper (Rep. N. J. State Mus.,
1905, p. 816). ‘This specimen has since been exam-
ined and compared with examples of the yellow-tail,
and agrees in most all details. It was obtained by
Mr. Philip Laurent on September 21, 1890, accord-
ing to the label, at Anglesea. As no other record
for the yellow-tail north of Florida appears to have
ever been given, the above may prove of interest.

Henry W. Fowter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

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VT

\
pte
Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

THE BROOK LAMPREY IN NEW JERSEY

In the spring of 1909 Mr. Charles KE. Sleight of
Ramsey, New Jer sey, collected a consider able num-
ber of Brook Lampreys in Geetschius’ Brook near
the culvert of the Erie railroad, about one-quarter
of a mile from the Ramsey railroad station. ‘The
brook here flows through an open meadow, and Mr.
Sleight says that the lamprey "s were observed there
in the spring of several years, but that none have
been seen since 1909. He kindly presented the writer
with three of these odd fish, the largest one of which
is 5 11/16 inches in length, and has the anal papilla
well developed.

As the Brook Lamprey is an addition to Dr. Hen-
ry W. Fowler’s Fishes of New Jersey, the specimens
have been submitted to him. He confirms the iden-
tification and says that the species should be known
as Lampetra ae pyptera (Abbott), as pointed out im
“Notes on Lancelets and Lampreys,” Proceedings
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Dec., 1907, p. 466. The type
of this species is in the Academy’s collection and
came from the Ohio River. Lampetra wilderi Gage.
Dr. Fowler considers a synonym. Under this latter
name there is an interesting account, in the ‘Transac-
tions, N. Y. Acad. Sciences, May 10, 1897, by Bash-

2 COPEIA

ford Dean and Francis B. Sumner, of the spawning
habits of the Brook Lamprey as observed about one
mile north of Van Cortlandt Park, New York City.
These two records are, as far as known, the only ones
for the species in this vicinity.
Wwo. T. Davis,
New Brighton, N. Y.

NOTE ON THE HABITS OF THE YOUNG
OF THE SQUIRREL HAKE AND
SEA SNAIL

During the oceanographic cruise of the U. S. Fish-
eries schooner Grampus in the summer of 1913, large
quantities of the Giant Scallop were dredged at many
points on the continental shelf between Nantucket
Lightship and the Virginia capes. In a number of
instances these se allops. were found to contain young
examples of the squirrel hake, Urophycis chuss (W al
baum), ranging in length from 27 to 70 mm. With
one exception all were taken in the region between
Montauk Point and Cape May, and within the 20
fathom curve. The only occurrence at a greater
depth was in 42 fathoms, 52 miles S.S.E. from Mon-
tauk Pomt.

Whether these young hake habitually live within
the mantle cavity of the scallop, or whether they
merely use it as a refuge on the approach of an ene-
my, is not known. ‘The latter hypothesis appears to
be the more plausible one. In the six dredge hauls
in which young hake were thus taken, 27 examples
were obtained from 59 seallops. In one instance, 11
hake were obtained from 9 scallops.

During the same cruise a number of young exam-
ples of the sea snail, Liparis liparis (uinneus) were
obtained from the mantle cavities of scallops at two
stations, as follows:

Forty-five miles E.S.E. from Assateague, Va., in
30 fathoms, and 45 miles K. by S. from Cape Charles,

COPEIA 3

in 25 fathoms. ‘These ranged in length from 20 to
29 mm. So far as known, “this species has not been
reported from so far south. A single example was
also found in a scallop taken in 37 fathoms, 16 miles
S. from Nantucket Lightship.
W. W. WELSH,
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE SALIENTIA
OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

Hyla pickeringi Storer, the “Spring peeper, 1s
rather rare here, only two small “bayous” containing
very few specimens having been found by the writer.
These places were about six miles apart. I have
heard this species sing only in December.

Hyla squirella Bosc., the commonest of the south-
ern tree-toads, 1s found everywhere, in cornfields,
sugar cane, about wells and under the eaves of stable
aa barns, outhouses, ete. After a heavy thunder
shower in September, 1911, hundreds of these little
tree toads could be seen hopping along the country
roads outside of Jacksonville. ‘That same night the
writer took 32 specimens from a velvet bean vine on
the blank side of his cottage. The cry is rather
coarse, sounding like: “Cra, cra, cra,” etc., with a
second’s interval between each note. ‘This species is
noted for its rapid color changes.

Hyla femoralis Latreille is called the Pine tree
toad, from its habit of frequenting the tops of pine
trees almost exclusively, during the summer months.
It resembles our own gray tree toad, with its rough
skin and star-shaped dark patch on the back, but is
smaller and more slender. Its usual color is dark
reddish-brown or chestnut, but it can readily change
from fleshy pink or pale gray to any shade of brown,
gray or green. It is one of the shyest of tree toads,
rarely caught except during the breeding season,
when it frequents certain * ‘bayous” in thousands. atic

4 COPEIA

noise resulting from the calls of the males on these
occasions, is deafening. This call cannot be repro-
duced on paper, being a rapid succession of harsh,
rattling notes, higher in pitch than the call of H.
squirella, and kept up all night. During the dry sea-
son this tree toad occasionally calls from the tops of
the pine trees, one answering the other.

Hyla cinerea, Daud., is an aristocratic looking tree
toad, with its long, slender figure of the brightest
green, edged on each side with a band of pale gold or
silvery white. Its size is larger than any of the pre-
ceding species, often reaching 2'2 inches from snout
to vent. Occasionally met with on corn fields, its
chief haunts, however, seem to be the shores of the
creeks, where it occurs in scattered companies on the
water hyacinths and bulrushes. Its call sounds like:
“Grab, grab, grabit, grabit,” ete., uttered in a shrill,
loud voice, and has a startling resemblance to the hu-
man voice. One would never think the call came
from a frog. Although a powerful leaper, it is easily
‘aught when once located, as it is not at all shy. This
species seems to have no special breeding season, and
is never heard in the early spring, when the majority
of the other frogs and toads congregate at the shal-
low “bayous.”

Hyla gratiosa, Le Conte, the Florida tree toad, is
a handsome species, and the largest of the North
American tree toads, reaching a length of 3'% inches
from snout to vent. It is heavily built, with large
adhesive disks on fingers and toes. It differs from
all other species in its evenly granulated skin, and
regular pattern of roundish spots. ‘The color is ashen
gray, purplish or green of some shade. ‘The spots
are darker than the ground color, evenly distributed
over the upper surfaces, and may be absent when the
frog changes to pale golden green. ‘The arms and
legs are banded. The throat of the male is rich chrome
yellow or green. It is not very plentiful anywhere,
and rarely met with outside the breeding season. Dur-

COPEIA 5

ing the latter time it comes down out of the trees,
and small companies of from four to ten specimens,
in widely scattered pools or “bayous,” attend to their
breeding duties amid the loud calls of the males. The
call can be heard for over a mile, and sounds like a
large gong, or church bell, being of unusual depth,
aad very a eae with a second’s interval between each
duel note. The male, while singing, floats in the wa
ter, the large vocal sac throwing fhe frog into a ver-
tical position with every utterance. ‘The eggs are laid
singly and sink to the bottom ok the pool. I have
never heard this species call except during the breed-
ing season, which lasts from March to June, begin-
ning with the first warm rains.
Ricuarp F. DrEcKERT,
New York, N.Y.

LIST OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
OBSERVED IN THE SUMMERS OF
1912, 1918 AND 1914, IN NELSON
COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Nelson county is partly in the Piedmont section of
Virginia and partly in the Blue Ridge. The collect-
ing was mostly on the James River, in the Piedmont
section, about 40 miles below Lynchburg, at an alti-
tude of 400 to 600 feet. The figures refer to actual
records in my notebook. Where the common names
are given they are those in use for the species in Nel-
son County.

Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque) .

Diemictylus viridescens (Rafinesque). Both land
and water forms. Land form “ground puppy,” wa-
ter from “spring lizard.”

Bufo americanus Holbrook. “Toad.” Very common.
Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Common locally.
Ayla versicolor Le Conte. “Tree toad.”

Rana catesbeiana Shaw. “Bull frog.”

Rana clamata Daudin.

6 COPEIA

Rana palustris Le Conte.

Carphophiops amoenus (Say)-

Regina leberis (Linneus) 25-+-. Common.

Natriv sipedon (Lmneus). “Water snake, or wa-
ter moccasin.” 98. Very common.

Elaphe guttatus (Linneus). “Corn — snake.”
‘Brown sedge snake.” “Mole catcher”? 6.

Elaphe obsoletus (Say). “Scaly, or rusty black
snake: ~-Pilot. 78.

Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer). 2.

Storeria dekayi (Holbrook). 1.

Opheodrys aestivus (Linneus). “Green snake.” 13.

Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard. 2.

Diadophis punctatus (iinneus). “Fodder snake.”

Coluber constrictor Linneus. “Slick black snake.”
“Hoop snake’? “Cow sucker”? “Horse racer”? 22--.
common. |

Thamnophis sirtalis (Limneus). 6. Not rare.

Lampropeltis rhombomaculatus (Holbrook).
“House snake’? “Ground snake.” “Molecatcher.” 10.

Lam propeltis getulus (Linneus). “King snake.”
“Master snake,” “Black moccasin.” “Cowsucker’’? 9.

Heterodon platirhinos Latreille. “Spread-head
moccasin.” 4 and a nest of 84 eggs. .

Aghkistrodon contortric (Linneus). “Copper-
head.” “Highland moccasin.” 12.

Crotalus horridus Linneus. “Rattlesnake.” Local-
ly common. 1.

Eumeces fasciatus (Linneus). “Scorpion” or
“scarapin.” 13.

Cnemidophorus sexvlineatus (Linneus). 26+. Lo-
‘ally common.

Sceloporus undulatus (atreille). “Fence lizard.”
92+. Very common.
Chelydra serpentina (Linneus). “Turtle.” “Snap-
ping turtle.”

Kinosternon pensylvanicum (Gmelin).

Pseudemys rubriventris (Lue Conte).

COPEIA a

Chrysemys picta (Schneider). “Skilpot.”” Common.
Terrapene carolina (Linneus). “Dry land terra-
pin.” Common.
E. R. Dunn,
Philadelphia, Pa.

NEW COLOR VARIATION OF STORERIA
OCCIPITOMACULATA

During the first week in August, 1914, I collected
a small black-colored snake near Cammal, Pa. It at-
tracted my attention, as I was not familiar with the
coloration that was presented. Kxamination re-
vealed a peculiar phase of the red-bellied snake, of
which I was unable to find a description in any of
the standard works upon reptiles. Through the
courtesy of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, I was permitted to examine the varie-
ties of red-bellied snakes in their collection. In look-
ing over the specimens I found one that simulated
mine. This reptile was collected at Johnsonburg,
Elk County, Pa., by Cope.: He described it as being
a very dark brown, with the dorsal band obscure, and
the under surfaces black. The throat and chin were
whitish, and the black darkest in a row of spots on
each side of a dozen anterior gastrosteges. ‘The rep-
tile I found measured 24 cm., was distinctly black on
the dorsal and ventral surfaces, the throat and chin
white, sprinkled with small black spots; the stripes
on the sides could only be detected by having the
hight strike the reptile in a certain manner. When
the two reptiles were placed side by side, Cope’s spec-
imen was lighter in color, both on the dorsal and ven-
tral surfaces; the stripes on Cope’s specimen could
readily be seen as compared with the reptile under
discussion.

R. D. SPENcER,
Philadelphia, Pa.

NUMBER OF YOUNG PRODUCED BY
THE COMMON GARTER SNAKE

Definite records of the number of young produced.
by any species of reptiles are always interesting and
valuable to those interested in the life history of ani-
mals. The following observations concerning the
number of young produced by the common Garter
Snake (Thomnophis sirtalis), may therefore be
worth recording.

This snake is well known to be viviparous. It is
the most abundant snake in the vicinity of Lake Max-
inkuckee, Indiana. On July 26, 1900, a female three
feet long, was killed by me just west of the lake.
Upon cutting it open 40 young snakes, each six to
seven inches long, were taken from the mother’s body.

This number we thought very large, but Dr. J.
Schenck, of Mt. Carmel, Ilmois, records 78 young
each three to seven inches long, taken from a female
of this species 35 mches long.

Does any reader of Coprra know of a record of a
larger number?

Barton WARREN EVERMANN,
San Francisco, Cal.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, June 25, 1915. No. 19

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

NOTES ON THE HABITS OF SCELOPORUS
UNDULATUS (LATREILLE).

This exceedingly common lizard is chiefly found
on trees and fences, or very rarely on the ground.
They are rather agile and difficult to capture save
with a noose. ‘They do not, as a rule, go into holes
when hard pressed, though I have seen one hide under
the loose bark of a stump. ‘They show a certain
amount of color change from lighter to darker and
vice-versa.

Breeding -habits. A ? caught on May 10,
1914, at Marlton, N. J., was killed and dissected on
June 7th. She had 10 large eggs in her oviducts. My
earliest record for young is July 29th (Nelson Coun-
ty, Va.), but I have no other records before Aug. 14.
I have never seen any half-grown ones except in the
very early summer, so that I think this lizard reaches
adult size in one year.

Food. One of my earliest remembrances of this
lizard is seeing a large one run up a pine tree carry-
ing in its mouth a cricket as large as its own body.
In captivity I have watched them eat butterflies of
the genera Pieris and Colias, houseflies and Mayflies.
Specimens were hardy in captivity, and excellent
feeders, chasing and snapping up the small butter-
flies with great agility, and swallowing them with a
chewing motion.

EK. R. Dunn,
Philadelphia, Pa.

10 COPEIA

HIBERNATION OF REPTILES IN SOUTH-
ERN CALIFORNIA.

Of the snakes in the immediate vicinity of Los
Angeles, very few are to be found at large during
the winter, for they behave much as do their eastern
cousins. ‘This was contrary to my expectations when
I first arrived here, for like many another easterner,
I thought Southern California would yield a bounti-
ful harvest of snakes at any time of the year. Now
and then a Pacific Bull Snake (Pituophis catenifer),
a Western Garter Snake (Thamnophis parietalis),
or a “Water” Snake (Thamnophis hammondi) will
wander in search of food and may be found abroad
even in winter. Only exceptionally warm days will
cause this, however, and few, if any, other snakes ever
come out in the winter. Most captives in my collec-
tion of local snakes refuse food from about the middle
of October to the beginning of March.

Lizards, on the contrary, are to be found on any
sunny day during the winter when they come forth
to warm themselves after a freezing night. At such
times they snap up occasional flies and other insects.
Gerrhonotus scincicauda, Uta stansburiana and Scel-
oporus bi-seriatus are the most intrepid of the lizards
that dare the rigors of a none-too-gentle climate and
warm themselves in the rays of the winter sun. Up
in the mountains where snow falls during the winter,
one may see the hardy little swifts (Uta) scamper
about rocks in the sun a few feet away from shady
nooks where large patches of snow lie evaporating,
while down at a lower altitude may be found other
lizards, and even snakes at times. In captivity the
lizards feed readily through the winter.

The hiding places of lizards may easily be found
in the winter by overturning heaps of boards, stones,
logs, ete. At that time of the year, especially after
a heavy frost, they are easily captured, for they are
quite sluggish. The Horned Lizards usually bury
themselves in the ground, where they are sometimes

COPEIA 11

dug out accidentally. Snakes in this part of the
country hibernate under haystacks, piles of boards,
etc., but usually they seem to pass the winter in
gopher and ground squirrel holes in the ground.
Between last Christmas and New Years I caught
one “Water” Snake and one Western Garter Snake
on a particularly warm day in a valley between the
city of Los Angeles and the ocean. Near Dulzura
I caught one more “Water” Snake and this winter
received two small unidentified snakes from Calexico,
where there is an arid tropical climate. Even in the
desert around Calexico, snakes are more searce in
winter than they are in summer; though, if the truth
must be told, they are not plentiful there at any time.
I have not known of any case of Clemmys mar-
morata—Southern California’s only turtle—being
found in the winter.
Paut D. R. RUTHLING,
Los Angeles, Calif.

COLUMBUS ON THE REMORA.

In the Journals of the first and second voyages
of Columbus are found respectively descriptions of
a species of ‘Trunk and Sucking-fish observed near
Cuba. The account of the latter mentions that the
“Reversus,” or Remora, was employed by the Indians
in a singular manner of fishing which consisted in
holding the “huntsman-fish” fast by a cord, and al-
lowing it to attach itself to the bodies of other fish
or large marine turtles. Humboldt conjectured the
“Reversus” to be identical with H'cheneis naucrates,
Poey with the species named by him EF. guaicano.
Pre-Linnean writers on ichthyology continued to ap-
ply the term “Reversus” to the species of Sucking-fish
described by Columbus, and also included under the
same term a spinous variety, or “species,” which is
easily recognizable from the descriptions and figures
as Diodon histriv. 'The use of the Remora as a
“huntsman-fish” in the manner first related by Colum-

12 COPEIA

bus seems to have continued until modern times in
various quarters of the globe; so at least the writer
is informed by Dr. KE. W. Gudger, who has collected
a number of reports to that effect.

Cuarves R. EASTMAN,
New York, N. Y.

CERTAIN FAMILIAR STRUCTURAL
ADAPTATIONS IN FISHES.

That habit and structure are correlated will be
questioned by no student of evolution. ‘That habit
determines structure would probably be less widely
conceded. If it does so, specialized structures would
be expected to arise among fishes already possessing
habits to take advantage of them; we would expect
to find the habit served by a fish’s peculiar structure,
shared also, to some degree, by its relatives which
lack the structure; and notable cases where this expec-
tation is realized are evidence that structure is deter-
mined by habit.

Some such eases come to mind. The sailfish,
remarkable for its great expanse of dorsal fin, is said
to come to the surface of the sea with the fin out
of water, functioning as a sail in the wind. ‘The
sword-fish and mackerel, its allies, are surface fishes,
the sword-fish at least often swims with its back-fin
out of water.

The prehensile tail of the sea-horse with which
it coils around and holds fast to sea-weed is a struc-
ture unique among fishes. ‘The pipe-fishes, its nearest
allies, live among sea-weed twisting their lithe bodies
among and bracing their tails against the strands of
weed.

The highly developed breast-fins of the flying
fish which enable it to travel considerable distances
through the air and elude predaceous fishes of which
it is the prey, is one of the most remarkable structural
adaptations to be found in the world’s ichthyfauna,

COPEIA 13

and perhaps responsible for the success, measured by
the abundance, of flying fishes off shore over warm
seas everywhere, where they seem to outnumber the
sum of all other species. ‘Their allies, the slender,
elongate needle-fishes, though lacking any wing de-
velopment are noted for the habit of leaping and
skipping over the surface of the water. One elongate
species with a much flattened body turns on its side
and skims over the surface like a skipping stone.

J.T. NicHots,
New York, N.Y.

RANA PALUSTRIS IN WISCONSIN.

During the early fall of 1914, three specimens
of Rana palustris Le Conte were found in a small
stream entering the south side of Lake Wingra, Dane
County. ‘These specimens were identified for the
writer by Dr. A. G. Ruthven, and a specimen was de-
posited in the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan. The stream in which these frogs were
found i is the small sluggish outlet of a large swamp
situated about a half mile from the lake. The bottom
of the stream is of soft mud, without stones of any
sort, and at all seasons of the year is more or less ob-
structed by a heavy growth of water cress. Rana
pipiens, Acris gryllus and Rana clamitans are very
commonly found here, but frequent and diligent
search throughout the year previous had failed to dis-
close any pickerel frogs.

The distribution of this species 1s given by Dick-
erson (The Frog Book) as “over the eastern part
of North America, west to the Great Plains, and
north to Hudson Bay.” Higley (Wisconsin Acad-
emy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, VII, 169) states
that it is quite common in Michigan, and may possibly
be found in Wisconsin, and in “The Herpetology oe
Michigan” (Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., Pub. 10,
Biol. Ser. 3) Thompson and Thompson say that ne

14 COPEIA

have examined specimens from six counties in Michi-
gan and have records of the occurrence of the species
in three others. No records are given for any part
of the state above the southern end of Saginaw Bay.
Cope (Batrachia of North America, 1889) gives
two records for Wisconsin, one from the Root River,
1853, and the other from the Upper Wisconsin River,
the date of which is not given. Notes on the occur-
rence of the species at Green Lake, Wisconsin, in
1906 and 1909, have been given to me by Mr. John
M. Lowe. The results of ecological work in the re-
gion of the Madison lakes will doubtless show that
Rana palustris although rare, has a fairly continuous
distribution in the state.
TuHurtow C. NELson,

University of Wisconsin.

SOME NEW RECORDS FOR GYRINO-
PHILUS PORPHYRITICUS (GREEN):

In rearranging the collection of Amphibia in the
Lee Museum of Biology at Bowdoin College, I came
across a badly shrivelled and faded specimen of this
species. It was easily identified by the teeth and the
general appearance, but the only data with it was a
ecard marked Brunswick, Me.

There are two more recent records from Man-
chester, Maine.

August 16, 1913, George EK. Gilbert brought me
two specimens, an adult, and a larva about three
inches long, with external gills.

April 12, 1915, the same collector got three
adults, two of them 7'4 inches in length. A week
later I visited the place where they were found, a cold
spring rising in a barrel in an open field and empty-
ing into a stone drain. One had been found in the
mud under the board cover of the spring, while the
others were in the water. ‘They seem to be good

ee

COPEIA 15

swimmers, but in captivity I noticed that they rested
with the nose held out of water.

- At the mouth of the stone drain, about 100 yards
from the spring, I found a larva three inches long,
and in the spring itself five more only on inch in
length, The large larva was probably a year old,
while the small ones appeared to be newly hatched.
In color they were a pale red with small yellowish
dots scattered along the back, but there is little pig-
ment in the skin and the whole animal is quite trans-
lucent.

In the shape of the head, thread-like external
gills and general form these larve resemble those of
s peler pes bilineatus, but the color and markings are
quite different.

Although this species seems to be quite abundant
about this one spring, I have found it nowhere else
in the vicinity.

Pump HH. Pore,
Manchester, Maine.

NUMBER OF YOUNG PRODUCED BY
COMMON SNAKES.

Mr. J. F. Street informs me he dissected an adult
garter snake (7'hamnophis sirtalis) in the fall of 1909,
moramed at Indiana, Pa. It contained 65 well- devel-
oped embryos. I saw an example of this species in
the Carnegie Museum, at Pittsburgh, some years
ago, from Ohio Pyle, Pa. It had a great number of
young which were given as 65. The largest water
snake (Natriv sipedon) I have examined, was ob-
tained by Evan Rhoads on Newton Creek, near
Mount Ephraim, Camden County, N. J., August
22, 1912. When fresh it was little short ae five feet
and contained over 70 young, (76 according to my
notes). I may add that a red- -eared terrapin (Pseu-
demys elegans) was captured in Oldmans Creek, N.

16 COPEIA

J., during June, 1914, and brought to my notice
through Dr. Ida A. Keller. It is doubtless an intro-
duction or escaped individual, as the species is a native
of the Gulf States.

Henry W. Fow ter,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, July 27, 1915. No. 20

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

ANNUAL OCCURRENCE OF SPADE-FOOT
TOADS.

Spade-foot toads (Scaphiopus holbrooki) ap-
peared in Patchogue on the evening of May 22, 1915,
for at least the fourth successive year. The first hard
rain of spring occurred on the night of May 21, and
on the evening of May 22, great numbers of toads
were present in the same pool in which they have been
seen In previous years. On the morning of the 23d
nearly every blade of grass in the pool was covered
with their eggs, and by night not a toad remained
in sight. ‘The sudden emergence of the toads from
their underground retreats and their extremely short
stay in the breeding pools, probably accounts for the
former belief that years usually elapse between their
appearances.

FRANK Overton,
Patchogue, N. Y.

NOTE ON AN UNUSUALLY LARGE
OCEAN SUNFISH.

On May 14, 1915, I examined a very large
Ocean Sunfish or Mola (Mola mola) at the fish house
of the Borzone Fish Company in San Francisco. The
fish had been caught the day before in a parancella
net about 40 miles off the Golden Gate and south of
the Farallons.

18 COPEIA

The following measurements and notes were tak-
en: ‘Total length 9 feet; width 7 ft. 9 in.; eye to snout
14 in.; diameter of orbit 5 in; eye to base of pectoral
17 in.; length of pectoral 15 in.; width 124% in.; gill
opening 44 x 6'2 in.; length of dorsal (mutilated)
2 ft. 5 in.; width 23 in.; length of anal 21 in.

Color silvery; body, especially anteriorly, coy-
ered with hard, bony, silvery, stellate or granular
plates.

After the fish had been caught in the net it was
attacked by sharks and badly mutilated, especially
on the fins and about the nose.

It was said that this fish weighed 2,500 pounds,
but I cannot vouch for the truth of this statement.
My own estimate was not to exceed 1,800 pounds.

This was said to be the largest fish of this species
N a

ever taken by San Francisco fishermen. Smaller ex-
amples weighing 300 to 400 pounds are occasionally
taken. One was brought in in April of this year that
weighed about 300 pounds. One was taken in June,
1893, off Redondo Beach, California, that measured
8 ft. 2 m., and weighed 1,800 pounds.

Barton WaRrRREN EVERMANN,
San Francisco, Cal.

(The mounted skin of a Mola 10 ft 2 in. in total
length from Long Beach, California, May, 1911, is
exhibited in the American Museum of Natural His-

tory, New York.—Ed.]
HIBERNATION OF REPTILES.

A friend in Bridgeport, Connecticut, is my au-
thority for the statement that there seems to be a
great difference in animals, as to their tendency to
hibernate in winter, and the effect of temperature
upon the physical phases of their life. He had had
for three years, in 1910, a brace of rattle-snakes,

COPEIA 19

(Crotalus horridus) from the neighborhood which he
kept in a glass case, and maintained a summer tem-
perature the year round, with the result that during
that period of three years the snakes did not hiber-
nate, but maintained an active existence during the
entire time. He has observed that they have shed
their epidermis at shorter periods than has been gen-
erally supposed; to wit, about once in three months,
and that this is not a constant factor, but will vary.
It has popularly been held as an indisputable fact
that the rattle-snake adds one joimt to the rattle
each year, but Mr. Ford has discovered that a new
joint is added to the rattle with each shedding of the
eperdermis, and the snakes in his collection have add-
ed from three to four buttons each year, proving that
the old time hypothesis is erroneous. ‘The snakes have
fine rattles with perhaps tem or twelve buttons and
have attained a length of maybe less than twenty
inches. In this collection, under the scrutiny of Mr.
Ford, is a small mud turtle (species unknown) that
is kept at about the same temperature as the snakes
but with different results. As winter approaches and
the proper season arrives it declines to eat, draws in
its head and becomes lethargic and finally falls into

a stupor, which lasts till spring when it awakes again
to its wonted life and activity. From these facts, it
would be interesting to determine what degree of cold
a dormant animal may be subjected to without de-
stroying its latent vitality, and what degree of tem-
perature is necessary to induce hibernation in any
given animal.

Herman Havrt, JR.,

South Haven, Michigan.

ON ONE OR TWO COMMON STRUCTURAL
ADAPTATIONS IN FISHES.

The caudal fin of fishes is the chief propelling
organ. As such its form is a good criterion of a fish’s

20 COPEIA

habit of locomotion. The forked form is used almost
without exception by those species which swim con-
tinually through extensive stretches of open water.
The water slipping along the fishes flanks must escape
backward in the middle line of its tail. Side to side
motion of a square caudal would interfere with the
backward flow of the water and impede the fish. Ob-
viously the forked fin is better adapted for this work
as the central impeding portion is eliminated and the
lobes brace against comparatively stationary water.
A narrow peduncle is also an advantage and we find
the peduncle tending to be more and more narrow
particularly in its vertical diameter, and it is often
strengthened by keels in its horizontal diameter, that
is the plane of its motion. It is interesting that the
same type is approached by the mackerels, a free
swimming more or less pelagic off-shoot of the Per-
coid, stem, by the mackerel-sharks, most active swim-
mers of the sharks, which have a very different heter-
ocereal caudal as a basis of variation, and the Cetacea,
among mammals. ‘The Cetacea are, interestingly
enough, adapted to motion in a different plane, mov-
ing their forked caudal up and down instead of from
side to side, and with the peduncles narrowed hori-
zontally instead of vertically.

Certain fishes, except when alarmed, propel
themselves not by the caudal, but by the breast-fins.
Such are the wrasse-parrotfish group, which slip in
and out among rocks and the crevices of coral-reefs.
These have usually squarish or rounded caudals, quite
different from the firm forked ones of more actively
free-swimming fishes. Indeed the relative forking
is a fair criterion of the amount of swimming that a
fish does, the minnows with forked caudals, being
more active swimmers than the killifish group with
rounded, the sea running salmon having a more
forked caudal than the brook inhabiting trout, the
old trout a squarer tail than the young, to whom the

COPEIA 21

same brook furnishes, compared to its size, a wider
swimming range.

The evolution in habit and structure which from
a group of predaceous free-swimming mammals like
the Delphinidae has evolved the large whale-bone
whales which feed on small animals sifted from the
water with their baleen, is more or less paralleled in
several independent groups of fishes. Our common
menhaden, representative of the herrings, is a good
example. Though a small fish the size and density
of the schools in which it swims are in a way analagous
with the cetacean’s bulk. Continually it swims for-
ward, its mouth wide open, gulping sea-water from
which its very fine lengthened gill-rakers are sifting
food enough to make it ver 4 fat and sought after for
its oil. A. better example are the gigantic basking
shark and whale shark, off-shoots from the active pre-
daceous mackerel sharks. The large gill openings
and very small teeth of these lar gest of fishes, show
them to be sifters of small food. In the almost uni-
versally predaceous mackerel genus Scomber an Kast
Indian species has very long fine gill-rakers, doubtless
associated with herring- like feeding habits.

J.T. NicHors.
New York, N.Y.

CONCLUDING NOTES ON THE SALIEN-

TIA OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA.

Acris gryllus, Le Conte, the “Cricket frog,” is
one of the commonest frogs, great swarms a this
species having been seen by the writer during the
spring months about the edges of bayous, cr eeks and
ponds. Its rattling notes can be heard during the
entire warm ‘season, day and night. Owing tc the
small size of its adhesive disks, ifs tree-‘ ‘frog’ ” ean-
not climb into trees, but lives on the ground, Sige
ing into fields, meadows and gardens. It attains a
length of 144 inches from See to vent, but the

22 COPEIA

greater number of specimens are 1 inch or less in
length. This species looks and acts more like a water
frog than a tree-toad, although belonging to the latter
family.

Chorophilus occidentalis, B. & G., is a beautiful
species, rarely seen except in early spring. At this
time, however, it occurs in great numbers in the large,
shallow bayous, where it stands almost straight up-
right, on some twigs or weeds, with its large throat
pouch distended, giving vent to its piercing call. This
call is very loud, similar in pitch to that of Hyla pick-
eringi, but much shorter, and at a distance sounds like
the ring of a steel chisel, when struck by a hammer.

This is the largest species of the genus Choro-
philus, attaining a length of 1/2 inches, from snout
to vent. It is stout of “body, the head is pointed, the
arms and legs rather short and stout. The toes are
very slightly webbed, the disks on fingers and toes
scarcely noticeable. The subarticular tubercles are
very prominent.

The structure of this species indicates terrestrial,
possibly subterraneous habits. I have dug specimens
out of the sweet-potato hills in my garden.

The smooth, shiny upper surfaces are rich reddish
brown or fawn colored, like specimens of our northern
Wood frog. There is a black band on each side,
beginning at the nostril, running through the eye,
over the tympanum to the shoulder. The “edge of the
upper jaw is silvery white. The groin is rich yellow
or orange, with large elongate or “round black spots.
The undersides are ‘white, faintly spotted with brown
on the throat, flesh colored posteriorly. On the back
there may be two broad, dark brown parallel bands.
The arms and legs are banded more or less distinctly
with brown.

Chorophilus nigritus, Le Conte, or “Swamp
Tree-toad,” is found during the Winter and early
Spring, in great numbers about ditches and bayous.

COPEIA 23

Its call is similar to that of the Cricket “frog,” but
much louder, and the crepitations are slower. It is
a shy species, extremely difficult to catch. The color
is gray or greenish-black, with usually three longitu-
dinal rows of black, light-edged, roundish spots. Oc-
casionally these spots fuse into bands. The limbs are
also spotted. On the upper jaw there is a pale yel-
lowish line, extending to the arm insertion. <A nar-
row black band starts at the tip of the snout, runs
through the eye, covers the tympanum and ends at
the shoulder or beyond. ‘The undersurfaces are
greenish yellow. The back and outer parts of the
limbs are covered with large round warts, giving the
creature a very rough appearance. The belly is
coarsely granulated. "The tips of the fingers and toes
have small disks. The foot is slightly webbed. The
head is even more pointed, and much narrower, than
in the preceding species.

Chorophilus ocularis, Holbrook. This is_ the
smallest of the North American frogs, rarely exceed-
ing % inch from snout to vent. The head is pointed,
the eyes large, the limbs and body slender. The disks
on the fingers and toes are small but distinct. ‘The
skin of the back is covered with very fine warts, that
of the belly finely granulated. T he color is yellow,
reddish brown or chestnut. ‘The upper jaw is mar-
gined with white. There are three longitudinal dark
brown dorsal bands, one from the tip of the snout to
above the vent, usually bifurcate posteriorly, and one
on each side of this, starting behind the eye. Under-
neath, it is pale yellow. The male’s throat is dark
brown, and can be distended to the size of a large pea.
The arms and legs are indistinctly cross-banded.

These small “frogs” are very numerous near
Jacksonville, but owing to their small size, are seldom
seen. During the Spring months, they abound on the
marginal vegetation of the “bayous,” the males giving

24 COPEIA

vent to their faint calls, which sound more like the
chirping of insects than the calls of frogs.

Ricuarp F. DECKERT,
New York, N. Y.

ON A YOUNG BLACK ANGEL FISH.

A Pomancanthus arcuatus, 3 or 4 inches long,
taken near San Antonio Bridge, Porto Rico, last
July, in a biological survey of that island which is
being forwarded by the N. Y. Academy of Sciences
and the Insular Government, had bright vellow, in-
stead of whitish, cross bands. Yellow bands are then,
not diagnostic of paru, perhaps they are ordinarily
yellow in sufficiently small arcuatus.

J. T. Nicwois,

New York, N.Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, August 24, 1915. No. 21

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

THE CAPTURE OF A BASKING SHARK
ON LONG ISLAND.

A fourteen-foot Basking shark, Cetorhinus maa-
imus, was captured on June 29, 1915, at Westhamp-
ton Beach, on the south shore of Long Island. It
had become entangled in a bluefish net operated by
a loeal fisherman, and was hauled ashore still alive.
T had the good fortune to examine it two days later
as it was being cut up for removal from the beach,
and obtained the head, jaws and several other parts
for the American Museum for further study.

Records of Cetorhinus as far south as Long Is-
land are extremely few, so that it seems desirable to
call attention to the present specimen.

The shark was a male, fourteen feet in length.
The caudal had been cut off before I reached the
scene, so that I could not verify the exact length; but,
from the measurements I made, the length was ap-
parently as stated. The specimen was therefore small
for this species, not even half grown.

The color of the shark was grayish black, a little
darker above than on the sides and belly. The under
side was not white, as it is stated to be in textbooks;
the only white about the specimen was a triangular
patch on the under side of the rostrum, extending
from the mouth as a base, to a point half-way to the

26 COPEIA

tip of the snout. There were also two pale bands in
the mid-ventral region, one on either side of the me-
dian line; they were about two inches in width, and
had broken or jagged margins. They were confined

to a portion of the ventral region, in front of the mix-
opterygia.

The most striking feature about the shark, to one
who had never seen the species in the flesh, was the
extraordinary shape of the rostrum. This was the
exact form of the lead end of a bullet, and so unlike
that of any other shark that it could serve as a diag-
nostic character equally with the enormous gill-clefts,
to distinguish this species from all other sharks. It
should be noted, too, that the rostrum was not short,
as it is represented in textbook figures, but projected
considerably in front of the mouth.

The whole surface was covered with minute tu-
bercles, which were rough to the touch when the shark
was stroked from behind forward. The tubercles
were especially large at the tip of the rostrum. On
the snout, both above and below, were sensory pores
distributed in groups. ‘They were transver sely elon-
gated and very large, some ‘of them “% inch in width.
The long, slender gill- rakers, which are so distinctive
of this species, were black in color, and looked like
long, finely toothed combs attached to the gill bars.
The longest rays were 2% inches in length. The teeth
were set in the jaws in three rows, except in a few
spots, where there were a few extra teeth giving the
appearance of four rows.

The alimentary canal contained a large quantity
of bright red material. On examination under the
microscope, this resolved itself into a vast multitude
of minute Crustacea (species not yet determined),
whose reddish bodies lent color to the entire mass.

A few measurements, especially of the head re-
gion, may here be given: Rostrum, from front of

COPEIA

(AS)

27

eye, 104 m. Diameter of eye, 1% in. Front of eye
to nostril, 8 m. Width of nostril, 1% in. Distane
between inner margins of nostrils, 4°4 in. Mixoptery-
gia, 7’ in.

A fuller account of this specimen with photo-
graphs of the freshly-captured fish and figures of an-
atomical details will shortly be published.

L. Hussaxor,
NewYork, N.Y.

ON FISH-BONES IN A KINGFISHER’S
NEST.
Through the kindness of Mr. S. H. Chubb of the

American Museum the writer has had for examina-
tion a mass of fish-bones, scales, etc., from the recent-
ly occupied nest of a kingfisher, and has looked
through to determine the species of fish eaten in this
ease. The results have both an ichthvological and or-
nithological interest.

The nest referred to was placed in a bank about
one-quarter of a mile from Van Cortlandt Lake, New
York City. It was occupied by young kingfishers 29
days between the times of hatching ‘and departure.
Immediately after they had gone Mr. Chubb removed
about two quarts of soil from the bottom of the nest,
and from this about 220 cubic centimeters of clean
bones, scales, etc., was obtained, representing prob-
ably three-quarters of all the fish remains in the nest.

The most striking single objects among the bones
were the beautifully pr eserved tooth- bearing pharyn-
geals of small cypr inids, of which there were 113. The
mass was carefully gone over for readily recognizable
bones of other fishes and surprisingly few encoun-
tered. Lower jaw bones of 2 or 3 small pickerel
(E'sox), 3 to 5 inches in length, were noted; also the
opercle of a yellow perch (Perca flavescens), about

28 COPEIA

four inches, and anal spines of a sunfish, about three
inches long. ‘There were also pieces of the shell of a
crawfish. The absence of suckers (catostomids) was
unexpected. ‘Their pharyngeals would have been as
easily picked out as those of the eyprinids, and sup-
posing that their bottom habits protected them, then
how about the crawfish?

Of the 113 mmnow pharyngeals, 90 were identi-
fied as from the golden shiner (Abramis crysoleucas) ,
21, not satisfactorily determinable, were perhaps also
this species, and two were from different individuals
of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). ‘That particular
nest mil kingfishers was then concerned with cyprinids,
of which at a minimum estimate it accounted for 76
individuals, and of these the golden shiner made the
greater part, probably almost the entire number.

The golden shiner is probably the most abundant
fish in still and slow- moving fresh-waters near New
York City, yet it would se: arcely figure as largely tn
the kingfisher’s bill of fare were there no discrimina-
tion in its favor. ‘There is no obvious reason why the
goldfish, which is also abundant, should not be as read-
ily obtained. ‘The writer suspects that the kingfisher
selects that fish which in a given region furnishes it
the best food supply, and specializes i in the capture of
the same disregarding other species. It would be in-
teresting to learn if the many kingfishers which hunt
over the salt and brackish waters near New York spe-

cialize on Menidia or Fundulus.
J. T. NicHOLs,

New York, N.Y.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF SPELERPES
RUBER (DAUDIN).

Various allusions in literature to the life history
of Spelerpes ruber as being well known, (though I
have been unable to find any published account of

COPEIA 29

it), have made me hesitate in publishing these notes,
but I will give them for what they are worth.

Practically all the specimens studied came from
a spring near Haverford, Pa., in which spring both
aduits and larvae were very abundant, and ten or fitf-
teen could be caught at any time. Some of the larvae
were much larger than small adults, my smallest
adults being 80-90 mm. long and my largest larvae
about 110 mm. long. These larvae were distinguish-
able from those of §. bislineatus, by much larger size
and uniform coloration. The smallest seen were as
long (50-60 mm.) as the largest larvae of S. bislinea-
tus seen and much more robust.

In January of this year I started keeping the lar-
vae alive with a view to watching the transformation.
I continued this into the spring with no success, the
larvae all dying in a few days, or living on with no
signs of transformation.

However, in a series of ten larvae collected on
May 20, the largest (110 mm.) showed tinges of red
in the ground color and smaller gills. On May 22
this specimen had lost all the filaments of the gills and
had taken to lying entirely out of water.

May 23—The gill stumps were shrivelling, the
tail fin had gone, and the color was more like that of
the adult. A smaller one of the same lot of May 20
(90 mm.) had also lost the tail fin and showed a red-
dish tinge. The gill filaments also were smaller.

May 24—A (the large one) gills were stubs—
eyelid developed—mouth nearly developed—B (the
smaller one) eyelids developing—mouth developing
—gill filaments ragged.

May 27—A, mouth developed fully—tongue
free, gills mere stubs.

May 28—I collected an adult which showed un-
mistakable signs of having just completed the trans-
formation.

30 COPEIA

May 29—Not much change in larvae from
May 27.

May 31—I killed and preserved the large larva
A, and the recently transformed adult of May 28.
The gill stubs on A were very small and no longer
than their width.

June 1—B has lain out of water for two days.
The gill filaments are going.

June 4—B lying out of water all the time. Prac-
ticing bucco-pharyngeal respiration. Gill filaments
about gone. This specimen was then killed and pre-
served.

It is thus apparent that Spelerpes ruber begins
to transform in May. The time of breeding is not
known to me and I can find no record of it. The
animals remain active all winter in springs. At the
time of transformation they are probably well over a
year old, as two lots can be distinguished, 80-110 mm.
long, and 50-60 mm. long. ‘This would seem to make
the duration of the larval period about two years, and
would also point to a definite breeding period, prob-
ably in the spring and summer. Of course these last
statements are simply conjectures.

The question of Siren operculata Beauvois arises
here. I am of the opinion that before so well estab-
lished a name as S$ pelerpes ruber be changed, it should
be shown beyond the shadow of a doubt that the larva
on which Beauvois founded his operculata is identical
with the larva of ruber.

E. R. Dunn,
Haverford, Pa.

NOTES ON AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM
AT FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA.

During the month of May, 1918, the writer had
good opportunities to study this salamander at an al-
titude of a little under 7,000 feet.

COPEIA 31

This species was the only salamander observed
in the vicinity and was found in a small stream near

a lumber mill. The rocks about Flagstaff are red
voleanic larva.

Both the gilled and air breathing forms were
found together in the water, some of the specimens
reaching a length of about six inches. The color of
the gilled forms was olive brown with dark irregular
spots on the back, sides, belly and tail fin. he air
breathing forms were darker and less spotted. This
color varied somewhat with individuals and with the
surrounding temperature, the specimens becoming
lighter as the air or water became warmer. ‘The gills
were not as fully developed as in many specimens
which the writer has seen in captivity, and the caudal
fin was not as broad. Neither did it extend up the
back as far.

Several boys in the vicinity reported finding their
eggs during the month of June, while the writer was
absent, and secured several immature gilled specimens
about two inches in length.

No land forms were found out of the water, al-
though they may have occurred there. But as the
ground is exceedingly dry in this vicinity the writer
doubts whether this species is found far from water
at this locality.

These salamanders were quite abundant in cer-
tain pools of the stream, as many as nine being count-
ed in a pool about seven feet in diameter and one foot
deep. They were very active and difficult to capture
by hand, and generally darted to cover under some
submerged plank or stone.

Several specimens of the land form, which the
writer collected, are now thriving in shallow water at
the Bronx Zoological Park. They feed greedily and
will even snap harmlessly at one’s finger.

* Dwicut FRANKLIN,
New York, N.Y.

32 COPEIA

RHINOCHILUS LECONTEI IN LOS
ANGELES.

In the Corria of February 20, 1915, (No. 15)
appeared a list of fourteen snakes found in the vicin-
ity of the city of Los Angeles. ‘To those must now
be added one more recently discovered at Belvidere,
California, by Mr. Viggo Tarp. ‘This is Rhinochilus
lecontei (Baird & Girard) and was found on May 13,
1915, about two miles from the beach on a bare hill
near some gopher holes. This specimen is now thriv-
ing in captivity on a diet of lizards. It is 38'2 inches
long.

The only other traces I have found of LeConte’s
Snake have been in La Canada Valley, where an old

bee-man named Charlie Metcalf had skins of two ~

other specimens found in the valley where he lives.
Near Los Angeles, LeConte’s Snake is considered
rare.
Pau. D. BR. Rutan
Los Angeles, California.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

So ewe

eS ea

New York, September 22, 1915. No. 22

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

A PECULIAR COLOR DISPLAY IN THE
YELLOW GRUNT.

While at the Marine Biological Station of the
Carnegie Institution at the Tortugas Islands in the
Gulf of Mexico, I had many opportunities to ob-
serve the brilliant colors of the coral-reef fishes.
These are seen at their best only when the fish are
at liberty in their natural waters.

The yellow grunt, Haemulon sciurus, has the
head and body broadly striped with chrome-yellow
and lavendar-blue. The anals and ventrals are yel-
low, the belly and throat white. The outside of the
fish would seem to afford a sufficient display; but, as
in other grunts, the interior of the mouth is bright-
colored. In this species it is vermilion everywhere
from the caudal margin of the breathing valves as
far back as the first gill slit. The mouth is large and
can be opened very wide. When so opened it ap-
pears as a conspicuous red patch.

One morning in July, 1905, I crushed a large
black sea-urchin (Diadema) and threw it into the wa-
ter. Two yellow grunts soon appeared and began to
feed on it. When I first saw them they were about a
foot apart and directly facing each other. Presently
one of them opened its mouth very wide so as to dis-
play fully its red lining. He then swam toward the
other. The second fish opened its mouth in the same
way but did not move. The first kept on until the

34 COPEIA

jaws of the two touched. His mouth was a bit larger
or wider open so that his Jaws overlapped for an in-
stant those of the other fish. They then separated.

During the whole of this manoeuvre the two fish
faced each other. ‘To each the vivid red mouth lining
of the other must be visible. ‘To the human observer
it is startlingly conspicuous. He cannot escape the
impression that the fish are making a display; he
might be pardoned for saying that they are bluffing.
This impression is strengthened by the wide gaping
of the mouth, by the facing position and by the rather
deliberate approach. It is as if each were expecting
the other to flee at any moment.

Such displays of conspicuous color patches are
not rare among inconspicuous insects. ‘They are
thought to have been developed through natural se-
lection and to serve the purpose of startling an enemy
(Schreckfarben). In conspicuously colored insects
they are probably quite as common, but are over-
looked because superimposed on an already conspicu-
ous coloration. In the grunt, the red mouth patch
displayed suddenly on a . background of yellow and
blue stripes is to man conspicuous and startling. If
seen in an insect it would undoubtedly be classified as
a ‘“Schreckfarbe.” How it affects the fish’s naturai
enemies we can hardly know.

The color patch is revealed to its fullest extent
when the mouth is opened wide in the presence of an
enemy. It seems to be little exposed in the usual tak-
ing of food. I have never seen it then. But the food
of the species consists of crustaceans and annelids,
whose visual organs, so far as we know, are unaf-
fected by any color display. Selection need then
hardly deprive the Haemulons of their mouth patches
in order to assure their food supply. Considered
as a contrivance for bluffing enemies the mouth
patch seems of doubtful advantage. It is to be ex-
pected that enemies, if affected by it, would soon
become accustomed to it and be no longer startled.

COPEIA 35

In any case it helps them to see better the oral wea-
pon with which they are threatened. It should be
easier for them to meet the attack.

On the whole it seems wisest to regard the dis-
play as merely incidental to the opening of the mouth
in attack and as quite devoid of biological meaning.
In its effect on food it is neutral; in its effect on ene-
mies the advantages and disadvantages seem to be
pretty well balanced. The disadvantages may have
rather the best of it. The analysis of the case may
help to an understanding of similar displays in other
forms. It suggests caution in interpreting them.

JACOB REIGHARD,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.

PIKE-FISHING INCIDENTS.

The following incidents occurred during my va-
cation this summer in the Adirondack Mountains:

On August 14th Dr. H and myself went
out pike fishing on Stony Creek Pond No. 1, in Cor-
eys. At the time the incident happened I was rowing
the boat and the Doctor trolling, using a shiner for
bait. A pike was struck and after some play the
line came away minus bait, hook and an inch of the
gut to which the hook had been attached. Another
baited hook was put on and we continued around the
pond. On coming a second time to the spot where
the fish was lost there was another strike, and a pike
a little under two pounds was safely landed in the
boat.

At the first cut I made in dressing this fish out
dropped a shiner with the Doctor’s lost hook and inch
of gut snood fastened to it. The gut had been sawed
off by the pike’s teeth.

A few days later while fishing in the same place
the following occurred:

I was still fishing, using a live perch as bait. My
first catch was a pike weighing in the vicinity of one
and a half pounds. He had swallowed the perch, and,

36 COPELA

finding it impossible to reach the hook or even to see
it, I opened his belly, and finding the perch still alive,
threw it into the water. While it could not right it-
self and swim away, it continued for some time to
paddle around in a circle.
Cuas. W. Meap,
New York, N.Y.

NOTES ON A FISH CAUGHT THREE
TIMES.

The writer has on several occasions seen fishes
bite on a hook when they have already been caught
once.

In one instance on Upper Saranac Lake in the
Adirondacks a yellow perch (P. flavescens) was
caught, a worm being used as bait. ‘The lower half
of its tail was slightly deformed and this served as
a mark of identification. As the writer was not after
perch, the fish was tossed back uninjured.

Within about ten minutes it had been caught
three times.

Dwicut FRANKLIN,

New York, N. Y.

BOX TORTOISE (Terrapene carolina) SW1IM-
MING A CREEK.

On May 9th, about eight o’clock in the morning,

I noticed an object moving about in Darby Creek,
about a mile above Addingham. It was a few feet out
from the shore, and through a pair of field-glasses
was seen to be a box tortoise. At this point the creek
is about fifteen to twenty yards wide, and the tortoise
was headed directly for the opposite shore. It swam
very slowly and laboriously, only the highest part of
the carapace and the head, from just below the eyes,
projecting above the surface of the water. As it
moved along, it bobbed up and down. After much
effort, when within a few feet of landing on the oppo-

COPEIA 37

site shore, it stopped to rest a second or so, floating
a short distance down stream, when it resumed its
movements towards the bank. Close to the bank it
stopped paddling, floated gently up on the mud, and
after a few moments’ rest, crawled slowly out on the
muddy shore, stopping again for a rest. Five or ten
minutes later it was still resting in the sun. Never
having seen the box tortoise swim before, this note is
offered as possibly of interest.
Detos EK. CuLver,
Addingham, Pa.

NUMBER OF YOUNG PRODUCED BY
CERTAIN SNAKES.

I quote the following records from my notes,
trusting that they may be of some interest. Al the
specimens referred to were taken in Nelson County,
Va):

Natrix septemvittata. August 31st, 1914. Five
young.

Natriv sipedon. I have never observed over 40
young, but have three records of this number, one
each of 86, 38, and 25. Dates of birth, August 12th-
October 12th.

Heterodon platyrhinos. August 16th, 1913. A
nest of 34 eggs ploughed up in a field. They hatched
August 23-27.

Agkistrodon contortriv. September 1, 1913, 7
young. ‘These young snakes, though born alive, had
well developed egg-teeth, which were not present in
the young of either Natrix. They were quite evident
in the young of Heterodon. Hei) Done.

Haverford, Pa.

SOME AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF
CECIL COUNTRY, MARYLAND.

This list represents material I have examined
or collected, unless otherwise stated. Sometimes, as

38 COPEIA

at Bacon Hill, Northeast, Stony Run, etc., several
collections have been made, at different seasons of
the year. Though incomplete, the list cludes the
greater number of species found in the county, espe-
cially the commoner forms:

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin). Seen
at Conowingo and reported from Octoraro and Bald
Friar. Occasional in the Susquehanna.

Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw). Reported at
Conowingo, though not obtained by me.

Plethodon erythronotus (Green). Singerly,
Bacon Hill, Northeast and Bohemia Manor. Usually
locally abundant.

Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). Bacon Hill.
Few taken.

Spelerpes ruber (Daudin). Bacon Hill, North-
east, Bohemia Manor and Piney Creek. Abundant
in springs.

Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque) Conowingo,
Bacon Hill, Singerly and Piney Creek. Common.

Bufo americanus Holbrook. Conowingo and
Porter’s Bridge. Bohemia: Manor at Bohemia Bridge,
near Warwick and Cecilton, Bohemia Mills and Lit-
tle Bohemia Creek. Northeast, Bacon Hill, Elkton
and Singerly. Abundant.

Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Northeast,
Bacon Hill, Stony Run, Charlestown, Elkton. Abun-
dant. Bohemia Manor along Big and Little Bohemia
Creeks. Devil’s Elbow, ete. Also common at Eik
Neck and Piney Creek.

Hyla pickeringit (Holbrook). Stony Run,
Charlestown, Northeast, Bacon Hill, Singerly, Elk-
ton, Conowingo. Common, and heard usually in the
spring.

Hyla evittata. G.S. Miller. An adult example
was obtained by Mr. Paul Lorrilliere at Georgetown
on the Sassafras River, July 20, 1915. It is interest-

COPEIA 39

ing as the most northern locality in the distribution
of the species. Mr. Lorrilliere writes, “Last night
about seven o’clock, while casting for bass, I heard a
single clear note, soon followed by several more. The
man rowing me about said it was produced by a little
green frog, which hung on the leaves of docks, etc.,
and that it had a little bag under its throat which
appeared to collapse when it made its call. The only
sound that appears like this call is a twang on a
stretched rubber, which is quieted before it has vi-
brated more than a second. It can be heard a quarter
of a mile or more on a still night.”

Hyla versicolor. We Conte. Elkton, Singerly,
Northeast, Bacon Hill, Elk Neck, Little Bohemia
Creek.

Rana pipiens Schreber. Bohemia Manor.

Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Elkton, Northeast,
Stony Run, Conowingo, Octoraro and Elk Neck.
Abundant in Bohemia Manor, along Big and Little
Bohemia Creeks, Devil’s Elbow, Bohemia Bridge
and Bohemia Mills.

Rana clamata Daudin. Porter’s Bridge, Cono-
wingo, Stony Run, Charlestown, Bacon Hill, Octo-
raro, Piney Creek, Elk Neck, and Bohemia Manor,
along Little and Big Bohemia Creeks, Devil’s EI-
have Scotehman’s Guede Dike Creek, Bohemia
Bridge and Bohemia Mills. Common.

Rana palustris, Le Conte. Porter’s Bridge, Con-
owingo, Octoraro, Charlestown, Stony Run, Bohemia
Manor and Big Bohemia Creek. Common.

Rana sylvatica, Le Conte. Abundant about Ba-
con Hill and Singerly.

Natrix sipendon (Linn). Octoraro, Stony Run
and Elk Neck. Very abundant in Bohemia Manor,
along Big and Little Bohemia Creeks, Devil’s El-
bow, Bohemia Mills, Bohemia Bridge and Warwick.

Elaphe obsoletus (Say). A large example ob-
tained in Bohemia Manor near Bohemia Mills. Also
seen near Bohemia Bridge.

40 COPEIA

Coluber constrictor (Linn). Little Bohemia
Creek, Bacon Hill, Singerly, Stony Run and Devil’s
Elbow.

Thamnophis sauritus (Linn). Bacon Hill and
reported from near Devil’s Elbow in Bohemia Manor.

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linn). Elkton, Singerly,
Bacon Hill, Warwick and Stony Run.

Lam propeltis doliatus (inn). Stony Run.

Heterodon platirhinos (Watreille). Bohemia
Mills, Bacon Hill, Singerly. Bohemia Bridge and
near Warwick.

Sceloporus undulatus (Latreille). Elk Neck,
Bacon Hill, Singerly, Warwick.

Chelydra serpentina (Linn). Big and Little
Bohemia Creeks, Bohemia Bridge, Conowingo, Elk-
ton, Bacon Hill, Northeast, Singerly, Conowingo.

Kinosternon pensylvanicum (Gmelin). Big and
Little Bohemia Creeks, Bohemia Bridge and Elk
Neck. Common.

Pseudemys rubriventris (ue Conte). Seen along
the Little Bohemia Creek, though not collected.

Chrysemys picta (Schneider). Little and Big
Bohemia Creeks, Bohemia Mills, Elk Neck, Cono-
wingo and Octoraro.

Clemmys guttata (Schneider). Bacon Hill and
Northeast.

Terrapene carolina (Linn). Warwick, Devil’s
Elbow, Bohemia Bridge, Little Bohemia Creek, Bo-
hemia Mills, Bohemia Bridge, Piney Creek, Elk
Neck, Elkton, Northeast, Bacon Hill, Singerly, Con-
owingo and Octoraro.

Henry W. Fow er,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Edited by J. T. NicHots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, October 15, 1915. No. 23

\ BAPE -
Orn \ i , | .
> | as

Published to advance the Science of Oe vertebrates

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES FROM MON-
TAUK, LONG ISLAND.

The following notes were secured during the
course of field work undertaken for the Brooklyn
Museum in the early part of August, 1915. Some
local names are included in quotation marks:

Sphyrna zygaena (Linn.). A Hammerhead,
about five feet in length, was seen several miles off
Montauk Point on August 8th.

Clupea harengus Linn. A specimen about sev-
en inches long was picked up in fairly fresh condition
on the ocean “beach on August 7. The species seems
to be unusual in Long Island waters at this season.

Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe). The local Men-
haden fishery has practically failed this season.

Scomber scombrus Linn. “Boston Mackerel.”
The pound-net fishermen were securing a few of
these fish. A number of young macker el were found
in the stomachs of Roseate Terns (Sterna dougall) .

Xiphias gladius Linn. Single Swordfish were
taken by harpoon off Montauk Point on July 10, 14
and 15, 1915, by William D. Parsons, Jr., of Mon-
tauk.

Caranx crysos (Mitchill). “Jack.” A seven-
inch specimen was taken in a pound-net on Au-
gust 11.

Poronotus triacanthus (Peck). “Butterfish” ;
“Shiner.” This fish was entering the pound-nets in
large numbers in early August.

42 COPEIA

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Abundant
in Fort Pond, where it was introduced about 1887.
On July 20, 1915, an example having two complete
and distinct heads was caught, taken to the Montauk
Inn, and eaten. It was an adult in good condition.

Morone americana (Gmelin). Exceedingly
abundant in Fort Pond, Great Pond, and Reed
Pond. ‘These waters are now landlocked, but were
stocked lou thirty years ago. On August 11 no
less than 75 White Perch were caught in F ort Pond
by two ane and a boy. This body of water, unlike
Great Pond, is quite fresh. The largest of the fish
weighed just under a pound. Some of the local sea-
farers have a curious notion that these perch have
become “transformed” from some distant salt-water
species. Unfortunately, those caught are seldom
eaten, and we saw one lar ge lot fed = hogs.

Centropristes striatus (Linn.). Many Sea Bass
were being taken on hand-lines off Montauk Point,
and we saw hundreds enclosed in pounds in Fort
Pond Bay, where they are kept for a better market
later in the season. Meanwhile they are fed on
chopped squid, fish entrails, ete. This year the spe-
cies is affected by an eye disease, which Capt. E. B.
Tuthill says he observed also ten or twelve years ago.
Some fish, when caught, are seen to have their eyes
covered with a whitish film. Subsequently the eye
begins to bulge out, and the outer surface to disin-
tegr ate, hanging i in white shreds. At this stage the
unfortunate victims are pursued by their fellows,
which bite at the protruding eyes, causing death after
a number of hours.

Spheroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider). A
specimen 91/2 inches in total length was taken on
August 11.

Chilomycterus schoepfi (Walbaum). “Porcu-
pine-fish.” A specimen was taken in a pound-net at
Fort Pond Bay on August 11, but was thrown away

i aa inna aceite minal ile

COPEIA 43

before we saw it. A few are said to have been caught
at the same place earlier in the summer.

Mola mola (Linn.). “Sunfish.” One was taken
by William D. Parsons, Jr., on July 15 at sea south
of Montauk Point. It was captured with Swordfish
tackle, and cut up for use as lobster bait.

Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill) “Whiting.” A
few of these fish were taken by a pound-net fisher-
man on August 11.

Urophycis chuss (Walbaum) “Ling.” A small
specimen was picked out of a boatload of pound-net
fish on August 11.

R. C. Murpuy,
Francis Harper,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

NOTES ON FISHES NEAR NEW YORK.

In Coretta No. 2, February, 1914, occur dates of
local occurrence of marine fishes in autumn and early
winter. Examination of Dr. Wiegmann’s notes
shows a number of records which are late or other-
wise of interest, not published at that time. With
these we here include one or two records of specimens
received at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory.

Mustelus canis. December 13, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Galeocerdo tigrinus. A large tiger shark was
captured off Islip, Long Island, Sept. 11, 1915. The
head was sent to the American Museum by Captain
John C. Doxsee.

Raja ocellata. December 30, 1911 (Seventeen-
fathom Banks).

Leptocephalus conger. “Silver Eel.” Decem-
ber 30, 1911 (Seventeen-fathom Banks).

Pomolobus pseudoharengus. December 18, 1913
(Coney Island).

Brevoortia tyrannus. December 5, 1913 (Coney
Island).

44. COPEIA

Stolephorus mitchillii. October 30, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Synodus foetens. October 30, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Hyporhamphus roberti. October 16, 1913
(Coney Island).

Fistularia tabacaria. October 16, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Siphostoma fuscum. December 13, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Sphyraena borealis. The record for Nov. 16, in
Copria, No. 2, was of a specimen 176 mm. in total
length, taken in 1912 not 1913.

Vomer setipinnis. October 30, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Trachinotus carolinus. October 30, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Pomatomus saltatrix, October 16, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Pseudopriacanthus altus. A specimen of this
rare fish, 38 mm. in total length. October 30, 1913
(Coney Island).

Orthopristis chrysopterus. November 17, 1913
(Coney Island).

Bairdiella chrysura. December 18, 1913 (Con-
ey Island).

Leiostomus wanthurus. December 29, 1913
(Coney Island).

Menticirrhus sawatilis. November 4, 1913 (Con-
ey Island). One young.

Pogonias cromis. December 18, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Chaetodon ocellatus. October 30, 1913 (Coney
Island).

Chilomycterus schoepfii. November 5, 1912
(Long Beach).

Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus. A few were
taken Dec. 29, 1913, at Coney Island, also large
masses of their green eggs.

COPEIA 45

Prionotus strigatus. November 4, 1918 (Coney
Island). One young.

Rissola marginata. October 30, 19138 (Coney
Island).

Merluccius bilincaris. December 18, 1918 (Con-
ey Island).

Pollachius virens. A young specimen about six
inches long, City Island, July 15, 1915, brought to
the Museum by Messrs. C. & O. Falkenbach.

Urophycis regius. December 18, 1918 (Coney
Island).

Lophopsetta maculata. December 18, 1913
(Coney Island).

W. H. WircMann,
Ji. “E. NicHoLs,
New York City.

AN ENCOUNTER BETWEEN A BLUE
RACER SNAKE, BASCANION FLAG-
ELLIFORMIS AND A “GOPHER.

A gopher of a species unidentified was running
through the grass near my garden gate, and a Blue
racer snake was loosely coiled up in the road, appar-
ently on the watch, but not seeing me. As soon as
the gopher became aware of the presence of the
snake it darted forward, and commenced circling
about the snake and from time to time running in
and nipping at the body of the snake, and jumping
back. The snake turned its head about constantly,
watching the gopher, and twice it made ineffectual
strikes at the running animal, with its open mouth.
After some minutes of this kind of thing the gopher
ran for its burrow and the snake thrust out its tongue
and started towards the house, and being headed off,
climbed up a small juniper tree, from which it was
dislodged, and allowed to escape, which it did with
incredible speed. I witnessed no evidence whatever
of the power which it is popularly believed snakes

46 COPEIA

have of charming their prey, as all the wiles of this
snake had no effect upon the gopher.
Herman Haupt, JR.,
South Haven, Michigan.

THE MINK FROG, RANA SEPTENTRION-
ALIS BAIRD, IN ONTARIO.

Mr. P. H. Pope’s note on the distribution of
the mink frog in Maine,* recalls some of my experi-
ences with this species while stationed at Pr mi 08
P. Young’s boys’ camp on Otter Lake, Dorset, On-
tarlo, In the summer of 1913.

On July 7, in a peaty lake with clear sphag-
naceous border we found several Rana septentrion-
alis. From July 7-14, we heard at night along the
shore of Otter Lake the peculiar note which later
proved the croak of the mink frog. On the 15th of
July at 10 P. M. we heard sever al frogs and started
with flashlight for the Peat Lake where the species
was in chorus. The air temperature ranged from 52°
to 55° F., but the water of Otter Lake at its surface
registered 69° F.

On July 16th and 17th, we examined the place
closely. All along the north edge of the lake were
white water lilies, yellow spatterdocks and water
shields. These three made a perfect carpet on the
water’s surface. On these plants durmg the day the
mink frogs rested. Whenever the sun went. under a
cloud or it became overcast they would croak. The
water was about two feet deep. By pushing our
canoe through the water plants toward the frogs, one
person could place a landing net in front of the quar-
ry while the other with the paddle could gently cause
the frog to leap into the net. In this way we caught
15 specimens. Often the frogs would jump along on
the lily pads, sometimes for considerable distance ; sel-
dom, if ever, did they give a cry like frightened young
bullfrogs. Another favorite position was resting be-

*Coprra, Mar. 15, 1915, No. 16.

COPEIA 47

tween the overlapping lily pads with just the head
protruding, while in the center of the pond where
there were only isolated plants, the frogs disappeared
before we saw them, the “wake” near a lily pad indi-
cating their former presence.

In the outlet to Otter Lake (Ten Mile Creek
between Lake of Bays and Otter Lake) we found
them common, July 24, on muddy bottoms where
water lihes were abundant. In the same kind of situ-
ation they occurred on Porridge Lake, July 28. An-
other habitat we discovered August 31 was a beaver
lake where Cassandra and all the associated heath-
like plants grew. Finally, on Fletcher Lake, Sep-
tember 1, we found them in the shallow, sandy shores
amongst pipeworts (Hricaulon articulatum).

After July 15th and 16th we heard no more
choruses. On the latter date we captured one or two
frogs with the stump of the tail remaining. These
were about 38 mm. (112 inches) from snout to vent,
or little below the two largest individuals taken (49
mm. or 2 inches). The other specimens which were
not lost measured 47, 42, 42, 43, 40, 40 mm. res pec-
tively. None of these eight specimens had fully de-
veloped eggs, though one female surely would have
bred the following year.. The middle of July, when
the chorus was recorded, accords well with Garnier’s
observed season of breeding for this species, but we
had small opportunity to determine if it obtained at
Otter Lake.

This species cannot be called solely a river spe-
cles; it has a “chant amour” which at chorus season
can be heard one-third to one-half of a mile away; the
name “mink frog” seems very apropos for this spe-
cies, at least for Ontario specimens; the tadpoles re-
main at least one winter in this stage and transform
at a size approaching that of the adult. The season
of breeding, the length of larval period, the size of
transformed frog place it with the green frog and
bull frog. Neither of these species seemed to be asso-

48 COPEIA

ciated with it particularly although each was in the
Lake of Bays region in numbers.

A. Hi. Wricart,
Ithaca, N.Y.

RATTLESNAKES ON CATALINA
ISLAND.

Van Denburgh and Slevin (Proc. Calif. Acad.
of Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. IV, pp. 138-139) state that the
presence of rattlesnakes on Catalina Island off the
coast of southern California was first recorded by
Yarrow from a specimen taken there by Mr. Schu-
macher in 1876. One additional specimen only is re-
corded. In that so little is known of Crotalus ore-
gonus on the island, the following notes may be of
interest:

During July, 1906, while camped at Whites
Landing, I killed a rattlesnake about two feet long.
‘The specimen was not saved. I believe that several
other specimens were killed during the summer. At
that time rattlesnakes were Sane Se ed fairly common
over the greater part of the eastern slope of the island.

Mr. ~ Murray L. Royar, who has just returned
from a summer spent at “Ay alon, has donated to the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology a small specimen of
Crotalus oregonus taken at Avalon on August 2,
1915. Mr. Royar reports that old-timers on Catalina
Island say that there were no rattlesnakes on the isl-
and in early days. Later, when hay and other crops
were introduced, rattlesnakes appeared. The rep-
tiles were first seen around barns and near civiliza-
tion and later took to the hills. He also states that
even at the present time few are found far inland.

Haro C. Bryant,
Berkeley, Calif.

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

ee eee eT

New York, November 19, 1915. No. 24

Published to advance the Science of poldepioaded vertebrates

A CANNIBALISTIC PTEROPHRYNE

In Fishes of North Carolina p. 400, speaking
of the Mouse Fish, Smith.says: “The habits of the
species are known chiefly from its behavior in aquaria.
The fish are cannibalistic, denuding their fellows of
their fleshy appendages and fins and sometimes swal-
lowing their smaller companions whole.”

On July 2, 1915, I caught a Pterophryne histrio
85 mm. total length in the bight of Cape Lookout,
N. C., and placed it in an aquarium aboard my yacht.
It was very lively and continually moving about.
After it had been in captivity about eighteen hours
it was seen to disgorge a small Pterophryne 38 mm.
in total length. I at once transferred both specimens
to formalin’ solution.

This conclusively proves that the species does
not confine its cannibalistic habit to life in captivity,
as the small fish had positively been swallowed before
capture.

RusseLt J. Cores,
Danville, Va.

A LIST OF SANTO DOMINGO FISHES.

Many years ago a collection was received at the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, made
by Prof. W. M. Gabb, at Santo Domingo, in the
eastern part of the island. As this collection was

50 COPEIA

never reported, and a number of the species are addi-
tions to that little known fish-fauna, this note is of-
fered. The additions to the fauna are indicated by

the prefixed star.

Elops saurus Linn,

Albula vulpes (Linn.).

Dixonina nemoptera Fowler.

Sardinella humeralis (Valen-
ciennes).

Opisthonema oglium (Le Sueur)

Anchovia browniit (Gmelin).

A. clupeoides (Swainson).

Synodus dominicensis Fowler.

Anguilla rostrata Le Sueur,

Muraenesow savanna (Cuvier).

Gymnothorax funebris (Ranzani).

G. ocellatus (Agassiz).

*Parexocoetus mesogaster (Bloch)...

*“Tylosurus timucu (Walbaum).

*Doryrhamphus lineatus (Valen-
ciennes ).

*“Mugil curema Valenciennes.

Agonostomus monticola (Grit-
fith).

Joturus pichardi Poey.

Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum),

*S. quachancho Valenciennes.

*S, picudilla Poey.

Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch).

S. cavalla (Cuvier).

Gempylus serpens Cuvier.

Trichiurus lepturus Linn.

Trachurops crumenopthalmus
(Bloch).

Caranx hippos (Linn.).

C. pisquetus Cuvier.

C. latus Agassiz.

Blepharis crinitus (Bloch).

Vomer setipinnis (Mitchill).

Selene vomer (Linn).

.Trachinotus glaucus (Bloch).

T. faleatus (Linn.).

Centropomus ensiferus Cuvier.

C. cuvieri Vaillant and Bocourt.

C. parallelus Poey.

Cephalopholis fulvus (Linn.).

C. fulvus onatalibi Valenciennes.

Epinephelus flavolimbatus Poey.

E. maculosus (Valenciennes).

Alphestes lightfooti (Fowler).

Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier.

*Lutinanus jocu (Schneider)

L. apodus (Walbaum).

*L. buccanella (Cuvier).

*L. vivanus (Cuvier).

L. synagris (Linn.).

“LL. mahogani (Cuvier).

Haemulon plumieri (Lacepede).

Anisotremus surinamensis
(Bloch).

*Brachydeuterus corvinaeformis
(Steindachner).

Pomadasis ramosus (Poey).

Calamus calamus (Valenciennes).

Eucinostomus gula_ (Valen-
ciennes ).

“FE. harengulus Goode and Bean.

Gerres rhombeus Valenciennes.

G. olisthostomus Goode and Bean.

G. plumieri Valenciennes.

Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier).

Bairdiella ronchus (Cuvier).

*“Micropogon furnieri (Desmarest).

Umbrina coroides Valenciennes.

“Corvula subaequalis (Poey).

Polydactylus virginicus (L.in.).

“Eupomacentrus fuscus (Valen-
ciennes).

"E. otophorus (Poey).

‘Tridio poeyi (Steindachner).

Chaetodipterus faber (Brous-
sonet).

*Hepatus bahianus (Castelnau).

Lactophrys tricornis (Linn.).

*L. triqueter (Linn.).

Spheroides testudineus (Linn.).

*“Scorpaena plumieri Bloch.

Philypnus dormitor (Lacepede).

Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin).

Awaous taiasica (Lichtenstein).

Leptecheneis naucrates (Linn.).

Caulolatilus chrysops —(Valen-
ciennes).
*“Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy

and Gaimard).
Citharichthys spilopterus Gunther.
*“Achirus lineatus (Linn.).

Henry W. Fowl ter,

Philadelphia, Pa.

COPEIA 51

NOTES ON THE FAUNA ABOUT THE
HEADWATERS OF THE ALLE-
GHENY, GENESEE AND SUS-
QUEHANNA RIVERS IN
PENNSYLVANIA.

During early June of 1906, the following fishes
were found in a tributary of the Allegheny near Port
Allegheny, in McKean County:

Campostoma anomalum, Pimephales notatus,
Semotilus atromaculatus, Rhinichthys atronasus, Hy-
bopsis kentuchiensis, Catostomus commersonni, Bol-
eosoma nigrun and EHtheostoma flabellare.

The broad valley of this section offers more va-
ried conditions than the upper headwaters, which
are but small mountain brooks. Plethodon erythron-
otus, P. glutinosus, Desmognathus fusca, both forms
of Diemictylus viridescens, Bufo americanus, Hyla
pickeringii, Rana palustris, R. clamata, R. catesbei-
ana, R.-sylvatica and Thamnophis sirtalis were also
found. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis was reported
to occur abundantly sometimes, though not met with
on this trip.

In the summer of 1904, Gyrinophilus por phyriti-
cus, Spelerpes bislineatus, Plethodon erythronotus,
Desmognathus fusca, Diemictylus viridescens, Bufo
americanus, Rana palustris, R. clamata, R. catesbei-
ana and R. sylvatica were found. All of these am-
phibians are typical of the hemlock forests.

In the headwaters of the Genesee in Potter Co.
the following were found in June of 1906: Salvelinus
fontinalis, Semotilus atromaculatus, Rhinichthys
atronasus, Catostomus commersonni, Hrimyzon su-
cetta oblongus, Ameiurus nebulosus Schilbeodes gy-
rinus and Cottus gracilis. Only Salvelinus and Rhin-
ichthys were found in the very small brooks or rills,
and this was also true of those in the Allegheny and
Susquehanna drainages. The Genesee Rhinichthys
was very dark, inclining largely to a dusky or black-

52 COPEIA

ish color. ‘Though some examples had a pale area
in place of the usual dark lateral band, that of the
breeding male varied from a dull dark red to a deep
wine color on the trunk. Many had the lower sides
of their bodies variegated with dusky and the tops of
their heads finely granular. Desmognathus fusca
occurs very abundantly and some few examples of
Plethodon erythronotus were found, though the latter
did not appear to be so abundant as in the hemlock
forests near Port Allegheny. ‘Though P. glutinosus
was not found at Gold Potter County it was met
with in the Allegheny Valley at Seven Bridges.
Other species about Gold were Diemictylus viride-
scens, Bufo americanus, Hyla pickeringu, Acris gryl-
lus crepitans, Rana palustris, R. clamata, R. sylvatica
and Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus, Liopeltis ver-
nalis and Sternothaerus odoratus were reported
though not met with.

The smaller headwaters in the Allegheny and
Susquehanna valleys offered the same meagre fish-
fauna as the Genesee and about the only fish were
Salvelinus fontinalis and Rhinichthys atronasus.
Near Brooklyn in Potter Co. Spelerpes bislineatus
was found and near Kilburne Natrix sipedon.

The writer, in company with H. W. Fowler,
spent their vacations for three years in the places
mentioned. ‘Thinking the Geographical distribution
of the species listed proving of possible interest, they
are herewith presented.

Tuomas D. Kem,
Stelton, N. J.

LATE-BREEDING SPADE-FOOT TOADS,
ETC.

On the evening of August 4, 1915, enormous
numbers of Spadefoot Toads, (Scaphiopus hol-
brooki) appeared in Patchogue, Yaphank, Middle
Island and Coram. I made a twenty-five mile circuit
through the villages named, and found the toads in

COPEIA 53

practically every pool. ‘There had been an extremely
hard rain during the two previous days. Fowler's
toads, (Bufo fowler’) common tree toads. (Hyla
versicolor) and green frogs, (Rana clamitans)
were also abundant. All the various kinds were in
full song. On the next day enormous numbers of
egos of the spade foot and Fowler’s toads were read-
ily identified in the pools. On the 7th, the eggs were
hatched, and on the fourteenth the young were almost
half grown. Fully formed spade foot toads were
found in Coram on September 4.

On the afternoon of September 12, Leopard
Frogs, (Rana pipiens) were singing on the salt
marshes near the Forge Life Saving Station.

FRANK OVERTON,
Patchogue, N. Y.

AN ALBINO POND FROG.

In the Reptile House at the N. Y. Zoological
Park there is on exhibition an albino specimen of
the common Pond Frog, Rana clamitans. 'The crea-
ture was caught by Henry, the young son of Chas.
KE. Snyder, head keeper at the park, in a pond near
his home in Searsdale, N. Y.

The color is rich lemon yellow above, white be-
low, and on the hind limbs can be seen faint traces
of cross bands. ‘The pupil and iris of the eye are
pink, as in albino rats and rabbits. There is, however,
a fine golden line bordering the pupil.

The frog feeds well, but seems to see insects
which move above it, much quicker than those on a
level with itself.

It is a female, about two-thirds grown, the
length from snout to vent being 2’ inches. ‘The only
other record of albino specimens of the order Salien- .
tia in the United States, that the writer has know-
ledge of, is that of some tadpoles of the common toad,
Bufo americanus, reared from colorless spawn by

54 COPEIA

Prof. Morgan, of Columbia University. The tad-
poles gr adually acquired the normal coloration of the
species. Another albino amphibian record is that of
a specimen of the two-lined Salamander, Spelerpes
bilineatus described by A. M. Banta and R. A. Gort-
ner in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 49, p. 377, pl. 54-55.

Other amphibians showing albinism are:

Edible Frog Rana esc ulenta of Eur ope, larvae.

Grass Frog R. temporaria of Europe, larvae and
adults.

Yellow Bell toad Bombinator pachypus of Ku-
rope, one adult.

Green Toad Bufo viridis of Kurope, one larva.

Midwife Toad Alytes obstetricans of Kurope,
larvae and adults.

Ricuarp EF’. DECKERT,
New York, N.Y.

ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF FROGS
AND TOADS OF THE DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA.

For the purpose of making a closer study of
the Anura of Washington, D. ou and vicinity, I
have started a small collection of ‘these interesting
“varmints,” which are temporarily being kept in the
office of Mr. R. G. Paine, of the Division of Reptiles,
U. S. National Museum. My sincere thanks are due
to Mr. Paine, one of the best known herpetologists
of Washington, for his kindness in permitting a “neo-
phite” like myself to impose on his time and good
nature. But then you know he is a “crank” on the
subject, himself.
In collecting I have also had the assistance of
IE ASO: Dwyer, whose sharpness of vision and
ated of limb have been, and, I trust, will be in
the future of great benefit to our undertaking.
Experience so far seems to prove that Bufo
fowleri is the more common toad in this vicinity, sev-

COPEIA 55

eral specimens having been found on the farm of my
friend, Mr. William “Palmer, in Alexandria County,
near Arlington Cemetery, Virginia. Mr. Palmer’s
farm, like the entire district, seems to abound in this
species, whereas but one very small and young B.
americanus, from North Chesapeake Beach, (and
this rather doubtful), has thus far been added to the
collection.

Two pickerel frogs, (Rana palustris), were
caught by Mr. O’Dwyer and myself along the Chesa-
peake and Ohio Canal, above the Aqueduct Bridge,
between the Chain-bridge and Georgetown, on the
evening of August 30, 1915. Abundant rains had
soaked the entire region and made the finding of
frogs a “regular picnic.” Several young specimens
of R. clamitans, which, by the way, appears to be very
abundant in this neighborhood, were also caught, as
well as a young specimen of R. pipiens, easily 1 recog-
nizable by its ‘round, brownish, dorsal spots and its
sharp snout.

A specimen of Hyla versicolor was picked up by
Mr. Palmer from the bottom of his well, whither the
tree-toad had jumped or fallen after the superstruc-
ture had been removed in order to make way for a
pump of more modern type. Efforts will shortly be
made to secure specimens of Hyla evittata Miller,
which are said to be very numerous in the ponds
between Mr. Palmer’s farm and the Potomac River,
and also to establish whether Hyla cinerea co-exists
with, or is not, as some claim, specifically identical
with HZ. evittata.

Some doubt seems to exist as to the exact species
of a small frog resembling clamitans, but with the
back of a rich brown or chocolate color, and with a
beautiful streak of lazuli blue on the edge of the
upper jaw from the tympanum to the tip of the snout.
Can any reader of Coprta help us out?

S. M. GRoNBERGER,
Washington, D. C.

56 COPEIA

ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF THE TIGER
SALAMANDER IN CALIFORNIA.

Records of the Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma
tigrinum) in California are so few that it seems de-
sirable to make brief mention of some specimens in
the collections of the University of California. A
specimen from Mount Hamilton, Santa Clara Coun-
ty, (no date), taken by A. W. Crawford, and one
from Ripon, San Joaquin County, taken April 6,
1912, by Louis Vistica, are in the collection of the
Department of Zoology. A specimen from Galt,
Sacramento County, was taken December 31, 1914,
by W. H. Noble, and is now No. 5562 in the reptile
and amphibian collection of the California Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology. All three seem referable to
the western sub-species namely Ambystoma tigrinum
californiense Gray.

Tracy I. Srorer,
Berkeley, California.

Edited by J. T. Nrcuo_s, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, December 15, 1915. No. 25

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

FISHING WITH POISON IN AFRICA

During the American Museum Expedition to
the Belgian Congo, 1909-1915, we had opportunity
to gather a large collection of fish from the Congo
River and its northeastern affluents.

It may be interesting to give a short account of
one of the most successful methods of fishing used
by the natives of the Logo and Bakango tribes of
Faradje (Uele District) on the Dungu River, an
affluent of the Uele-Ubangi system. At the appoint-
ed day in the early morning a crowd of women and
children set out with baskets full of leaves of a large
bush with white pea-like flowers (Tephrosia), which
they cultivate in their villages.’ At a particular rocky
place where the river was about 500 yards wide, they
selected one of the largest rocks forming a low island.
They threw these leaves into the circular erosions,
which thus served as mortars. ‘Two or three women
over one hole would busily handle the pestles crush-
ing the leaves, keeping time to the songs of the merry
crowd. In the meantime a few of the men and boys
had, downstream, constructed a slight barrier of
branches and green twigs across the shallow riverbed.
Now these slowly came up stream with their dugouts,
and, with good wishes for success, received the green
mush from the holes in large, wide-meshed baskets.
Again paddling upward for a few hundred yards,

58 COPEIA

they made fast their canoes. At this place the stream
was partially obstructed by the emerging rocks, and
to the passages between, with much stronger cur-
rent, they carried their nearly full baskets. All at
once, they dipped them into the water and stirred the
mush rapidly with one hand. Soon the brownish
water showed a distinct greenish hue and within less
than five minutes fish after fish came to the surface
acting as if it had completely lost its power of equi-
librium.

Men, women and children armed with spears and
arrows, knives and hatchets all had rushed into the
water or taken positions on the different rocks, on
the lookout for the doomed fish. For about an hour
the whole section downstream became the happy and .
noisy hunting-ground of the natives who either would
throw the fish as they were killed, out upon the larger
rocks, or carry them along in baskets. When the
catch was complete all fish were distributed by the
chief among the party, he retaining a few of the
larger ones that weighed easily from 10 to 20 Ibs. each.

It seemed to us that fish killed with this poison
decomposed more rapidly, yet it is certain that they
may be consumed without the slightest danger. The
fish taken belonged chiefly to the families, Siluridae,
Mormyridae, Cyprinidae, Characinidae.

While we were standing on a rock, a boy had
thrown out with a painful yell, a small specimen of
an electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus). To
prevent its struggling back into the water, I stepped
on it and was greatly surprised to receive through a
one-third inch heavy leather sole, a shock that made
me withdraw my foot quickly. I pushed the fish into
a hole and Mr. Chapin and myself marveled that such
a small specimen could store enough electricity to re-
peat this performance at least ten times through wet
soles.

Many tribes do not eat this fish, which has a
thick, rather loose, blubber-like skin, but I have heard

COPEIA 59

from white men that it is excellent eating, after the
removal of its electric hide.
Hersert Lane,
New York, N. Y.

LONG ISLAND FISHES NOTED BY
MR. J. G. RAYNOR

Elops saurus. The Big-eyed Herring or 'Ten-
Pounder, is of particular interest to students of evo-
lution and of the past life of the earth, because it 1s
what is often called “a living fossil,” that is, a type
which has come down from remote ages with very
little change in structure. ‘This fish is im fact a little
modified representative of a group which flourished
far back in the Cretaceous Period of the earth’s his-
tory. It is also one of the most primitive of all the
teeming hosts of Teleost fishes. Its nearest relatives
among: existing fishes are the Tarpon (Megalops)
and the Ladyfish (Albula).

The American Museum of Natural History has
recently received from Mr. John G. Raynor a speci-
men of this fish taken at Westhampton Beach, Long
Island, about October 20, 1914. Others were taken
at about the same time. ‘The occurrence of this south-
ern form on Long Island is sufficiently infrequent to
be worthy of record; it is said to be common at Woods
Hole, Mass., in October.*

Tetrapterus imperator. My. Raynor reports a
Spearfish taken at Westhampton in the last of June
or first part of July, 1890. He verified its identifi-
cation by examining a figure of the species as well
as a mounted Sailfish and a Swordfish model at the
museum; and later submitted a very fair photograph
of the fish, taken at the time of capture. To judge
from the photograph it was eleven or twelve feet in
total length. This fish apparently belongs with the
Spearfish incursion reported from Woods Hole 1885

FSU seebur bishe: | ViOleccLespt. 2.

60 COPEIA

to 1890.* It is the only definite Long Island record
for the species that we know of.

Lophius piscatorius. From Mr. Raynor we have
“Carpet-bag” and “Glutton” as local names for the
Angler. Many Long Island fishermen loosely call
it “’Toadfish,” although probably realizing that it is
different from the smaller Opsanus tau, for which the
name is also used and to which it properly belongs.
At Easthampton, according to Mr. J. LL. Helmuth,
some of the fishermen call Lophius, “Angler,” and he
has heard it called “Dogfish” by one resident. In
1912 it was sometimes called “Muttonleg” by the
crew of an off-shore beam-trawler who were bringing
it head-less to the New York market. ‘These notes
may be of interest to anyone compiling a vernacular

synonymy of the species. +
; Hae I W. K. Grecory,

J. TIT. NicHors,
New York, N.Y.

GARTER SNAKE SWALLOWED BY
PIGMY “RATTLER”

It is not generally known that the Pigmy or
Florida Ground Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius) 1s
on some occasions inclined toward cannibalism. A
fine specimen eighteen inches long, lately disclosed
this inclination and clearly demonstrated that the
snake can swallow another considerably longer than
itself. |

On September 19, 1915, a captive Garter Snake
(Eutaenia sirtalis) twenty-one inches long, which had
been in my collection but a short while, gave birth to
a litter of fifteen young. Not having a spare cage in
which to put the mother and her offspring, I decided
to place them in a cage with two Pigmy Rattlesnakes.
On the following morning my attention was drawn
to what more resembled a distorted sausage than it
did a snake. It happened that one of the Pigmies
had killed and swallowed the Garter Snake. The

= Bull) U.S. Burs Wish. Volos, pie.

COPEIA 61

victim, which was over three inches longer than the
“rattler,” had been swallowed head foremost, and, be-
cause of its greater length lay in lateral folds in the
stomach of the Sistrurus. As a result the latter snake
was much distorted in outline. Due to handling and
a consequent nervous reaction the Rattlesnake later
disgorged its lengthy meal.
CLARENCE R. Hatter,
New York, N. Y.

RING-NECK SNAKE AT ORIENT,
LONG ISLAND

In Coperra, April, 1915, issue, a list of Long Is-
land snakes is given with two stations for the Ring-
neck Snake: Port Jefferson and Yaphank.

On September 12, 1915, while plowing in a
weedy corner between two plots of woodlands, I
turned out a young Ring-neck (Diadophis pwne-
tatus). It was five inches in length, of an uniform
dark-gray above, the light band very prominent.

A small boy following in the furrow, who first
called my attention to the specimen, reported that
there were two of the same species; one quickly es-
caping into the thick bramble at the wood-margin, that
one being much larger, as much as ten inches in
length.

These were evidently hiding underneath loose
turfts of sod. Much rubbish, boards, logs, stones and
odds and ends are piled in the edge of the woods there.
Although many searches have ‘been made, no signs
of others have appeared.

It is interesting to record a third station on Long
Island for this secretive little reptile.

Roy LatHam,
Orient, N. Y.

LOS ANGELES SALAMANDERS

~ In a branch canyon of Topango Canyon, near
Santa Monica, California, is a small pool from which

62 COPEIA

water is piped for a ranch house below. This pool
is not more than two feet in depth, four feet long
and three feet wide. It is covered with boards and
is surrounded by much damp disintegrated granite,
rich loam and leaves from shady oak-trees above.

Between the boards and underneath, within
three feet of one another, I found—on May 31st,
1915—the four different salamanders known to exist
in the vicinity of Los Angeles. They were: Diemyc-
tylus torosus, commonly known as the “Water-dog.”
Autodaxw lugubris, Plethodon oregonensis, and
Batrachoseps attenuatus.

The “Water-dogs” were plentiful and included
young without gills and adults of full size. Alto-
gether there were about twenty of them which lived
in and about the pool.

One Autodax lugubris lay coiled between the
damp boards, beneath which a pretty specimen of
Plethodon oregonensis lay on a wet rock near the
water’s edge. At one side, on damp earth beneath
a rock, hid a Batrachoseps attenuatus. 'The three sal-
amanders last mentioned were all adult.

This is the second specimen of Plethodon ore-
gonensis that has come under my observation during
the last three years. ‘This is the first time I have
known of the four Los Angeles Salamanders having
been found in one place or even in one day.

A few weeks later, a visit in hotter and dryer
weather showed only “Water-dogs,” to be in evidence
at the same place, although I had left the salamand-
ers, boards and rocks as I had found. them.

Paut RUTHLING,
Los Angeles, California.

LIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
FROM CLARK COUNTY, VA.

I spent August 2-14, 1915, on the Shenandoah
River at White Horse, two miles above Berry’s Fer-

COPEIA 63

ry in Clark County, Virginia, at an altitude of 500-
900 feet. The following species were observed.
Plethodon glutinosus (Green). One specimen
under a log. Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). A few
adults, many transforming larvae, and a few young
larvae. Sypelerpes longicaudus (Green). 4 adults
and 3 larvae. Spelerpes ruber (Daudin). 2 one-
year-old larvae. Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque).
Bufo americanus Holbrook. Hyla versicolor Le-
Conte. None were seen but they could be heard each
night in the trees. Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird).
Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Rana clamata Daudin.
Rana palustris LeConte. Sceloporus undulatus (a-
treille). Not common, only one seen. Thamnophis

sauritus (Linnaeus). 1. Natriv septemvittata
(Say). 1. Natrix sipedon ae 6. Lam-
propeltis triangulus (Boie). 1, about a yard long.

The blotches were dark red and reached the second
scale row. Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus). 2.
Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard. 1. Bascanion
constrictor (Linnaeus). 3. Elaphe obsoletus (Say).
2. Ancistrodon contortrix (Linnaeus). 6. They hid
all day in the rock slides on the mountains and came
out at night. Specimens were caught passing through
the camp after dusk. Crotalus “horridus Linnaeus.
1, caught swimming the river. Chelydra serpentina
(Linnaeus). Pseudemys rubriventris (LeConte) ¢ A
large river terrapin which was not caught is referred
to this species. T'errapene carolina (Linnaeus).
EK. R. Dunn,
Haverford College.

CHLORETONE, A KILLING AGENT

For some time I have been using chloretone as
a killmg agent for batrachians and reptiles, and it
seems to be in a measure superior to either chloro-
form or ether. In use the animal is simply dropped
into a 1% solution, and no more uneasiness appears
than when the same individual is immersed in pure

64 COPEIA

water. Aquatic forms behave in a natural way, and
terrestrial animals do no more than struggle to get
out. All die without contorted muscles or an abnor-
mal amount of glandular excretions. Toads, frogs and
salamanders usually succumb in 5 or 10 minutes, but
reptiles survive longer, occasionally a half hour or
more after submersion. Chloretone is especially use-
ful in killing such snakes, Charina for example, as
are apt to die under chloroform with the muscles in
a state of extreme contraction, the body then present-
ing a knotted and crooked appearance. <A solution
will keep for years in a closed vessel, requiring only
the occasional addition of a few crystals of the drug,
and filtering to remove accumulated matter.

Chloretone is not recommended as being equal
to alcohol in killing fishes for the reason that the latter
acts quickly and serves at the same time as a fixing
agent of the tissue of the scale pockets.

J. O. SNYDER,
Stanford University, Calif.

Edited by J. T. NicHots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, February 1916.

1
Vey

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

INDEX 1913, 1914,

Abramis crysoleucas, 1, 11, p. 28.

Acantharchus pomotis, 10.

Acanthodactylus boskianus, 8.

Achirus lineatus, p. 50.

Acipenser sturio, 2.

Acris gryllus, 3, 11, p. 13, 21.

Acris gryllus crepitans, 4, 7, p. 5, 38,
52, 63.

aeglifinus, Melanogrammus, 15s

aepyptera, Lampetra, p. 1.

aesopus, Rana, 3, 5.

aestivalis, Pomolobus, 13.

aestivus, Cyclophis, 11, p. 6.

Agama flavimaculata, 8

Agama pallida, 8.

Agonostomus monticola, p. 50.

albifrons, Sternarchus, 15.

Albula vulpes, p. 50. 59

alcyon, Ceryle, p. 27.

Alestes baremose, 8.

Alfaro cultratum, 13.

alleganiensis, Cryptobranchus, p. 38, 51.

Alligator mississippiensis,

Alphestes lightfooti, p. 50.

altus, Pseudopriacanthus, p. 44.

Alutera schoepfi, 2,

Alytes obstetricans, p. 54.

amabalis, Diadophis, 15.

Ambloplites ruptestris, 8, 13.

Amblystoma jeffersonianum, 8, 13, 14.

Amblystoma maculatum, p. 5

Amblystoma microstomum, 11.

Amblystoma opacum, 8, 13.

Amblystoma punctatum, 8, 13.

Amblystoma tigrinum, 8, 12, p. 30.

Amblystoma

Ameiurus catus, 1, 5

Ameiurus natalis, 10.

Ameiurus nebulosus, 1, 5, p. 51.

americana, Morone, 2, 5. p. 42.

americanus, Bufo, 2, 4, 11, 16, p. 5, 38,
Gil, Gs S85 Ce

americanus, Esox, 10.

americanus. Menticirrhus, 9.

amoenus, Carphophis, 17, p. 6.

amoenus, Notropis, 8, 13.

Ampithoe, 11.

ampullaceum, Distomum, 6.

analostanus, Notropis, 1.

gaiciseradon contortrix, 2, 10, 16, p. 6.

tigrinum californiense, p. 56.

1915

Anguilla

anguilla,

Anguilla

Anisotremus surinamensus, p.

annularis, Tarentola, 8.

anomalum, Campostoma, p. 51.

apodus, Neomaenis, p. 50.

arcuatus, Pomacanthus, p. 24.

arenatus, Priacanthus, p. 50.

areolata, Rana, 11.

argyrophanus, Stolephorus, 3.

Athlennes, p. 13.

atlanticus, Tarpon, p. 59.

atromaculatus, Semotilus, 13, p. 51.

atronasus, Rhinichthys, 13, p. 51.

attenuatus, Batrachoseps, p. 62.

auratus, Carassius, 8. p. 28.

auritus, Lepomis, 1, 5, 11, 13.

auritus, Siluranadon,

auropunctatus, Crypotomus, 14.

Autodax lugubris, p. 62.

Awaous, taiasica, p. 50.

bahianus, Hepatus, p. 50.

baileyi, Crotaphytes, 1, 5.

Bairdiella chrysura, 2, 13, p. 44.

Bairdiella ronchus, p. 50.

Bajad, Porcus, 8.

balaenops, Sternarchella, 15.

Balistidae, 3.

Barbour, T. 10.

Barbus bynni, 8.

baremose, Alestes, 8.

barracuda, Sphyraena, 6.

bartholomaei, Caranx, 14.

Batrachoseps attenuatus, p. 62.

beryllina cerea, Menidia, 2.

berrylinus, Cryptotomus, 14.

bifrenatus, Notropis, 11.

bilinearis, Merluccius, 13, p. 43, 45.

bilineatus, Spelerpes, 2, 4, 13, 16, p.
155 295038) Sile0 545 163)

bipinnulatus, Elagatis, 6.

bi-seriatus, Sceloporus, p. 10.

Blepharis crinitus, p. 50.

Boleosoma nigrum, p. 5

Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi, 1, 5, 13.

Bombinator pachypus, p. 54.

bonapartii, Sternarchus, 15.

borealis. Snhyraena, 3, p. 44.

IBoylensilenosnno

Brachydenterus corvinaeformis, p. 50.

anguilla, 8.

Anguilla, 8.

chrisypa, 1, 2, 5, 13, p. 50
i 50.

il COPEIA

brevirostris, Hypopomus, 15.

Brevoortia tyrannus, 2, 3, 13, p. 21, 41, 43.

brownii, Stolephorus, p. 50.
Bryant, 48.
bucanella, Neomaenis, p. 50.
Bufo americanus, 2, 4, 11, Gh 1h By chs
Sil, Ssh S55) sh
Bufo fowleri, Ship poono 4
Buto lentiginosus, eee
Bufo queicicus, 3, 9
Bufo viridis, p. 54.
bullaris, Semotilus, 1, 13.
butleri, Thamnnophis, 15.
bynni, Barbus, 8.
Calamus calamus, p. 50.
calamus, Calamus, p. 50.
callarias, Gadus, 13.
Cambarus, p. 28.
Campostoma anomalum, p. 51.
canadus, Rachycentron, 2.
canis, Mustelus, p. 43.
Caranx ba:tholomaei, 14.
Caranx crysos, 2, 13, p. 41.
Caranx hippos, p. 50.
Caranx latus, 14, p. 50.
Caranx pisquetus, p. 50.
carapo, Gymnotus, 15.
Carassius auratus, 8, p. 28.
Ca:cha hinus milberti, 2, 13.
Carcharias littor eu 13.
Caretta caretta, 2, 3, 4.
caretta, Thalassochelys, Des 4
carolina, Terrapene, 3, 4, 1
Jan 303) 405 60-
carolinense. Engystoma, 3, 9.
carolinus, Prionotus, 1, 13.
carolinus, Trachinotus, 2, 13, p. 44.
Carphophis amoenus, 17, p. 6.
carpio, Cyprinus, 1, 5.
cataractae, Rhinichthys, 11, 13.
catenifer, Pituophis, 15, p. 10.
catesbiana, Rana. 3, 4, 5, 11, 11, 16, 16,
jy oy Sh ce Sly es
Catostomidae, p. 28.
Catostomus, 6.

Catostomus commersonii, 1, 51, 11, p. 51.

catus, Ameiurus, 1,

Caulolatilus chrysons, p. 50.

cavalla, Scomberomorus, p. 50.

Centrarchidae, p. 28.

Centropomus cuvieri, p. 50.

Centropomus ensiferus, p. 50.

Centropomus pavallelus, p. 50.

Centropristes striatus, 2, 13, p. 42.

cepedianum, Do-osoma, 8.

Cephalopholis fulvus, p. 50.

Cephalopholis fulvus onatalibi, p. 50

Cerastes crastes, 8.

cerastes, Cerastes, 8.

Ceryle alcyon, p. 27.

Cetacea, p. 20.

Cetorhinus maximus, p. 21, 25.

Chaenobryttus gulosus, 7, 9.

Chaetodipterus faber, p. 50.

Chaetodon ocellatus, p. 44.

Characinidae. p. 58.

Chavina, p. 64.

Chelyd-a emarginata, 1, 6.

Chelydra lacertina, 1, 6.

Chelydra sernentina, 1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 12,
Gee epeuos «40:0 105-

Chilomvcterus schoepfi, 2, p. 42, 44.

Chloretone, p. 63.

Choroph‘lus, nigritus, 3, 11, p. 22.

Chororhilus occidentalis, 3, n. 22.

Chorophilus ocularis, 3, p. 23.

chrisypa, Anguilla, 1, 2, 5, 13, p. 50.

Chrysemys picta, 4, 11, 12, 16, p. 7, 40.

chrysops, Cauloiatius, p. 00.

chrysops, Stenotomus, 13.

chrysura, Bai:diella, 2, 13, p. 44.

chrysurus, Ocyurus, 17.

chuss, Urophycis, 1, 3, 13, p. 2, 43.

cine.€a, vias 3; np. 4; 99:

cinereus erythronctus Flethodon, 2, 4,
110; 13, 116; ps 38; 51:

Citha: ichthys spilopterus, p. 50.

clamitans, Rana. 2°93 5),-11,, 16; 16; ip:
Gey Gee Sh Ssh Seip Sieh OSE

Clarias lazera, 8.

Clemmys guttata, 4, 12, 16, p. 40.

Clemmys insculpta, 4, 12, 16.

Clemmys marmo ata, p. 11.

Clemmys muhlenbergii, 4, 16.

Clupea harengus, p. +1.

clupeoides, Stolephorus, p. 50.

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, p. 6.

@oles, URS J 4,55; I7eeeps 49

Colias, p. 9.

colias, Scomber, 11.

collaris, Crotaphytes, 1.

Coluber diadema

Coluber, florulentis, 8.

commersonii, Catostomus, 1, Sa iiee pe one

confluentus, Crotalus, 12.

conger, Leptocephalus, p. 43.

constrictor. Zamenis, 4, 11, 16, 17, p.
6, 40, 45, 63.

constrictor flavi ventris, Zamenis, 15.

contortrix, Ancistrodon, 2, 10, 16, p. 6,

Sih {O86
cornutus, Notropis, 1, 13.
coroides, Umbrina, p. 50
coryinaeformis, Brachydeuterus, p. 50.
Corvula subaequalis, p.
Coryphaena hippurus, 6.
Cottus gracilis, p. 51.
coubie, Labeo, 8.
Crandall, L. S. 13, 14.
crinitus, Blepharis, p. 50.
cromis, Fogonias, p. 44.
C-otalus confluentus, 11.

Crotalus horridus, 2, 10, 17, p. 6, 19, 63.

Crotalvs oregonus, 14, 15, p. 48.
Crotaphytes baileyi, 1, 5, 12.
Crotaphytes colla~is,

Crotaphytes wislizenii, 5, 12.
crumenophthalmus. T<achurons, 3, 9. 50.
Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, p. 38, 51.
Cryptotomus auropunctatus, 14.
Cryptotomus beryllinus, 14.
Cryptotomus dentiens, 14.
Cryptotomus retractus, 14.
Croptotomus roseus, 14.
Cryptotomus, ustus, 14.
crysoleucas, Abramis, 1, 11, p. 28.
ervsos, Cavanx, 2, 13) p. 41.
Ctenops vittatus, 4.

evltratum. Atfaro, 13.

Culver; DEE ps 37

curema, Mugil, 3, p. 50.

cuvieri, Centiopomus, p. 50.
evanelia, Lepon‘s, 7.

Cyclophis aestivus, 11. p. 6.
Cyclopterus lumpus, 13, 13.
Cynoscion nebulosus, 2.

Cynoscion regalis, 2. 13.
Cyprinidae, p. 20, 58.

Cyprinodon variegatus, 2.
Cvprinus carpio, 1, 5.

Dasyatis say, 2.

Davis, W. I p. 2

Deckert, R. F. 3, 5, 9, 13, p. 5, 24, 54.
dekayi, Storeria, 14, 16 es hy (oe

ee

Nee ene ene eee ee

a

COPEIA ili

Delphinidae, p. 21. Exocoetidae, p. 12.
dentatus, Paralichthys, 1, 2, 13. faba, Eutyphis, 6.
dentex, Odontoscion, p. 50. faber, Chaetodipterus, p. 50.
dentiens, Cryptotomus, 14. falcatus, Trachinotus, 13, p. 50.
Desmognathus fusca, 2, 4, 13, 16, p. 5, 38,fario, Salmo, 5

Gils. (635 fasciatus, Eumeces, p. 6.
Diadema, p. 33. fasciatus, Natrix, 11.
diadema, Coluber, 8. femoralis, Hyla 3, p. 3.
Diadophis amabalis, 15. ferruginea, Limanda, 1.
Diadophis punctatus, 17, p. 6, 61, 63. Fish Poison, p. 57.
diaphanus, Fundulus, 2, 13. flabellare, Etheostoma, p. 51.
Diemictylus torosus, p. 62. flagelliformis frenatus, Zamenis, 15.

Diemictylus viridescens, 2, 10, 13, 14, p. flavescens, Perca, 5, p. 27, 35, 36.
flavimaculata, Agama, 8.

,

Diemictylus viridescens miniatus, 13. flavolimbatus, Epinephelus, p. 50.

Diodon histrix, p. 11. florulentis, Coluber, 8

Distomum ampullaceum, 6. foetens, Synodus, 13, p. 44.

Ditmars; Re, v0: fontinalis, Salvelinus, p. 20, 51.

Dixonina nemoptera, p. 50. forskalii, Hydrocyon, 8.

doliatus, Ophibolus, p. 40. IPod IBN Won Gila Ie 5 Shy By TO, fh. Ile

doliatus triangulus, Ophibolus, 16, 17, p.. 11, 13: TA SIS 17s: py ts 40m 50:
263: fowleri, Bufo, 3, p.: 53, 54.

dolomieu, Micropterus, 1, 5, 13. Ibeyaldbine IDES We Gy, i, 12, p. 31, 36.

dominicensis, Synodus, p. 50. freminvillii, Myliobatis, 2.

dormitator, Philypnus, p. 50. fulvus, Cephalopholis p. 50.

Dorn) Rese fulvus onatalibi. Cephalopholis, p. 50.

Dorosoma ec*pedianum, 8. Fundulus, p. 28.

Doryrhamphus lineatus, p. 50. Fundulus diaphanus, 2, 13.

Dinn, He Rede, pe 75 9) S0y 3x Oe Fundulus heteroc itus macrolepidotus, 2, 5.

duplicata, Natica, 3. Fundulus Iuc’ae, 2.

Pastman, 3 Ro ip. 32: Fundulus majalis, 2, 13.

Echeneididae, 3. funebris, Gymnothorox, p. 50.

Echeneis guaicano, p. 11. fusca. Desmegnathathus, 2, 4, 13, 16, p.

Echeneis naucrates, 13, p. 11, 50. 55) 38; 263

erinacea, Raia. 13. fuscum, Siphostoma p. 44.

eglanteria, Raja, 2. fuscus, Eupomacertrus, p. 50.

Eigenmannia t-oscheli, 15. Gadus callar‘as, 13.

Eigenmannia virescens, 15. Gaigey pclae lel 4:

eiseni, Tantilla, 15. Galeocerdo t’grinus. p. 43.

Elagatis birinnulatus, 6. Gambusia holbrocki. 10.

Elaphe guttatus, p. 6. garnotii, Hemidactylus, 6

Elaphe obsol: LUSH Ds tOnoow Oe Gempylus serpens, p. 50.

Elasmopus, 11. Gerres olisthostomus, p. 50.

electricus, Electrophorus, 15. Gerres plumieri, p. 50.

electricus, Malanterurus, p. 58. Gerres rhombeus, ps 50:

Electrophorus electricus, 15. Gerrhonotus scincicauda, p. 10.

elegans, Pseudemys, pv. 15. getu’us, Ophibolus. 17. p. 6.

elegans Steatogenes 15. getulus bovlii, Ophibolus, 15.

Eleotris pisonis, p. 50. Su Eupomotis, 1, 5, 7, 11, 11, 13.

Elops sau us 59, 59. Gilly DoING. 6:

emarginata, chelvdra, 1. gladius Xiphias, p. 12, 41.

Engelha-dt, G P. 7, 8 17. glaucus, Trachinotus, p. 50.

Engystoma carolinense, 3, 9. glutinosus. Plethodon, 2, 13, p. 51,

Enneacanthus obesus, 10. gracilis, Cottus, p. 51.

ensiferus, Centronomus, p. 50. grahamiae. Salvadora, 15.

Epinerhelus flavolinhatus, p. 50. gratiosa, Hyla, 3, p. 4.

Epinephelus maculosus, p. 50. Gregory, W. K., pn. 60.

Erimyzon cve~‘ta oblongus, 11, p. 51. griseus, Neomacnis, Vs

Eryx jaculus, 8. griseus, Varanus, 8.

Eryx thebaicus. 8. Gronberger, S. M., p. 55.

esculenta. Rana, p. 54. grylio, Rana, 3, ga

Bsox, pa 27. euyllus, Aeris; 3. lifips 3s 21.

Esox americanus, 10. gryllus crepitans, Acris, 4, 7, p. 5, 38,

Esox lucius. p. 35. G2NGos

Esox reticulatys. 5. guachancho, Sphvraena, p. 50.

Etheostoma flahellare, n. 51. guaicano, Echeneis, p. 11.

Eucinostomus outa, p. 50 gula, Eucinostomus. p. 50

Eucinostomus harengulus, p. 50. gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 7, 10.

Eumeces facciatis. p. 6. guttata, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16, p. 40.

Eupomacertrius fuses, p. 50. guttatus, Elaphe, p. 6.

Euvomacents otopho-us, p. 50. Gymnothorax funebris, p. 50.

Eupomotis gihhosus. 1, 5, 11, 11, 13. Gymnothorax ocellatus, p. 50.

Eutamias meeriani, 14. Gymnotus carano. 15

Eutrorius 7'I>ticus, 8. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, p. 14, 51.

Eutyph's faha, 4. gvrinus, Schilbeodes, p. 51.

Evermann BR W., 14, pn. 8, 18. Haemulon plumieri, p. 50.

evittata, Hyla, p. 38, 55. Haemulon sciurus, p. 33.

1V

haje, Naja, 8.
Halter, (Ce Re p.6)
hammondi, Thamnophis, 15.

harengulus, Eucinostomus, p. 50.

harengus, Clupea, p. 41.
Harper, F., p. 43.
hasselquistii, Ptyodactylus, 8
Jaleyepoye, I8ls, Wren jo, ICY Zhe.
Heloderma suspectum, 7.
Hemidactylium scutatum, 9, 13.
Hemidactylus garnotii, 6.
Hepatus bahianus, p. 50

heteroclitus macrolepidotus, Fundulus,

37,
Hippocampus, p. 12.
Hippocampus hudsonius, 1.
hippos, Caranx, p. 50.
hippurus, Corvphaena, 6.
Hirundinella 6.
Hirundinella clavata, 6.
hispidus, Stephanolepis, 13.
histrio, Pterophryne, p. 49.
histrix, Diodon, p. 11.
holbrooki, Gambusia, 10.

holbrooki, Scaphiopus, PM. 52:

Homo sapiens, 24. ap.
hudsonius, Hippocampus, 1.
hudsonius amarus, Notropis, 1,
humeralis, Sardinella, p. 50.
Elassalcot, ley elleepeec7.
Hybopsis Renticbiensisy roe Sil
Hydrocyon forskallii, 8

Hyla cinerea, 3, p. 4, 55.

by

2;
Heterodon platyrhinus, 4, 11, 17, p. 6,
3

horridus, Crotalus, ane WH ioe Oh US Wise

Hyla evittata p. 38
Hyla femoralis, 3, p. 3.
Hyla gratiosa, 3, p.

4,
Hyla pickeringii, 1, 253, 3,4, 4, 14, 16;

Disp 22 emaod
Hyla squirella, SsaeDE

as
Hyla versicolor, 4, Os 6h th BR Beh Cs

Hypopomus brevirostris, 15.
Hyporhampus roberti, p. 44.
Hypsiglena ochroryncha, 15.
Tanthina, 6.

Idothea metallica, 6.
Imperator, Tetrapterus, p. 59.
incisor, Lepomis, 5.

insculpta, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16.
Iridio poeyi, p. 50
Istiophorus, p. 12.

jaculus, Eryx, 8.

jeffer sonianum, Amblystoma, 8,

jocu, Neomaenis, Dp. i
Joturus pichardi, p. 50.
Sie AM 1D PO Soe SY,
Kendall, W. ice Zalce
Kentuckiensis, Hybopsis, Dao

Kinosternon pensylvanicum, AS tape 6;

40.
Labeo coubie, 8.
Labridae, p. 20.
Labrisomus nuchipinnis, p. 50
lacertina, Chelydra, 1.
Lachinura roseofusca, 15.
Lactophrys tricornis, Dp. O0:
Lactophrys triqueter, p. 50.
laevis, Raja,
Lamnidae, p. 20.
Lampetra aepytera, p. I.
Lampetra wilderi, 1.
ang. Eis p:
laterale, Zamenis, 15:
Lates niloticus, 8.
Watham. Roo) 4 De Ole
latus, Caranx, 14, p. 50.

135

14.

COPEIA

..lazera, Clarias, 8.

leberis, Regina, 16, p. 6.
lecontei, Rhinochilus, pe o2:
Leiostomus xanthurus, 2, p. 44.
lentiginosus, Bufo, 3, 9.
Lepidodactylus lugubris, 6
Lepisosteus platostomus, 11.
Lepisosteus tristoechus, 11.
Lepomis suritus, 1, 5, 11, 13.
Lepomis cyanellus, 7.

Lepomis incisor, 5.
Leptocephalus conger, p. 43.
lepturus, Trichurus, Be io, Si):
lightfooti, Alphestes, p. 50.
Limanda ferruginea, 1.
lineatus, Achirus, p.

lineatus, Doryhamphus, p:, 50:
Liopeltis vernalis, 17, p. 52.
Liparis liparis, p. 2.

liparis, Liparis, p. 2.

littoralis, Carcharias, Theks
Lobotes surinamensis, 1.
longicauda, Spelerpes, 2, p. 63.
Lophius piscatorius, 2, e 60.
Lophopsetta maculata, 1
luciae, Fundulus, 2
lucius, Esox, p. 35.
lugubris, Autodax, p. 62.
lugubris, lieuidodactylue, 6.
lumpus, Cyclopterus, 13, 13.
maclura, Pteroplatea, 2.
macrostoma, Sternarchorhamphus, 15.
macrurus, Sternopygus, 15.

maculata, Lophopsetta, 1, 2, 13, p. 45.

maculatum, Amblystoma, p. 38
maculatus, Scomberomorus, 2.
maculatus, Spheroides, 2, 13, p. 42.
maculosus, Epinephelus, p. 50.
mahogoni, Neomaenis, p. 50.
majalis, Fundulus, 2, 13.
Malapterurus_ electricus, p. 58.
marginata, Rissola, p. 45.

marinus, Tylosurus, 2.

marmorata, Clemmys, p. 11.
maximus, Cctonminds) p. 21, 25.
Mead, C. W., p.

megalops, aguas ey.
Melanogrammus aeglifinus, 15.
menidia, p. 28.

Menidia beryllina cerea, 2.
Menidia menidia notata, 2, 11, 13.
menidia notata, Menidia, 2, 11, 13.
Menticirrhus americanus, 9.

Menticirrhus saxatilis, 2, 9, 13, p. 44.

Merluccius bilinearis, 13, p. 43, 45.
merriami, Eutamias, 14.
mesogaster Parexocoetus, p. 50. .
metallica, Idothea, 6.

Micropogon undulatus, 2, 13.
Micropterus dolomieu, 1, 5, 13.
Micropterus salmoides, 1, Sy De ae:
microstomum, Amblystoma, 11.
milberti, Carcharhinus, 2, 13.
miliarius, Sistrurus, p. 60.

Miller, W. De W.
mississippiensis, Alligator, ize
mitchilli, Stolephorus. 2, p. 44.
Mola mola, p. 17, 2

mola, Mola, p. 17, 43.

monticola, Agonostomus, p. 50.
Mormyridae, p. :

Morone americana, 2, 5, p. 42.
Mugil curema, 3. p.
muhlenbergii, Clemmys, 4, 16.
multilatus, Peropus, 6.
Muraenesox savanna, p. 50.
Murphy, R. C., 2, 3, 6, 17, p. 43.
Mustelus canis, p. 43.

ide Ss pn 4a:

COPEIA

Myliobatis freminvillii, 2.

Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, p. 44.

Mystacoceti, p. 21.

Naja haje, 8.

natalis, Ameiurus, 10.

Natica duplicata, 3.

Natrix fasciatus, 11.

Natrix septemvittata, p. 37, 63.

Natrix sipedon, 2, 4, 16, 17, p. 6, 15.
Bis SORA Geb

naucrates, Echeneis, 13, p. 11, 50.

nebulosus, Ameiurus, 1, 5, p. 51.

nebulosus, Cynascion, 2.

Nelson, D5 G:. ps 14.

nemoptera, Dixonina, p. 50.

Neomaenis apodus, p. 50.
Neomaenis bucanella, p. 50.
Neomaenis griseus, 17.
Neomaenis jocu, p. 50.
Neomaenis mahogoni, p. 50.
Neomaenis synagris, p. 50.

Neomaenis vivanus, p. 50.

Nichols, J.T ,01, 3, 3,12) 17, ps 13,.21,
24, 28, 45, 60.

nigritus, Chorophilus, 3, 11, p. 22.

nigrum, Boleosoma, p. 51.

nigrum olmstedi, Boleosoma, 1, 5, 13.

nilotica, Tilapia, 8.

niloticus, Eutropius, 8.

niloticus, Lates, 8.

niloticus, Varanus, 8.

notatus, Pimephales, p. 51.

Notropis amoenus, 5, 13.
Notropis analostanus, 1.
Notropis bifrenatus, 11.
Notropis cornutus, 1, 13.

Notropis hudsonius amarus, 1, 5.
nuchipinnis, Labrisomus, p. 50.
obesus, Enneacanthus, 10.

oblongus, Paralichthys, 1.

obsoletus, Elaphe, p. 6, 39, 63.
obstetricans, Alytes, p. 54.

ocellatus, Gymnothorax, p. 50.
occidentalis, Chorophilus, 3, p. 22.
occinitomaculata, Storeria. 17, p. 6, 7.
ocellata, Raja, 3, 13, p. 43.

ocellatus, Chaetodon, p. 44
ochroryncha, Hypsiglena, 15.
Gerodeciepmnosus, Myoxocephalus, p.

ocularis, Chorophilus. 3. p. 23.
Ocyurus chrysurus, 17.

Odontoscion dentex, p. 50.

odoratus, Sternothaerus, 4, 12, 16, p. 52.
oglinum, Opisthonema, 2, p. 50.
olisthostomus, ‘Gerres, p. 50.

onitis, Tautoga, 3.

opacum, Amblystoma, 8, 13.

operculata, Siren, p. 30.

Ophibolus doliatus, p. 40.

Oniibolus doliatus triangulus, 16, 17, 52,

Ophibolus getulus, 17, p. 6.
Ophibolus getulus boylii, 15.
Ophibolus rhombomaculatus, p. 6.
Ophibolus zonatus, 15.
Ophiosaurus ventralis, 11.
Opisthonema oglinum, 2, p. 50.
Opsanus tau, p. 60.
oregonensis. Plethodon, p. 62.
oregonus, Crotalus, 14, 15, p. 48.
ornatus, Uromastix, 8.

Orthopristis chrysopterus, 2, 13, p. 44.
otophorus, Eupomacentrus, p. 50.
Overton, F., p. 3, 4, p. 17, 53.
pachypus, Bombinator, p. 54.
Pagurus pollicaris, 3.

pallida, Agama, 8

palustris, Rana, 2, 4,
Silos, Os

Paralichthys dentatus, 1, 2, 13.

Paralichthys oblongus, 1,

Datalleles: Centropomus, p. 50.
arexocoetus mesogaster, p. 50.

parietalis, Thamnophis, 15, p. 10.

paru, Pomacanthus, p. 24.

Pecten, p. 2.

pectinatus, Pristis, 2.

pensylvanicum, Kinosternon, 4, 11, p. 6,
40

WS Fe (5 UG Sih

Perca flavescens, 5, p. 27, 35, 36.
Peropus multilatus, 6.
Philypnus dormitator, p. 50.
Phillips Remco:
Phrynosoma, 12, p. 10.
pichardi, Joturus, p. 50.
pickerineii,) Elylay 1) 2.) Sys 64,104,
I; joe sh AA) ek Sle
picta, Chrysemis, 4, 11, 12, 16, p. 7, 40.
picudilla, Sphyraena, p. 50.
Pieris, p. 9.
Pimephales notatus, p. 51.
pipiens, Rana, 253; 4595; 1 ip. 13,395
Osh, See
piscatorius, Lophius, 2,
pisonis, Eleotris, p. 50.
pisquetus, Caranx, p. 50.
Pituophis catenifer, 15, p. 10.
Pituophis sayi, 11, 12.
platostomus, Lepisosteus, 11.

14,

p. 60.

platyrhinus, Heterdon, 4, 11, 17, p. 6,
Ry ie)
Plethodon cinereus erythronotus, 2, 4,

LOM ASG paeos le
Plethodon glutinosus, 2, 13, p. 51, 63.
Plethodon oregonensis, p. 62.
plumieri, Gerres, p. 50.
plumieri, Haemulon, p. 50.
plumieri, Scorpaena, p. 50.
Poecilliidae, p. 20.
poeyi, Iridio, p. 50.
Pogonias cromis, p. 44.
Pollachius virens, p. 45.
pollicaris, Pagurus, 3.
Polydactylus virginicus, p. 50.
Polycdon spathula, 4.
Pomacanthus arcuatus, p. 24.
Pomacanthus paru, p. 24.
Pomadasis ramosus, p. 50.
Pomatomus saltatrix, 2, 13, p. 44.
Pomolobus aestivalis, 13.
Pomolobus pseudoharengus, 3, 5, p. 43.
pomotis, Acantharchus, 10.
Pomoxis sparoides, 5, 11.
Rojee, IPs Tel, i, jo, 15,
Porcus, bajad, 8.
Poronotus triacanthus, 2, 13, p. 41.

porphyriticus, Gyrinophilus, p. 14, 51.
Priacanthus arenatus, p. 50.

Prionotus carolinus, 1, 13.

Frionotus strigatus, 2, 13, p. 45.

Pristis pectinatus, 2.

Psammophis shokari, 8.

Psammophis sibilans, 8.

Pseudacris triseriatus, 2, 10.
Pseudemys elegans, p. 15.

Fseudemys rubriventris, p. 6, 40, 63.
pseudoharengus, Pomolobus, 3, 5, p. 43.
Pseudopriacanthus altus, p. 44.
Pterophryne histrio, p. 49.
Pteronlatea maclura, 2.

Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, 8.
punctatum, Amblvstoma, 8, 13.
punctatus Diadophis. 17, p. 6, 61, 63.
quercicus, Bufo, 3, 9

Rachycentron canadus, 2.

vi COPEIA

Radclifte, Icy, 7, 14:

Raja eglanteria, Zap

Raja erinacea 13.

Raja laevis, 13.

Raja occilata, 3, 13, p. 43.

ramosus, Fomadasis, p. 50.

Rana aesopus, 3, 5

Rana aerolata, 11.

Rana catesbiana, a Ze Ss bl alle alte, ales
Dabo. 1D) 4s ols 63.

Rana clamitans, 2) 32 beet
3 oy 475) Od Oo DOES

Rana esculenta, vp. 54.

Rana grylio, 3, 5.

Rana Pelusttis, 25 4s) GsaprO5 13,1395) OL,

6

Rana pipiens, 2; 3, 4, 5, 11, p. 13, 39, 53;

Rana septentrionalis, 16, p. 46.

Rana sphenocephala, 3, 5S.

Rana sylvatica, 2, 4, 11, 16, p. 39. 51.
Rana tempocvaria, p. 54.

regalis, Cynoscion, 2.113%

regalis, Scomberomorus, p. 50.
Regina leberis, 16, p. 6.

regius, Urophycis, 13, p. 45.
Reighard, J., p. 35.

reticulatus, Esox, 5.

retractus, Cryptotomus, 14.
Rhamphichthys rostratus, 15.
Rhinichthys. at-onasus, 13, p. 51.
Rhinichthys cataractae, 11, 13.
Rhinochilus lecontei, p. 32.

Rhinodon typicus, p. 21.

rhombeus, Gerres, p. 50
rhombomaculatus, Ophibolus, p. 6.
Rissola marginata, p. 45.

roberti, Hyporhamphus, p. 44.
ronchus, Bairdiella, p. 50.

roseofusca, Lachinura, 15.

roseus, Cryptotomus, 14.

rostratus, Rhamphichthys, 15.
ruber, Spelerpes, 10, 13, 16, p. 28, 38, 63.
rubriventris, Pseudemys, p. 6, 40, 63.
rupestvis, Ambloplites, Sy uly
Rothling aD ekemlioseps il, woasoe
Ruthven. A Ge ile

salar, Salmo, p. 20.

Salmo ta-io,

Salmo salar, p. 20.

salmoides, Mic-opterus, 1, 5, p. 42.
saltatrix, Pomatomus, 2, 13, p. 44.
Salvadora grahamine, 15.

Salvelinus fontinalis, pe 20), Sd.
sapiens, Homo, 2, 4, p. 5/.

Sarda sarda, 13.

sarda Sarda, 13.

Sa-dinelia humeralis. p 50.

sauritus, Thamnophis, H6t al 7 pee 40s 0S.
saurus, Elops, p. 50,

savanna, Muraenesox, p. 50.

saxatilis, Menticirrhus, 2, 9, 13, p. 44.
say, Dasyatis, 2.

sayi, Pituophis, 11, 12.

Scarhionus holbrooki p. 17, 52.
Scaridae, p. 10.

Scrlopo us bi-seviatus, p.

Sceloporus undulatus, 4, 16, p. 6, 9, 40.

schall, Svnodontis, 8.

Schilbeodes gvyrinus. p. 51.

schoepfii, Alutera, 2, 13.

schoerfii. Chilomvcterus. 2, p. 42, 44.
schotti. Sternarchella, 15.
scincicauda, Gerrhonotus, p. 10.
Scincus scircis, 8

scincus, Semmens, 8.

sciurus, Haemulon, p. 33.

Scomber, p. 21.

Scomber colias, 11.

Scomber scombrus, 13, p. 12, 41.

Scomberomorus cavalla, p. 50.

Scomberomorus maculatus, 2.

Scomberomorus regalis, p. 50.

Scombridae, p. 20.

scombrus, Scomber, 13, p. 12, 41.

Scorpaena plumieri, p. 50.

scutatum, Hemidactylium, 9, 13.

Selene vomer, p. 50.

Semotilus atromaculatus, 13, p. 51.

Semotilus bullaris, 1, 13.

septemvittata, Natrix, p. 37, 63.

septentrionalis, Rana, 16, p. 46.

serpens, Gempylus, p. 5v.

serpentina, Chelydra, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 16,
p. 6, 40, 63.

serpentina, Testudo, 1.

setipinnis, Vomer, p. 44, 50.

sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, p. 6.

shokari, Fsammophis, 8.

sibilans, Psammophis, 8.

silenus, Zaprora, 12.

Siluranodon au: itus, 8.

Siluridae, p. 58.

sipedon, Natrix, 2, 4, 16, 17, p. 6, 15,
Vig OR 25 GY,

Siphostoma, Powe:

Siphostoma fuscum, 2, 13, p. 44.

Siren operculata, p. 30.

sirtalis, Thamnophis, 2, 4, 11, 16, 17,
fy (oy tee, WSs CO ple (0)

Sistrurus miliarius, p. 60.

Skinner, A., 12.

Snyder, J. O., p. 64.

sparoides, Pomoxis, 5, 11.

spathula, Polyodon, 4.

Spelerpes bilineatus, 2, 4, 13, 16, p. 15,
29, 38, 51, 54, 63.

Spelerpes longicauda, 2, p. 63.

Spelerpes ruber, 10, 13, 16, p. 28, 38, 63.

Spencer, R p. 7.

snhenocephala, "Rana, ai Sp

Spheroides maculatus, Dy 13, p. 42.

Spheroides testudineus, p. 50.

.Sphyraena borealis, 3, p. 44.

Sphyraena bar: -acuda, Gan pana:
Sphyraena guachancho, p. 50.
Sphyraena picudilla, p. 50.

Sphyrna zygaena, 2. 13, p. 41.
snilopterus, Cren aan: p. 50.
Spinden, H. F

squirella. Hyla, a oe i
stansburiana, Uta, p. 10.
steatogenes elegans, 15.

Stejneger, L., 6.

Stenotomus chrysons, 13.
Stephanolenis hispidus, 13.
Sternarchella balaenops, 15.
Sternachella schotti, 15.
Sternarchorhamphus macvostoma, 15.
Sternarchus albifrons. 15.
Sternarchus bonanactii, 15.
Sternopygus macrurus, 15.
Sternothaerus odoratus, 4, 12, 16, p. 52.
Stolephorus asgyrorhanus. 3.
Stolerhorus brownii. p. 50.
Stolephorus Species. p. 50.
Stolephorus mitchilli, 2, p. 44.
Stone, W., 10.

Storer: D D2 n. 56:

Storeria dekavi, 14, 16, 17, p. 6.
Storeria occipitomaculata, "7, 1 (i, 74
Street, J.

striatus, Geen aisien 2. 13; ps 425
stricatus. Prionotus, 2, 13, p. 45.
sturio, Acipenser, 2.

en

Se eee

—————

tel a

COPEIA

subaequalis, Corvula, p. 50.

sucetta oblongus, EKrimyzon, 11, p. S51.
surinamensis, Anisotremus, p. 50
surinamensis, Lobotes, 1.
suspectum, Heloderma, 7.
Swifts, 13.

Svivaticam Nanay 204 olde LO punooy wile
synagris, Neomaenis, p. 50.
Synodontis schall, 8.

Synodus dominicensis, p. 50.

Synodus foetens, 13, p. 44.

taiasica, Awaous, p. 50.

Tantilla eiseni, 15.

Tarentola annularis, 8.

Tarpon atlanticus, p. 59.

tau, Opsanus, p. 60.

Tautoga onitis, 3.

temporaria, Rana, p. 54.

Tephrosia, p. 57.

Terrapene carolina, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16, p.

7, 36, 40, 63.

testudineus, Spheroides, p. 50.

Testudo polyphemus, 5

Testudo serpentina, 1.

Tetrapterus imperator, p. 59.

Thamnophis butleri, 15.

Thamnophis hammondi, 15, p. 10.

Thamnophis megalops, 12.

Thamnophis pavietalis, 15, p. 10.

Thamnophis sauritus, 16, 17, p. 40, 63.

Thamnophis sirtalis, 2, 4, 11, 16,
6, 8, 15, 40, 51, 60.

thebaicus, Eryx, 8.

Thunder, 5

tigrinum, Amblystoma, 8, p. 30.

Hernan californiense, Amblystoma, p.
6

tigrinus, Galeocerdo, p. 43.
Tilapia nilotica, 8.

timucu, Tylosurus, p. 50.

torosus, Diemictylus, p. 62.
Trachinotus carolinus, 2, 13, p. 44.
Trachinotus falcatus, 13, p. 50.
Trachinotus glaucus, p. 50.

Trachurops crumenophthalmus, 3, p 50.

Travell, W., 4.

triacanthus, Poronotus, 2, 13, p. 41
Trichiurus lepturus, 2, p. 50
tricornis, Lactophrys, p. 50.
triqueter, Lactophrys, p. 50.
triseriatus, Pseudacris, 2, 10.
tristoechus, Lepisosteus, 11.

i 50

Vii

troscheli, Eigenmannia, 15.

Turtle; p. 19,

Tylosurus, p. 13.

Tylosuius marinus, 2.

Tylosurus timucu, p. 50.

typicus, Rhinocdon, p. 21.

tyrannus, Brevoortia, 2, 3, 13, p. 21, 41,
43.

Umbrina coroides, p. 50.

undulatus, Micropogon, 2, 13.

undulatus, Sceloporus, 4, 16, p. 6. 9. 40,
63.

Uromastrix ornatus, 8.

Urophycis chuss, 1, 3, 13, p.

Urophycis regius, 13, p. 45.

ustus, Cryptotomus, 14.

Uta stansburiana, p. 10.

valeriae, Virginia, p. 6, 63.

Varanus griseus, 8

Varanus niloticus, 8.

va-iegatus, Cyprinodon, 2.

ventralis, Ophiosaurus, 11.

vernalis, Liopeltis, 17, p. 52.

versicolor Hyla, 4, p. 5, 39, 53, 55, 63.

virens, Pollachius, p. 45.

virescens, Eigenmannia, 15.

Virginia valeriae, p. 6, 63.

virginicus, Polydactylus, p._ 50.

viridescens, Diemictylus, 2, 10, 13, 14,
Pats)

windeecene miniatus, Diemictylus, 13.

viridis, Bufo, p. 54.

vittatus, Ctenops, 4.

vivanus, Neomaenis, p. 50.

Vomer setipinnis, p. 44, 50.

vomer, Selene, p. 50.

vulpes, Albula, p. 50, 59.

Welsh, W. W., 15, p. 3.

Wiegmann, W. H., 3, 11, p. 45.

wilderi, Lampetra, p.

w'slizenii, Crotaphytes, 5.

Wright, A. H., p. 48.

xanthurus, Leiostomus, 2, p. 44.

Xiphias gladius, p. 12, 41.

Zamenis constrictor, 4, 11, 16, 17, p. 6,
40, 45, 63.

Zamenis constrictor flaviventris, 15.

Zamenis flagelliformis frenatus, 15.

Zamenis laterale, 15

Zaprora silenus, 12.

zonatus, Ophibolus, 15.

zygaena, Sphyrna, 2, 13, p. 41.

2, 43.

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, January 24, 1916. No. 26
\ rae - ( Le
6S eee =
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‘ Z ‘ A LS ~
=i

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

BORNEO PERIOPHTHALMUS.

Travelling on the main branch of the delta of
the Rejang River, northwest coast of Borneo, half
way between the mouth of the river and the island of
Sibu, which is at the beginning of the delta, July 17,
1912, at ten o'clock A. M., we reached the village of
“Bilitong”’ where we tied up to let the tide go down,
which it did like a race-horse, while we slept. I pur-
chased five cents worth of sugar at a Chinese store
here and got some children to catch me nine or ten
mudfishes or Periophthalmus at one cent each.

The falling tide had exposed perhaps 60 feet of
mud-flat at the edge of the river. At the shoreward
part of the flat among logs and sticks there were
many Periophthalmus. Some were on the logs, others
on the mud, others more or less hidden in the mud or
pools of water left by the tide. When pursued they
would run over the surface of the mud, sometimes
sinking in so as to impede their progress. The fishes
were very agile and slippery and the boys, flounder-
ing around in the mud, had great difficulty in catch-
ing them in their hands. The fishes seemed to have
no definite idea of seeking safety in the river.

D. D. STREETER,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

| Mr. Streeter has presented to the American
Museum of Natural History ten small gobioid fishes

2 COPEIA

obtained at this time bearing his field numbers 1159
to 1168. Six of these are Periophthalmus (Perioph-
thalmodon) schlosseri, two Boleophthalmus boddaer-
ti, and two Apocryptes borneensis. Of the first
named species one about two inches long has the spin-
ous dorsal wanting; in two of the same size it is about
XV; in one about two and a half inches long XV,
with the first spinous ray noticeably produced; in two
about three and a half inches XIII and XVI, the
first spinous ray filamentous a distance equal to two-
thirds of the head or more. The Boleophthalmus have
about seven narrow oblique imperfect dark bands on
the body, best defined posteriorly and dorsally, and
conspicuous pale bluish spots on the body and dorsal

fins.— Ed. |

FISH AS OWL FOOD.

On March 28, 1915, three horned owls (Bubo
virginianus virginianus) were hatched near East
Patchogue, N. Y. Two of the young survived and I
observed them until their flight. Their chief food was
rabbits and yellow perch (Perca flavescens), with an
occasional mouse and gray squirrel. ‘The perch were
spawning in a neighboring pond, and large schools
of the fish in a sluggish state were collected in shal-
low water along the banks where the old owls could
readily capture them. Great quantities of the scales
in the nest, with an occasional fin, together with the
strong fishy odor of the nest, left no doubt as to the
identity of the fish.

FRANK OvErToN,
Patchogue, N. Y.

AN EXTENSION OF THE RECORDED
RANGE OF THREE SPECIES OF
FISHS IN NEW ENG-

LAND WATERS.

Scoliodon terrae-novae (Richardson). Of the
range of this species, Garman, in The Plagiostomia

COPEIA 3

(Memoirs Museum Comparative Zoology, Vol.
XXXVI, 1918, p 115) says: “Labrador to Brazil.”
Kendall, in Fauna of New England, List of Pisces
(Occasional Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.
VII, 1908) and Sumner, Osburn and Cole, in a Bio-
logical Survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vi-
cinity, Sec. IL1—A Catalogue of Marine Fauna
(Bull. Bur. Fish., Vol. XX -XI, Part II, 1913) do
not list this species. The species appears to be not
uncommon at Woods Hole. Several examples were
taken at this place during the summer of 1915, and
an example is in the museum collection of the United
States Fisheries Laboratory.

Tarpon atlanticus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Al-
though this species strays as far north as the south-
ern coast of Cape Cod, Mass., being taken at South
Dartmouth nearly every year, and occasionally in the
vicinity of Woods Hole, the writer knows of no rec-
ord for more northern points. On July 25, 1915, a
tarpon about 512 feet in length was taken at Prov-
incetown, Mass.

Harengula sardina Poey. Of the range of this
species, Jordan & Evermann, in Fishes of North and
Middle America (Bull. 47, U. S. N. M., 1896, p.
430) say: “West Indian fauna; eran dante north to
Key West.” In the collections of the United States
Fisheries Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods
Hole are several examples of this species about 3
inches in length which, according to the label, were
taken at Woods Hole, Mass., @cieuer 10, 1886.

Lewis RADCLIFFE,
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

OCCURRENCE OF THE CROAKER IN
NEW YORK HARBOR.
During the past season the Croaker (Micropo-

gon undulatus) was taken much more plentifully
than in most years in New York Harbor.

4 COPEIA

Writing of this species in Fishes of North Caro-
lina, Smith says: “While it is occasionally taken as
far north as Massachusetts, it is not ordinarily nu-
merous north of Chesapeake Bay.” In Fishes within
Fifty Miles of New York City, 1913, the writer listed
it as “Rare September.” It appears that the infor-
mation at his command at the time was imperfect and
that the Croaker occurs in New York Harbor with
sufficient regularity to be known to local anglers, and
to give the name of “Croaker Grounds” to Flynns
Knoll a couple of miles towards Staten Island from
Sandy Hook. At times they are caught at Hugue-
not, about two miles off shore at Can Buoy No. 3.

According to Messrs. Andrew Johnstone and P.
McCabe the fish occurred this year in much greater
numbers than usual, so that four men in four hours’
fishing from one boat took as many as 120 individ-
uals. According to the same gentlemen the Croaker
was present in late July, August and a part of Sep-
tember, 1915; they were taken at the bottom with
shedder-crab and white-worm bait, also with parts of
Spots (Leiostomus), pieces of Weakfish and clams.
They ran from 1% to 4 lbs. in weight and 12 to 16
inches in length, or about the same size as “school”
Weakfish, and resembled Weakfish in habits, taking
the hook in the same vigorous manner; so that some
of the less well-informed fishermen did not distin-
guish them from Weakfish.

J.T. NicHots,
New York, N.Y.

AQUATIC HABITS OF THE BOX TURTLE

The Box Turtle (Cistudo carolina) of the mid-
dle section of Long Island has a habit of partly bury-
ing itself in the moist sand or mud along the edges
of ponds on hot days. Specimens are frequently
seen swimming in the water, or resting in the shal-
lows with only the head protruding above the sur-
face. When alarmed, the turtles often leave the land

COPEIA 5

and enter the water voluntarily. ‘They usually swim
beneath the surface, but come up readily to breathe
and to take observations. ‘They seem to be familiar
with the water, and in their ease and rapidity of
swimming they compare favorably with the pond tur-
tle (Chrysemys picta).

On July 31, 1910, I took a photograph of nine
box turtles in a group in the edge of a pond at
Middle Island, where they had lain for hours. On
August 15, 1915, I photographed one at the same
pond nearly submerged in the water at the end of a
log, and four others were in sight partly buried in
the mud. I have never failed to find the turtles in
that pond in midsummer whenever I have looked for
them.

The amphibious nature of the Long Island box
turtle is so well known to the native inhabitants that
records of the fact seem commonplace. But a note
in the September Copria, and statements in many
standard natural histories, render it worth while to
record the aquatic habits of the species.

FRANK OVERTON,
Patchogue, N. Y.

A NOTE ON TWO INTERESTING NEW
JERSEY AMPHIBIANS.

For several summers past trips to Lakehurst,
N. J., in search of the Sphagnum Frog, Rana virga-
tipes Cope, and Anderson’s Hyla, Hyla andersom
Baird, have afforded some pleasant outings for my
brother, F’. K. Barbour, and myself. We have usual-
ly left our home at Rumson, N. J., in a machine, and
reached Lakehurst in something less than two hours.
The afternoons we have usually spent in wandering
about the sphagnum bogs and along the cold spring
branches which run into the lake, searching for the
sphagnum frogs, which we have found at times in
considerable numbers. Our observations have con-

6 COPEIA

firmed those of Davis and of other observers who
have recorded their shy ways and strictly aquatic
habits. I think our familiarity with Rana gryllio, the
big frog found swimming among the “bonnets” in
some of the Florida lakes, has made this frog’s re-
lationship to the New Jersey sphagnum frog seem
doubly striking, for their coloration in life is aston-
ishingly similar, and in fact one seems to be but a
miniature representative of the other. At dusk we
have usually taken our supper, and then waited for
darkness to come on and for the Hylas to begin to
sing, we have had good luck taking Hylas by the fol-
lowing method: One of us with an electric flashlight
would start for the nearest singing Hyla, while the
other usually waited some distance away. As soon as
the Hyla stopped singing, the person who was not
trying to approach would imitate the call of the frog,
and this would start it singing again vigorously, and
while it was singing the collector bearing the light
would approach as quickly as possible, standing still
as soon as the singing ceased. ‘This process was kept
up until finally the light flashed on the vibrating
white throat of the singing Hyla, and its capture then
became a perfectly simple matter, as they stared
stupidly at the brilliant light.

Up to this year I have known nothing regarding
the breeding habits or the time of egg-laying of these
Hylas, but have assumed that it was in May, as Davis
reported them singing very plentifully at that time.
This year, however, we did not get down to Lake-
hurst until the 8th of July, when we found the Hylas
singing in goodly numbers in the white cedars about
the lake. After capturing a number of singing males
(I had never taken a female before), my light flashed
by the merest chance upon a pair of Hylas sitting
well up in a pine tree, in embrace. This, and another
taken in a similar situation, were the only females
secured, although we took several males from the low
oak scrub about a small fresh water pool in the pine

COPEIA |

barrens. All of our catch was placed in a large-
mouthed jar and brought home to Rumson alive. The
next morning a number of gelatinous egg masses
were found in the bottom of the jar. Since they were
pretty well smashed up from the struggles which the
Hylas made trying to escape, it was impossible to dis-
tinguish whether the egg masses were laid in a char-
acteristic form. We were both much surprised to
find these eggs, as we had not supposed that this Hyla
laid so late in the year; yet we had always wondered
why such a large number of individuals kept on sing-
ing so vigorously until at least the 20th of July. I
might add that the smging begins with dark, though
an occasional voice may be heard upon a lowery after-
noon, and the greatest concert takes place before ten
o'clock. At about this time the number of singing
individuals is noticeably less.
Tuomas Barpour,
Cambridge, Mass.

AN UNUSUALLY LARGE PINE SNAKE,
FROM NEW JERSEY.

The Brooklyn Museum has received recently as
a gift from Mr. R. P. Dow, the skin of a Pine Snake,
Pityophis melanoleucus, Daudin which on account of
its unusually large size deserves to be placed on rec-
ord. .The snake was killed several years ago, on the
estate of the late J. Turner Brakeley, Lakaway
Plantation. Hornerstown, N. J., and at the time of
capture was said to have measured seven feet, four
inches. Actual measurement shows a total length of
six feet and nine inches, but it is possible that on ac-
count of mutilation in the killing, part of the skin
was rendered useless, for the head and neck, for a
length of eight inches, have been preserved separately.

Together with the skin the Museum has received
also an egg, intact and in perfect preservation, which
is said to have been removed from the intestinal tract

8 COPEIA

of the reptile. The egg, undoubtedly, is that of a

Ruffed Grouse.
Grorcr P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, February 24, 1916. No. 27

Gee st ee ———

ak OPEIA IX Pe

| Mee

=" = => the

———

Published to advance the Science of Seiange ee A

SEASONAL ANNOTATIONS ON TWO
LONG ISLAND FISHES

In Fishes Within Fifty Miles of New York
Ciz7, tole. ( Nichols: Proc) Lmn: Soc: of N.aY¥., Nos:
20-23). Raja eglanteria is listed as occurring in
“September”; and Zoarces anguillaris in “Fall and
winter,” with one indefinite August record. The
following local data concerning these species in sum-
mer is then an addition to the writer’s knowledge of
their seasonal occurrence.

Raja eglanteria (Clear-nosed Skate) .—Prob-
ably a not uncommon summer resident near New
York and along the entire southern shore of Long
Island. Long Island dates available are from June
14 (Moriches Beach) to October 2 (Easthampton).
A specimen was taken at Cholera Bank (situated
about ten sea miles off Long Beach), July 15, 1915,
and presented to the American Museum of Natural
History by Mr. Edward E. Wrissenberg, its col-
lector. A fairly fresh specimen was found dead on
Moriches Beach by the writer June 14, 1914. Mr.
Wm. T. Helmuth writes me concerning the occur-
rence of the species near Easthampton in 1914 and

1915 as follows:
“The first record that I can give positively is
July 26, 1914, when four were taken in a ‘fish-trap’ in
Gardiner’s Bay. Several were caught at every haul

10 COPEIA

thereafter, until the second of October, becoming
most abundant during the first week of September
and the last week of August. Their numbers did
not diminish very noticeably during the remainder of
the summer. In 1915 this species were found
throughout the summer, beginning with the middle
of July. One, also in late June.”

Zoarces anguillaris (Kel Pout, “Conger Eel’).
—I have a letter from Mr. Louis Wahl statmg that
this species was caught in 1915 throughout the year
at the different fishing grounds off New York and
that in June they were taken especially plentifully
at Cholera Bank. Mr. Wahl seems perfectly familiar
with Zoarces, which cannot readily be confused with
any other fish, and I am convinced of the accuracy
of the indentification. The name “Conger Eel,” how-
ever unfortunate its misapplication to Zoarces, is too
firmly established for this fish among local fishermen
to be ignored.

J.T. NicHOotLs,

New York, N. Y.

NOTES ON NEW JERSEY FISHES,
SEVERAL NEW TO THE STATE

Cypsilurus mgricans (Bennett). Head, 3%;
D. I, 14; A. I, 9; scales, 48 in lateral line; 30 pre-
dorsal scales; 8 scales above 1.1. to dorsal origin;
snout, 372 in head from upper jaw tip; eye, 3-2/5;
maxillary, 4-1/5; interorbital, 242. Head wide above.
Snout length half its width. Maxillary not quite to
eye. Narrow band of fine conic teeth in each jaw.
Lower jaw projects. Interorbital broadly concave.
Rakers, 5+-16; lanceolate, short. Back dusky, neutral
tint with violet reflections. Head above similar, with
distinct violet streak from upper hind eye edge to
pectoral origin. Sides of head brilliant silvery-white,
soiled or tinged dusky on trunk. Violet reflections
conspicuous at caudal base and at ventral axilla. Iris

COPEIA yl

brilliant violet. Lips dusky. Dorsal largely jet-
black, paler or soiled dusky-gray in front. Upper
caudal lobe white, base blackish, lower lobe entirely
jet-black. Pectoral largely black, axil with violet
tinge, only lower edge and median portion of lower
rays gray-white or whitish. Ventrals with outer 73
jet-black, outer and inner edges of fin whitish, median
rays basally gray and this shade extends to black ter-
minal blotch. Anal white, hinder outer terminal part
black. One example, 172 mm. long, found on the
beach in a tide-pool at Sea Isle City, September 14,
1915, by Master Edward N. Fox. This interesting
fish had evidently been left stranded by the tide, and
was alive when discovered. It had one pectoral fin
extended in making an effort to escape, suddenly
flying out of the pool and dropping helplessly on the
sand a few rods distant. It is the first example ever
recorded from the limits of the United States, and
also an addition to the fauna of New Jersey. It is
a well-marked species, readily distinguished by its
blackish color and the white half of the high dorsal.
At the same locality Centropristis striatus, Chaetodip-
terus faber, Orthopristis chrysopterus and Leiosto-
mus wanthurus were also noted. At Ocean City a
female Dasyatis say with two young, one Rhinoptera
bonasus, July 7, and three on September 15, an adult
Istiophorus mgricans, August 20, T'rachinotus caro-
linus, eight Coryphaena hippurus, September 22,
Tautoga onitis, and many large Alutera schoepfii,
July 4, several of which bright golden-yellow. During
August at Anglesea, Huthynnus thynnus of 1,080 Ibs.
weight, Hemitripterus americanus, Sphyrna zygaena,
Stenotomus chrysops, Balistes carolinensis and Pri-
onotus evolans strigatus. A few Chaetodipterus faber
at Atlantic City and on September 25, a large Lago-
cephalus laevigatus. 'Two examples of E’pinephelus
niveatus are the first to be reported from New Jersey
waters. Mr. W. J. Fox secured one 105 mm. long
September 26, at Sea Isle City, and Dr. R. J. Phil-

12 COPEIA

lips, one 115 mm. long, September 29, at Corson’s
Inlet. Color largely deep dusky-brown with seven
vertical rows of pale sky-blue round spots, caudal
yellowish and pectorals pale. Both examples were
angled on lines. May 15, I noted Mustelus canis,
Raja erinacea, R. ocellata, R. eglanteria, Pomolobus
mediocris, Cynoscion regalis, Bairdiella chrysura,
Spheroides maculatus, Paralichthys dentatus, and
Achirus fasciatus at Cape May Point.

In early September Messrs. S. N. Rhoads and
J. R. Lippincott accompanied me on a trip to various
streams in Salem County. In Salem Creek, at Dare-
town, we found: Ameiurus nebulosus, Abramis cryso-
leucas, Erimyzon sucetta oblongus, Esox americanus,
Fundulus diaphanus, Pomotis gibbosus and Perca
americana. In Alloway Creek, at Alloway: Ameiu-
rus nebulosus, Schilbeodes gyrinus, Abramis cryso-
leucas, Krimyzon, Esow americanus, EF. reticulatus,
Umbra pygmaea, Fundulus diaphanus, A phredoderus
sayanus, Pomotis, Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi, Mo-
rone americana and Achirus fasciatus; Delaware
River at Oakwood Beach; Anchovia mitchilli, Fundu-
lus heteroclitus macrolepidotus, Menidia menidia no-
tata, Bairdiella chrysura, Pogonias cromis and Ach-
rus fasciatus. In Salem Creek at Sharptown: ,
Cyprinus carpio, Abramis, Notropis cornutus, Erimy-
zon, Ameiurus nebulosus, Anguilla rostrata, Hsox
reticulatus and Pomotis gibbosus. In Game Creek:
Abrams, Pomotis and Micropterus salmoides. Dela-
ware River beach at Oldmans Point: Alosa sapidis-
sma, Dorosoma cepedianum, Anchovia mitchilli,
Hybognathus nuchalis regius, Fundulus heteroclitus
macrolepidotus, F'. diaphanus, Pomotis, Roccus line-
atus and Morone americana. In the mill-pond at
Swedesboro: Abramis, Notropis whip pli analostanus,
Lepomis auritus, Pomotis gibbosus and Micropterus
salmoides.

Henry W. Fow ter,

Philadelphia, Pa.

THE PRESENT STATUS AND BREEDING
SEASON OF THE GIANT TOAD (BUFO
AGUA) IN BARBADOS, ST. VIN-
CENT. sERINITDAD AND
DEMERARA.*

Not long ago a question arose regarding the
present status, and breeding season, of the Giant
Toad (Bufo agua) in certain of the West Indian
colonies, and in order to secure definite data on the
subject I wrote to Barbados, St. Vincent, Trinidad
and Demerara (British Guiana), receiving the fol-
lowing replies:

Barbados.—No mention of the occurrence of this
toad (known locally as the “crapaud”’) is made either
by Ligon (1673) or Hughes (1750). Schomburg in
his “History of Barbados,” published in 1848, in-
cludes it in his list of reptiles on page 679, with the
following note: “I have been assured that this spe-
cies, which is so common in Demerara, was introduced
from there about fifteen years ago L[i.e., about 18331.”

It is not known exactly when it was introduced
into Antigua. It is now very common both on Bar-
bados and Antigua, though on both islands it has
become less numerous in recent years, owing probably
to the introduction of the mongoose, which seems to
prey upon the toad when pressed by hunger.

It certainly lays its eggs at least twice a year. In
August last year (1914) ponds in Barbados were full
of tadpoles, and again in February this year (1915)
the same thing was noticed. (Extract from a letter
from Dr. Francis Watts, C.M.G., Imperial Commis-
sioner of Agriculture for the West Indies, Bridge-
town, Barbados.)

St. Vincent—The large toad (Bufo agua)
seems to be quite extinct here. I hear old people
speak of them, but I fancy the mongoose must have

*Published with the Permission of the Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution.

14 COPEIA

wiped them out. (Extract from a letter from Mr.
W. N. Sands, Agricultural Superintendent, St. Vin-
cent. )

Trinidad.—Toads are plentiful, and about in the
wet season, breeding then. The wet season has been
very irregular lately. August-October is given as
the most likely time for securing material of the young
stages. (Information given in a letter from Mr. F.
W. Urich, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture,
Trinidad. ) e

Demerara.—Bufo agua is extraordinarily com-
mon here and appears to breed about the commence-
ment of the wet season, somewhere in November or
thereabouts. (Extract from a letter from Mr. Gilbert
E. Bodkin, Government Economic Biologist, George-
town, Demerara. )

Austin H. Ciarx,
Washington, D.C.

ON THE PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE
TYPE SPECIMEN OF COPE’S
XANTUSIA PICTA.

There can, I think, be no doubt that Cope’s Yan-
tusia picta is the same species as Stejneger’s Xan-
tusia henshawt. Cope, however, stated that the type
of X. picta was from Tejon Pass, California, a local-
ity situated much to the north of the known range of
X.henshawi. I shall attempt to show that it is almost
certain that Cope’s type specimen really was collected
at Poway, San Diego County, California, not very
far from the type locality of Stejneger’s species. The
evidence, although circumstantial, seems clear. It is
as follows:

1.—The type of Xantusia picta was sent to Cope
by Mr. Rivers, who previously had sent Cope the type
of Xantusia riversiana, and who was in charge of the
natural history collections belonging to the Univer-
sity of California.

COPEIA 15

2.—In the early days of California museums the
custom was to label specimens not with the exact lo-
eality of origin, but rather with the published habitat
or range of the species.

3.—A short time after Stejneger described
Xantusia henshawi, 1 visited the type locality, at
Witch Creek, and obtained three specimens. Some
time later Rivers, on seeing these specimens in my
office, said:

“T see you have Yantusia vigilis. I sent a speci-
men to Professor Cope.”

4.—Some years later Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell
gave me a bottle containing several specimens of Yan-
tusia henshawi, collected by himself at Poway, San
Diego County, California. These he had labeled
Xantusia vigilis and upon my asking where he had
gotten that name for them, he said from Mr. Rivers
to whom he had given one of the same lot of speci-
mens a long time before.

It therefore seems almost certain that the type
of Xantusia picta was collected by Dr. Blaisdell at
Poway, San Diego, County, California; that it was
sent by Dr. Blaisdell to Mr. Rivers; that it was
wrongly identified by Mr. Rivers as Xantusia vigilis
and labeled with the habitat of that species; and that
Cope was thus led into error regarding the type local-
ity of his supposed new species, Yantusia picta.

JoHN VAN DENBURGH,
San Francisco, Cal.

A NOTE ON REPTILE COLLECTING.

‘ Where reptiles are plentiful they are usually col-
lected by means of a shotgun. One of the best that
I have found for the purpose is built like a pistol,
has 2 eighteen-inch, 22 and 44 gage barrels, and uses
machine loaded cartridges with fine shot.

16 COPEIA

It will be found advantageous to carry specimens
in a bag with a little corn meal or dry sand. On reach-
ing camp they should be placed in water and left until
all blood and foreign matter have soaked loose, when
they should be washed and carefully spread out in a
pan containing a quantity of 50% alcohol with which
about one-twentieth of its bulk of formalin has been
mixed. During the first few hours the specimens may
be frequently turned over, and fresh fluid injected
through abdominal incisions previously made. One
incision is usually sufficient for a lizard, but several
are necessary for a snake, and one should invariably
be made in the tail just posterior to the anal opening.
In one or two days the material with the possible
exception of certain snakes is sufficiently cured to be
closely packed with fresh formalin (about 27) in
glass fruit jars or small metal cases. Fine excelsior
placed between specimens will prevent rubbing, assist
in keeping them moist if the container should leak,
and moreover things packed thus will not arrive at
the museum distorted and broken as sometimes hap-
pens when they are wrapped with cloth.

Formalin is recommended only as a temporary
preservative, and it should not touch specimens in-
tended for osteological study. In all cases they should
be removed from it as soon as possible. It is almost
indispensable, however, in field work when one must
go hehtly equipped.

J. O. SNYDER,

Stanford University.

Edited by J. T. Nicuo_ts, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, March 24, 1916. No. 28

1
’

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

A RECORD OF THE BERMUDA CHUB
(KYPHOSUS) FROM LONG ISLAND,
NEW YORK.

A Bermuda Chub (Kyphosus sectatriv) was
taken November 2, 1915, at Orient, Long Island,
in Long Island Sound. It was 10 inches long, 3
inches deep, 1 inch thick in widest part near the head.
The specimen has been identified by the Department
of Fishes of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York, from a photograph taken of it at
the time of capture.

T have been about pound-fishing for over twenty
years on the east end of Long Island, and this is the
first specimen of this species that I have seen.

Roy LatHam,
Orient, N. Y.

AQUARIUM CULTURE OF TRICHO-
GASTER LALIUS.

Of all the Labyrinth-fish so far known in this
country not one has been such a general favorite as
Trichogaster lalius, commonly called Dwarf Gurami.
Seldom more than two inches in length, this little
beauty, which was first imported from India into Ku-
rope in 1903, has, through its interesting habits in
breeding and general graceful bearing, quickly found
many friends in the Aquarium world, At first ex-

18 COPEIA

tremely shy, and hiding itself away at the slightest
disturbance, with proper care it soon becomes tame.
It is interesting to see them go up to any new stone
or other object which has been placed in the aquarium
and examine it with their feelers.

The principle color extendmg over the body of
the male, excepting the fins and tail, is steel blue,
with irregular orange zigzag bands running: verti-
cally. The fins and tail (except the pectoral fins) are
orange, mottled with a great number of red spots
the size of a pin-head, the edges of the fins are blue
with bright red tips. During the mating and breed-
ing seasons these already bright colors are greatly
intensified. The pale orange becomes redder and the
blue throat a most brillant ‘dark steel blue.

The nest-building habits are somewhat different
from those of the other fish of this family. Whereas
Paradise fish, and other Guramis, Fighting-fish, ete.,
make their nest entirely of air bubbles, Lalius util-
izes small pieces of plants, roots, algae, ete., to form
a somewhat dome-shaped structure which projects
above the surface and is about two inches in diameter.
Under this he builds his bubble nest. ‘The comple-
tion of his nest will take him about a day, and there
is not a second of rest or inactivity during this proc-
ess. One minute one may see him tearing on a de-
composed plant leaf and carrying the pieces so gotten
to the spot chosen for the nest where they are thrown
into a compact mass on the surface of the water, the
next minute he may be seen chasing his perhaps too
inquisitive and eager mate around the tank, punish-
ing her with plainly heard whacks, until she retires
to her undisputed hiding place. It is not obvious how
the sound, something like that from snapping ones
fingers, is produced. Or he may be at the surface
of the water taking in air so that one might think
he were trying to fill his whole body. After getting
his supply he retires under the nest and fills the whole
inside of the fibrous mass with small air bubbles.

COPEIA 19

After its completion he tries to induce the female
to come under the nest. In many cases he can get
her there only after a wild chase around the tank,
but very often the female after watching the male
finish his task in building the nest comes without
urging to deliver her eggs. Now the male, resplend-
ent in his most gorgeous colors, all atremble, after
circling around her a few times, folds or bends him-
self around her body, at the same time turning her on
her back, and then the hardly visible eggs are ex-
purged, fertilized, and rise into and between the bub-
bles of the nest.

Hatching takes place, according to the tempera-
ture, in from 12 to 40 hours. The newly hatched
fish are hardly visible. They are only discernible
when they move, their eyes being practically the only
things noticeable, as their bodies are perfectly clear
and not distinguishable from the water. It is always
advisable to remove the female immediately after the
eggs are safely in the nest, as she is liable to dart
up and eat them before her watchful mate can pre-
vent her. As with all Labyrinth fish the male takes
care of the eggs and young until the latter are able
to leave the nest, and then he, too, should be taken
out of the tank.

In order to be successful in raising the young
ones, an even temperature of the water of at least
70° is absolutely necessary. It should not be more
than three inches deep and there should be plenty
of algae and plants such as Salvinia, Riccia, where
the youngsters can find their food and a place to hide.
In artificial feeding great care has to be taken not
to feed too much, as any food left to decay will cause
untold trouble. In giving live food such as small
Daphnia or Cyclops, it is imperative to strain these
through a very fine hair sieve, as the most minute
only are fit for the young fish. Should any of the big
ones get into the tank, they will m a few days time
destroy and eat the fish. One of the worst enemies

20 COPEIA

which are liable to infest the tank when feeding live
food are hydras, which in a very short time will de-
stroy a whole brood, and it is very difficult to rid a
tank of this pest.

Lalius will breed three or four and even more
times during a season, the first broods always being
more numerous and stronger than the later ones, but
it is good policy not to let the fish breed too often,
as the drain on their vitality may be too much and
prove fatal.

Ricuarp Dorn,

Upper Montclair, N. J.

AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM ON LONG
ISLAND, I.

After many years of futile search for Ambly-
stoma tigrinum on Long Island, the past season has
been unexpectedly productive in furnishing records
of both adults and larvae of this species.

Records of Adults.
“Rancocas,” the first and apparently specific rec-
ord by William LL. Sherwood (Linn. Soc. 1894-95,

No. 7), is a misprint as no such place exists on Long
Island. Mr. Sherwood admits this, yet in reasserting
the occurrence of the species he prefers to withhold
the right name of the station, fearing extermination.

Patchogue, 1 specimen from salt marshes near

Swan Creek, identified from, photograph by Dr.
Frank Overton, who reports its capture “some years
ago.”

Syosset, November, 1914. 1 Specimen 8%
inches, found near drain, cement basement, 1 Hud-
son Estate. Sent to N. Y. Zool. Park and is still
living.

Yaphank, August 24, 1915. 1 specimen 87
inches found in cellar, A. C. Weeks. Presented to
Brooklyn Museum. Still living.

COPEIA 21

Shoreham, September 24, 1915. 2 specimens
from an old well. Sent to Brooklyn Museum. One
72 ches long is still living, the other, about same
size, escaped.

Jamaica (Hill Section). 1 specimen about 7
inches long shown by Hermann Rabenau at Brooklyn
Aquarium Society Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum,
October, 1915.

Middle Island, October 10, 1915. Dr. Frank
Overton, 1 specimen sent to American Museum of
Natural History.

All the Long Island specimens examined vary
but little in color pattern, which shows numerous ir-
regular, olivaceous blotches, forming more or less
connected bands at the sides and on the tail. The
ground color is dull black above and lead-color below.
The under-side of the head is olive-yellow. Of four
living specimens now at hand, two males and two
females, the latter are marked with blotches decidedly
more olive-yellow than those of the males.

Search for adults under logs, stones, ete., in re-
gions where they are known to occur failed so far.
Apparently they have the habit of wandering con-
siderable distances from their breeding places, hiding
during the day in deep burrows, stone walls, drains,
etc. The foreman of the I. Hudson Estate near Sy-
osset told the author that a number of specimens are
found nearly every year about the stables or under
rubbish heaps. He also mentioned the reluctance of
some of the workmen to clean the catch-basins be-
cause “‘there’s lizards in ’em.”

Captive specimens have been fed principally
earthworms and also on tadpoles, small fishes, and
caterpillars. ‘They are voracious and omnivorous
feeders. When hungry they will snap at a finger or
anything held dangling before their mouths. Earth-
worms are shaken vigorously bull dog fashion, be-
tween gulps, until swallowed. The Museum speci-

22 COPEIA

mens, kept in a glass vivarium with wet, pebbly bot-
tom and rock-shelter, have remained active through-
out the winter, feeding freely, and molting, on the
average, every ten days. The cast-off skins are very
delicate, usually in the shape of a slimy ball. During
the day the salamanders remain under the rock-
shelter, but at night they prowl about with consid-
erable agility.
GrorGE P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N. ¥.

NOTES ON VIRGINIA HERPETOLOGY.

On November 25-28 I collected at Midway, Nel-
son Co., Va. (see Coprra 18), and offer the follow-
ing notes on late activity and additions to the previ-
ous list. The day temperature was exceptionally
warm for the season, though it was below freezing
every night.

Sceloporus undulatus (Latreille). One on a
fenee, November 27.

Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). One im a
swamp, November 28.

Rana clamata Daudin. One in a spring, No-
vember 26. ;

Desmognathus fusca (Raf.). 16 adults and 17
larvae.

Plethodon erythronotus (Green). 4 adults and
1 young.

Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). 4 adults and 2
larvae.

Spelerpes ruber (Daudin). 2 first year and 2
second year larvae.

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green). One adult
female. This was quite a surprise to me as the fauna
is Carolinian and the altitude is 500 feet. This, so
far as I can find out, is the second Virginian record

COPEIA 23

for this species, the other one was collected by Baird

and is in the National Museum. The locality given

as the “upper James River.” 7
Notopthalmus viridescens (Raf.). 5 adult males.

E. R. Dunn,
Haverford College, Pa.

NOTE ON AMBLYSTOMA OPACUM,
GRAV.

On September 25, 1913, the writer, with Mr.
John Toomey, of the Reptile House Staff at Bronx
Park, went to Silver Lake, near White Plains, N. Y.,
to collect Insects and Amphibia. The weather had
been warm and dry for some time and all the pools
in the woods were completely dried up. In about
the center of one of these dried up pools Mr. 'Too-
mey, having lifted one of the many large slabs of
bark partially buried among dead leaves, discovered
an adult marbled Salamander, Amblystoma opacum,
coiled around a quantity of gelatinous balls. Upon
examination by the writer these were found to be
eggs containing living embryos. ‘The eggs were
lying in a slight depression, the debris under the slab
of bark being fairly damp. On searching further,
another female with eggs was discovered, under sim-
ilar conditions.

The eggs were about 3/16 of an inch in diam-
eter, and not connected with one another in any way.
They were covered with small particles of soil and
desiccated leaves which adhered to the sticky gela-
tinous envelope. The eggs were kept in some of the
debris in which they were found. On September 27,
one batch was placed in a shallow pan of water,
where they hatched on September 28.

The larvae were *S of an inch in length, very
slender and delicate, translucent and pale gray in
color. The gills were very long and the delicate front

24 COPEIA

legs were fully developed. The second batch of eggs
was kept in the damp debris until October 18, when
these, too, were placed in water, where they hatched
October 19. The writer fed the larvae on small fresh
water crustaceans, which they could be observed
snapping up with quick forward darts. Unfortu-
nately these interesting larvae succumbed to an un-
usually hot spell late in October, 1913. Although
several trips were made to the same locality during
the early fall of 1914 and 1915, no further batches
of spawn and very few adults were discovered.

In April, 1915, however, the writer collected
about a dozen larvae of this species from another
pool, nearer the lake. ‘These were nearly two inches
long, black with tiny silvery specks all over the up-
per surfaces, large gills and four well-developed
limbs. They were at first thought to be A. puncta-
twm, but when in early June, 1915, they lost their
gills, the color pattern consolidated into the typical
cross-marbling of A. opacum.

In conclusion I will remark that I am not aware
of the existence of any other record of Amphibian
spawn being found in the fall, as far north as New
York State.

Ricuarp EF. DECKERT,

New York, N. Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicuo_ts, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, April 12, 1916. No. 29

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

THE NOMENCLATURE OF AMERICAN FISHES AS
AFFECTED BY THE OPINIONS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION
ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMEN-

CLATURE.

In the third International College of Zoology meet-
ing at Leyden, Holland, in 1895, an International Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature was appointed. At
Cambridge in 1898, this Commission was made perma-
nent, and the number increased from five to fifteen. At
Berne in 1904, these were divided into three classes, each
to serve for nine years. At Boston in 1907, provision
was made for giving opinions on problems in zoological
nomenclature by vote of the members of the Commission.

These opinions have been printed from time to time
by the Smithsonian Institution. (Publications 1938, 1989,
2060, 2169, 2256, 2359.)

In the present paper I have tried to note the changes
in nomenclature of American fishes since the publication.
of Jordan and Evermann’s Fishes of North and Middle
America (1898), (Bulletin 47 U. S. National Museum),
as affected by these opinions.

Etheostoma Rafinesque

Type Etheostoma blennioides Rafinesque. The gen-
eric name EHtheostoma should replace Diplesion, for
Etheostoma blennioides (Rafinesque), while Catonotus
Agassiz should replace Etheostoma as the generic or sub-
generic name of the group typified by Etheostoma flabel-
lave Rafinesque. If the genus is to be recognized in the
broad sense adopted by Jordan and Evermann under the
head of Htheostoma, the name Peecilichthys must be
taken instead of Etheostoma, Htheostoma variatum Kirt-

26 COPEIA

land being its type. It is probable, however, that several
of the subgenera recognized by Jordan and Evermann
should stand as valid genera. Among these are Nano-
stoma, Putnam; Nothonotus, Cope; Torrentaria, Jordan
and Evermann; Oligocephaius, Girard; Nivicola, Jordan
and Evermann; Rafinesquiellus, Jordan and Evermann;
Claricola, Jordan and Evermann; and Catonotus,
Agassiz.
Amia Gronow

In Opinion 20, it is decided that the generic names
of Gronow (1763), with polynomial names for species,
shall be accepted, their date being subsequent to that of
the Tenth Edition of the Systema Nature (Jan. 1,
1758). The ease of Brisson (1760) in Birds (Opinion
37), is exactly parallel except that the names of Brisson
have come into more general use than those of Gronow.
Amia Gronow (1763) must displace Amita Linnzus
(1766). Amia L. thus becomes Amiatus Rafinesque
(1815), and the species becomes Amiatus calvus. Amia
Gronow replaces Apogon Lacépéde (1802), and the type
species becomes Amia imberbis. Cyclogaster Gronow
must replace Liparis (Artedi) Scopoli, 1777. The type
species of both is Cyclopterus paris L. Collyedon Gro-
now must replace Scarus Forskal (1775), Scarus Gronow
(1763), being a Labrus. The type of Callyodon is Scarus
croicensis, Bloch. Enchelyopus Gronow (17638) must re-
place Zoarces, Cuvier 1829, the type of each being Blen-
nius viviparus L. Hepatus Gronow (1763) must replace
Teuthis L. (1766) and Acanthurus Forskal, 1775, the
type of each being Teuthis hepatus L. The accepted
genera Holocentrus, Pholis, Eleotris, Albula, Synodus,
Umbra, Leptocephalus and Pteraclis must date from Gro-
now (1763), not from later usage.

Ceratichthys Baird and Girard (Opinion 22

The name Ceratichthys Baird and Girard, monoty-
pic, being based on Ceratichthys vigilax Baird and Gi-
rard, must replace Cliola Girard (1856) based on the
same species. Ceratichthys of Girard (1856) is synony-
mous with the earlier Nocomis of Girard. This decision
conserves also the genus Cymatogaster, Gibbons (C. ag-
gregatus).

In Opinions 23 and 24 the generic names Cheilodip-
terus Lacépéde (vice Aspro Commerson) and Antenna-
rius (Commerson) Lacépéde vs. Histrio Fischer (1813)
are conserved.

ange st I

COPLIA 27

Opinion 25 conserving Dameseila Walcott (1905)
notwithstanding the existence of Damesiella Tornquisc
1899, applies equally to the genus Dekaya Cooper (1862)
as against the prior Dekayia of Miine-Edwards and
Haime (1851), a genus of corals. Dekaya princeps shouid
therefore replace Caulolatilus princeps, as the name of
the California “Blanquillo.”

Opinion 26 confirms the view of Jordan and Ever-
mann that Cypsilurus of Swainson is merely a misprint
for Cypselurus which name should stand. It should be
noted that Hxoceetus volitans L. the type of Hxocetus is
a species of the genus called Halocypselus. HWxocoectus
should therefore replace Halocypselus while the genus
called Hxocetus by Jordan and Evermann becomes Cyp-
selurus.

Opinion 29 regards Pachynathus Swainson (1839)
as a misprint for Pachygnathus. It is in this form pre-
occupied by Pachygnathus 1834, a genus of spiders. The
genus typified by Balistes capistratus Shaw, being thus
left without a name may be called Sufflamen Jordan
(new generic name). Sufflamen (impediment) is a
word used by Professor Mitchill for the “trigger” of
these “Trigger Fishes.” The American species, common
on the west coast of Mexico, is different from the true
Sufflamen capistratus of the Kast Indies and may stand
as Sufflamen verres (Gilbert and Starks).

In opinion 33 the generic name Rutilus Rafinesque
is conserved for the type of Cyprinus rutilus L. Appar-
ently, however, no American species are congeneric with
this type nor with Leucos of Heckel. The species re-
ferred to Rutilus by Jordan and Evermann are placed in
other genera as Siphateles Cope and Hesperoleucus Sny-
der by Professor Snyder. Myloleucus Cope is a synonym
of Richardsonius Girard.

Opinion 58 reverts to common usage from that of
Jordan and Evermann. /Hsox lucius L. should stand as
type of Hsox, rejecting Lucius Rafinesque, and E’soa be-
lone L. is type of Belone Cuvier.

In like fashion opinion 45 decides that Syngnathus
acus L. is the type of Syngnathus L. of which Siphostoma
Rafinesque 1810 becomes a synonym.

In opinion 60, Salmo irideus, Gibbons (1885), the
name of the Rainbow Trout is maintained as against
the original misprinted or incorrect spelling Salmo
iridia. Whether Salmo gairdneri Richardson (1836) is
based on the same fish or on an imperfect example of

28 COPEIA

the red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum) is still
uncertain.

In opinion 52, the names (Semotilus) corporalis
(Mitchill) and (Notropis) cornutus (Mitchill) as used
by Jordan and Evermann are conserved as against the
specific names, buliaris and megalops given to the re-
spective species by Rafinesque. Mitchill’s first account
(August, 1817) of each species is a brief notice, followed
later (March, 1818), by an adequate description. Be-
tween these two dates (Dec., 1817) Rafinesque pub-
lished descriptions. A brief notice if identifiable con-
stitutes a description.

Opinion 54 confirms the genus Phoxinus and Albur-
nus as of Rafinesque (1820) not of Agassiz (1835).

Another opinion confirms the decision made by
Jordan and Gilbert that the proper type of the genus
Pleuronectes L. should be Pleuronectes platessa L, the
type of Plestessa Cuvier, and that the proper type of
Sparus L. should be Sparus aurata L. later type of
Aurata Fleming and of Chrysophrys Cuv. and Val.

Under the accepted rules the generic name Bodianus
Bloch 1790 (type Bodianus bodianus Bloch=Labrus rufus
L.) must replace Harpe Lacépéde (1902) with equivalent
type. B. bodianus being of necessity the type of Bod-
ianus, through tautonomy.

Opinion 40 with special note by Dr. Stejneger con-
firms Salmo eriox L. as the proper name of the Trout
of western Europe, in place of Salmo fario and Salmo
trutta.

Opinion 41, confirms the use of the generic name
Ablennes instead of Athlennes (originally a slip of the
pen), for the Gar-fish, Ablennes hians.

Opinion 44 confirms the use of Leptocephalus, a
name applied to a larva, in place of the later Conger,
applied to the adult.

Opinion 47 confirms Carcharias taurus Rafinesque
as type of Carcharias Rafinesque, thus replacing Odon-
taspis Agassiz. On the same reasoning the type of
Galeus Rafinesque becomes Galeus mustelus as Galeus re-
places Pleuracromylon. This view diverges from com-
mon usage, although it accords with the view (unwill-
ingly) taken by Jordan and Evermann. On a similar
line of argument we must accept (also unwillingly)
Carapus Rafinesque in place of Fierasfer Cuvier.

DAVID STARR JORDAN,
Stanford University.
Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, April 24, 1916. No. 30

Published to advance the Science of Pale siianard vertebrates

A SECOND OCCURRENCE OF ERILEPIS
IN AMERICAN WATERS

Although the giant bass-like fish, Hrilepis zoni-
fer, was described for the first time from Monterey
Bay on the coast of California, it has never since been
recorded from American waters, and it has come to
be regarded as a stray from Japan, where it is of
rather common occurrence, having been occasionally
seen by Doctor Jordan and Professor Snyder in
their explorations of Japan. It is of great interest,
then, to find it, perhaps as a stray, in the waters of

Alaska.

The writer had the good fortune to see the
specimen in a frozen condition at Prince Rupert, just
as it had been landed from one of the halibut
schooners, the “Mallola.” According to the mem-
bers of the crew, it had been caught in Southeastern
Alaska, in one of the long inland straits which form
the “Inside Passage,” either in Frederick Sound or
Chatham Straits. There is no reason to doubt the
fact that the fish came from that locality, as it could
not have been imported from other regions, nor was
the boat able to make distant trips. The winter had
been a very bitter one up to that time, the last of
January, and it may have been that changed condi-
tions had led to the straying of this specimen from
its usual habitat, or that the halibut fishermen had
fished in unusual places.

30 COPEIA

The specimen was of a hundred pounds weight,
eviscerated, but the length could not be taken at the
time, although it was cstimated as about four and
a half or five feet. 'There were no points of differ-
ence in general appearance between it and the speci-
mens from Japan and Monterey Bay, later
examined, except in the absence of any dark bars on
the body, which was a uniform dark color, save on
the lighter ventral surface. The dorsal formula was
XI, 16, that of the anal III, 14, in both fins the first
spines being indistinct and buried. ‘There were 126
series of scales along the lateral line, 31 longitudinal
series above it, and 48 below. ‘The head was con-
tained about 8 or 31/2 times in the body length, but,
as measurements had to be made very roughly with
the hands, they are not of much value, and may be
omitted, with the statement that they conformed in
general to those of other specimens. The fish was
caught on a hook on the halibut trawl lines, baited
with herring, “at a depth of 150 fathoms.”

Wit F. THompson,
Stanford University.

IS CYNOSCION NOTHUS AN ABNORMAL
REGALIS

Cynoscion nothus (called locally “Silver trout”)
is occasionally caught at Cape Lookout, North Caro-
lina, always singly and always associated with Cyno-
scion regalis (¢ called locally “Grey Trout).

On each of the four occasions on which I have
caught a fish identified as nothus, I have caught in
the same set of the net a large number of regalis of
exactly the same size.

Three of my nothus were adults and on each of
those occasions they were caught in company with
large numbers of regalis of the same size, but this
feature came out with striking force when on one
occasion while using the small “net, I caught several

COPEIA dl

hundred small regalis about 3 inches long, one of
which was identified by Mr. Barton A. Bean of the
United States National Museum as nothus.

In no case have I found the body of my speci-
mens of nothus more compressed than the bodies of
regalis of the same size caught at the same time.
There is great variation with age in regalis, and in
order properly to compare nothus with it one must
have specimens of the same size and condition of
nutrition. Whenever I have made such comparison
the color has been the only obvious difference be-
tween the two.

The only way that [I can explain the remarkable
correspondence in size, between specimens of nothus
and regalis with which they are caught is by suppos-
ing them to have been spawned with the regalis; and
as two species of fish cannot come from the same lot
of spawn, I consider nothus simply an abnormally
colored regalis.

RusseL_t J. Coss,
Danville, Va.

LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH EATING
FISH.

On April 2, 1916, a very early Louisiana Water
Thrush (Seturus motacilla) appeared in Central
Park, New York City. It was remarkably tame,
walking about the edges of some small ponds, and
at one time going under a low bridge upon which
several persons were standing. ‘The most remarkable
action on its part was to dart toward the surface of
the water and seize a small fish perhaps an inch and
a half in length. The bird did not swallow the fish
whole, but pecked it bit by bit, probably consuming
all of the flesh.

GrorcE EK. Hrx,
New: VYiorle, N.Y".

32 COPEIA

AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM ON LONG
[SEAND. 2

Records of Larvae.

Investigation concerning the larval stages of
this species during the past season were restricted
to one station, namely the I. Hudson Estate near
Syosset, which comprises about 100 acres, situated
in the hilly or moraine region of Long Island. With
the highest elevation, about 200 feet on the western
part of the estate, drainage is through the eastern
part, where in meadow and woodland there are
several small permanent ponds and in the sprmg and
early summer numerous temporary pools.

On the first visit to the region, May 31st, both
the ponds and pools were examined thoroughly, the
results showing an abundance of aquatic life, includ-
ing spotted and painted turtles, several species of
frogs, tadpoles, waternewts and a great variety of
aquatic insects. In addition some of the permanent
ponds have been stocked with gold fish; others con-
tain vellow perch and sunfish. Larvae of Ambly-
stoma, more or less common, were found only in the
temporary pools. ‘This observation was verified on
subsequent visits.

Condensed field notes and notes on captive
specimens are as follows:

May 31st, 1915. Pools im woodlands, with very
muddy water on account of cattle, are swarming
with tadpoles of Rana sylvatica. Caught six larvae
of Amblystoma tigrinum from 2 to 3 inches long. In
color they are dark olive green above, heavily
mottled, and uniform dull white below. Fins on tail
and back are broad, blade-hke and_ translucent.
Head is large, wider than body. Eyes prominent,
iris golden “yellow, pupil black. Gills long and
feathery, three on each side, carried upright and for-
ward when the larvae are resting. Limbs on small

COPEIA 33

specimens are short and feeble, on large ones rather
large and stout. In the woodland or ~ muddy pools
the larvae frequently come to the surface for air.

In a deeper and clearer pool, in an adjomimg
meadow, specimens of larvae ranging in length from
less than 2 to over 4 mehes, could be readily dis-
cerned as they came up for air, though less frequently
than those in the muddy pools, or as they remained
stationary, supported by a blade of grass or some
other slight object, perhaps ten inches below the sur-
face. Averaging larger in size, the larvae in this pool
also display without exception, a brighter color of
olive green and their general appearance suggests
small pike. Only two specimens of moderate size
were captured. ‘The entire catch of the day died on
the way home and has been preserved in fluid.

June 15th. Second Visit to Hudson Estate.
Water in the pools is much lower. Caught nine
larvae, 3 to 3'2 inches long, in muddy pools, and six
2’ to 4 inches long, in clear pool. In an aquarium
at the Museum the larvae proved voracious feeders,
preferring tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) to earthworms
and caterpillars. Small larvae had to be separated
from larger ones of their own kind to prevent canni-
balism.

June 19th. Wargest larva measures 4/2 inches.
Absorption of gills is beginning.

June 2ist. ‘Third visit to Hudson Kstate ac-
companied by Mr. Deckert of New York Zoological
Park.

Muddy pools in woodlands had dried up with
the exception of one, still containing a few gallons
of water. ‘Two Green Herons and a number of
Purple Grackles were observed feeding at this pool.
The remaining water was alive with tadpoles, well
advanced in development, and larvae of A. tigrinum,
some with gills partially absorbed, others still normal.
32 were counted. Dhiligent search for specimens

34 COPEIA

which had completed their metamorphosis failed. In
the clear, meadow pool which though reduced still
showed a considerable volume of water, Mr. Deckert
captured ten specimens of larvae, 3 to 4 inches long.
None of these showed traces of transformation.

June 24th. Absorption of gills and fins on
largest aquarium specimen (4/2 inches) is proceed-
ing rapidly. Color is much darker.

July 12th. During a two weeks’ absence all but
two of the larvae died while undergoing transforma-
tion. The largest living specimen measures 412
inches, the smaller one, 3'4 inches. Both show only
traces of gills; fins have been absorbed. Limbs are
large and stout. Color above grey-black; below slate
colored.

July 20th. The two living specimens have been
transferred to a vivarium with wet, pebbly bottom
and rock-shelter. They feed sparingly on earth-
worms and toad tadpoles. Gill slits are entirely
closed. Dull yellow blotches in irregular arrange-
ment begin to appear.

August 15th. Metamorphosis complete. Color
pattern same as adults. Food, principally earth-
worms, is taken freely. Both specimens are sleek
and plump.

September 13th. Large specimen total length
5 5/16, tail 2% inches. Small specimen total length
4 5/16, tail 1%4 inches.

October 18th. Large specimen total length 57s
inches. Small specimen total length 47s inches.

February 17th, 1916. Large specimen total
length 6, tail 8% inches. Small specimen total length
55%, tail 3 inches.

Pending investigations to be continued during
the coming season and especially needed concerning
breeding habits and early stages, it has been thought
best to publish a brief statement of the information
obtained so far, in the hope that others, interested in

COPEIA 35

the subject, may share in the investigations and
thereby render as complete as possible the detailed
account on this salamander to be published later.
Gro. P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

WINTER ACTIVITY OF AMBLYSTOMA
PUNCTATUM, BAIRD

At noon, Dec. 23, 1911, Manchester, Maine, 1
found a medium-sized adult crawling on the snow.
A warm rain had fallen the night before, but it had
cleared off warm and the mercury stood at 42
degrees I. at the time. ‘There was about three inches
of snow left on the ground.

The place was on the south slope of a hill in
open pasture, about one-eighth of a mile from a little
swampy stream. ‘The animal had evidently come
from this stream but I doubt if it was going to any
definite place, for it was crawling towards a ridge
of high land where there was no open water within a
quarter mile.

Probably the warm weather had aroused it from
hibernation, but why it should have started off across
country on the snow is not so clear.

Puiiip H. Popr,
Manchester, Maine.

GREEN FROG ACTIVE IN DECEMBER

Ou December 18th, 1915, I saw a full grown
green frog (Rana clamitans) hopping along the
edge of Swan Creek pond, one mile east of Patch-
oque, N. Y. It was somewhat sluggish in its move-
ments, and I readily caught it. There were no exca-
vations by which it could have been thrown up from
the mud. The day was warm and rainy, but there
had been a cold spell a few days previously.

Wo. SANWALD,
Patchoque, N.Y.

36 COPEIA

THE SHARKS OF THE MIDDLE
ATLANTIC STATES

Orectolobidz
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonna-
terre )

Scyliorhinidae.
Scyliorhinus retifer (Garman).

Apristurus profundorum (Goode
and Bean)

Pseudotriakidae.

Pseudotriakis microdon Capello
Carchariidae.

Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque)
Alopiidae.

Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)
Tsuridae.

Isurus nasus (Bonnaterre).
Tsurus punctatus (Storer).

Tsurus tigris (Atwood).
Carcharodon carcharias (J.inn.).
Cetorhinus maximus (Gunner)

Galeorhinidae.
Mustelus mustelus (Linn.)

Eulamiidae.
Galeocerdo arcticus (Faber).
Glyphis glawcus (Linn.).
Hulamia obscurus (Le Sueur).

Eulamia milberti (Miller and
Henle).

Aprionodon isodon (Miiller and
Henle).

Scoliodon terrae-novae (Richard-
son)
Sphyrnidae.

Sphyrna tiburo (Linn.).
Sphyrna zygaena (Linn.).

Squalidae.
Squalus acanthias Linn.
Centroscyllium — fabricii

hardt)

Squatinidae.
Squatina dumeril Le Sueur.

(Rein-

Henry W. Fow er,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Edited by J. T. NicnHots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, May 24, 1916. No. 31

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

LUCANIA PARVA IN THE AQUARIUM

A ease of spawning in the aquarium of Lucania
parva has just come to the writer’s attention and
seems worthy of record.

This fish at times becomes very abundant among
water weed in a fresh or very slightly brackish tribu-
tary of Moriches Bay at Mastic, Long Island. A
number were captured here in September, 1914, since
which date the writer has kept the species in balanced
fresh-water aquaria continuously. From time to
time the original stock has been added to by later col-
lections or depleted by turning over fishes to other
persons interested in keeping aquaria, so he can not
say how long any one individual has lived in his tanks.
There has been in general little mortality among
them except wild fish immediately after having been
placed in the tanks. They have been fed on dried
food suitable for Poeciliid fishes. In the aquarium
they usually do not show the dark cross marking char-
acteristic of the fish when taken from its native haunt,
but this marking has been assumed by fishes kept for
several days in a tank where they swam among a
thick growth of linear waterplant. One or two speci-
mens have appeared in the writer’s aquaria apparent-
ly smaller than any placed therein, from which he
surmises that they must have done some spawning.
Certainly no considerable number of young have
been raised.

38 COPEIA

Lucania seems well adapted for the narrow con-
fines of an aquarium on account of its small size.
When several are placed in a tank they at first swim
about in a more or less compact school, but when
they become accustomed to their surroundings, scat-
ter about the tank. They are moderately active and
swim and take their food indifferently at the surface,
at the bottom or in mid water. ‘They have more poise
than Fundulus diaphanus or heteroclitus, are less n-
clined to sluggishness or excitability. They show
good spirit, frequently chasing one another, but are
not bad fighters.

In February, 1916, Mr. J. Taubles of New York
succeeded in getting spawn from four Lucania parva,
recently obtained from the writer. On March 15, I
visited his establishment and was shown several
healthy-looking fry about '4 in. in total length includ-
ing caudal. They resembled the adults but were pro-
portionately more slender with larger caudal fins.
These he estimated to be three weeks old.

The fish had spawned and earlier fry hatched in
a 14x 9x 9 inch tank placed in a window with water
temperature fairly uniform at perhaps 64 degrees,
and depth of water about 6 in. ‘The tank had a “good
growth of water plants, much fine vegetation, plenti-
ful algae. Although precise records had not been
kept, I obtained the following opinion from those
who had kept and cared for the fish. Younger fry
than those referred to above hatched March 9 res
spawn deposited on February 24, a period of just
two weeks.

J. EE NicHors;
New Y ork No ¥

FISH RECORDS FROM ORIENT, LONG
ISLAND.
The following records refer to fishes taken near

Orient, Long Island, New York. All the specimens
referred to were collected by the writer and with the

COPEIA 39

exception of the Siphostoma have recently been iden-
tified at the American Museum of Natural History.
Some of the species mentioned are common, but the
dates of occurrence given are of interest.

Round Herring Htrumeus sadina. Of less reg-
ular occurrence than Clupea harengus, although more
or less common every summer, May to October. It
was unusually abundant in 1915, as many as ten bar-
rels being taken in one lift of fishing pounds during
June, July, August and September. It is called
spearing and sardine, and not differentiated by some
fishermen from the common herring.

Common Anchovy. Stolephorus mitchilli. A
specimen 8 in. total length. Sound. Nov. 4, 1915.

Pipefish, Siphostoma fuscum. 'Two taken in
Long Island Sound, March 1, 1916.

Northern Barracuda, Sphyraena borealis. A
specimen 10 in. total length was taken in the Sound,
November 6, 1915.

Sead. Decapterus punctatus. A specimen 5%
in. total length. Sound. October 28.

Gogegle-eyed Sead. T'rachurops crumenoph-
thalmus. A specimen 5%4 in. total length. Sound.
October 18, 1915.

Big-eye. Pricanthus arenatus. ‘Two specimens
3% and 4 in. total length. Sound. October 10 and
21, 1914. A few (all about this size) are taken ev-
ery fall, September to November. The two speci-
mens referred to have well developed preopercular
spines.

Filefish. Monacanthus hispidus. A specimen
3% in. total length. Sound. November 8, 1915.

Mitchill’s Sculpin. Myowocephalus mitchilli. A
specimen 4% in. total length. Bay. April 14, 1916.

Lump fish. Cyclopterus lumpus. A specimen
two inches total length. Sound. October 25, 1914.
We get a few of this species, usually about 3 in. long,
every season, although it is never common.

40 COPEIA

Naked Goby. Gobiosoma bosci. A specimen
14 in. total length. Orient Bay. October 30, 1914.

Rock Eel. Pholis gunnellus. A specimen 34
in. total length. Sound. November 15, 1915.

Roy LatHam,
Orient, N. Y.

[Mr. Latham’s dried specimen identified as My-
oxwocephalus mitchilli differs from specimens of aene-
us strikingly in color, being darker, the dark and
white more contrasted, the fins more boldly marked.
The ventral fins especially have three or four very
bold black cross-bands, broader than the white inter-
spaces, whereas in aeneus they are but faintly marked.
The back seems to have been less elevated than in
aeneus and the spinous dorsal is more elevated, espe-
cially posteriorly, its longest spines equal 42 head.
Evidently this is the form described by De Kay as
mitchili (Cuvier & Valenciennes), (New York
Fauna, Fishes 1842), and presumedly scorpio (Mit-
chill) on which mitchilli (C. & V.) was based. It
is the same as a specimen with 10 anal rays (No. 718
A. M. N. H..) which was probably supposed to be
the young of the Daddy Sculpin, groenlandicus, as it
is in the same jar with a specimen of that species from
Casco Bay, Maine, both labelled scorpiodes! This lat-
ter specimen of mitchilli is in good preservation. It
has the back little elevated and the spinous dorsal a
little higher than any aeneus examined,—-its longest
spine not quite half head. ‘The colors are like those
of Mr. Latham’s specimen. An aeneus 4'4 in., total
length from Long Island with unusually high spi-
nous dorsal has its longest spine 2.8 in head. No sat-
isfactory structural difference, however, has been
found between these two specimens of mitchilli, and
aeneus. It is possible that recent authors are correct
i synonimizing the forms but they look different.—

Ed.]

COPEIA 41

RECORDS OF NORTHERN NEW JERSEY
FISHES.

Early in January, 1915, Prof. R. C. Osburn
kindly forwarded me records of additions to the New
York Aquarium obtained in New Jersey waters.
These were derived from the notes of Mr. W. I. De-
Nyse. I am indebted to both these gentlemen for
the opportunity of presenting the greater part of
the following list: 'The localities are Belford (b),
Sandy Hook (s), from off Seabright to off Long
Branch (0) in 6 to 17 fathoms. Butler (bu), Boon-
ton (bo), Lake Weequahic (w). I am alsc indebted
to Mr. C. F. Silvester for notes on fishes at Klberon
(e), Manasquan (m), North Long Branch (n),
Long Branch (1) and Princeton in the canal (c),
and Stony Brook (p). Petromyzon marinus (b, p.),
Carcharias taurus (b), Mustelus mustelus (s, 0, 1.),
Eulamia milberti (b, 0.), H. obscurus (1), Sphyrna
sygaena (1), Squalus acanthias (0, 1, e, m.), Raja
erinacea (b, 0, |.), R. ocellata (1), R. eglanteria (0),
FR. laevis, (b, 0, 1.), Narcobatus nobilianus (s, one
June, 1909), Dasyatis centroura (0), Rhinoptera
bonasus (b, one October 13, 1912), Acipenser sturio
(b), Z'arpan atlanticus (b), Dorosoma cepedianum
(c), Pomolobus mediocris (b), P. pseudoharengus
(b), Alosa sapidissima (b), Brevoortia tyrannus
(b), Ameiurus nebulosus (w), Schilbeodes gyrinus
(p), Abramis crysoleucas (w, bu, bo.), Notropis cor-
nutus (p), Carassius auratus (bu), Catostomus com-
mersonnu (bo), Hrimyzon sucetta oblongus (c, p.),
E'sox americanus (c), E. reticulatus (bu, Charlottes-
burg), Fundulus majalis (s, Shrewsbury River), F.
heteroclitus macrolepidotus (s), F'. diaphanus (Bay-
shore), Cyprinodon variegatus (s), T'ylosurus mari-
nus (s), Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (s), Syngna-
thus fuscus (m), Hippocampus hudsonius (1, s, b.),
Mugil curema (b?,s.), Scomber scombrus (e), Sarda
sarda (1, m.), Thunnus thynnus (1, n.), Scombero-
morus maculatus (1), Trichiurus lepturus (1), Istio-

42 COPEILA

phorus nigricans (n), Seriola zonata (1, 0.), Poma-
tomus saltatriw (s, b, n.), Trachinotus falcatus (b),
Rachycentron canadum (b), Poronotus triacanthus
(e), Aphredoderus sayanus (c), Lepomis auritus
(c, p.), Pomotis gibbosus (bu, bo, w, p.), Microp-
terus dolomieu, (w, bo, Millstone River below Rocky
Hill), M. salmoides (bo), Perca flavescens (bu, bo,
¢c, p.), Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi (p), Roccus line-
atus (b, 1, Barnegat), Morone americana (s), Cen-
tropristis striatus (s, b.), Stenotomus chrysops (s,
b.), Lagodon rhomboides (b), Mullus auratus (s),
Cynoscion regalis (1, s, b.), Bairdiella chrysura (s),
Leiostomus xanthurus (s, b.), Micropogon undula-
tus (b), Menticirrhus saxatilis (s, e.), Pogonias cro-
mis (b), TLautogolabrus adspersus (b), Tautoga
onitis (1, s, b.), Balistes carolinensis (0), Alutera
schoepfu (s, b, n.), Stephanolepis hispidus (b, s.),
Lagocephalus laevigatus (0), Spheroides maculatus
(o, s, b.), Chilomycterus schoepfi (s, b.), Myowoce-
phalus octodecimspinosus (n, m, 0.), M. aeneus (s,
b.), Prionotus evolans strigatus (s, b, 0.), P. caro-
linus (0, s, b.), Paralichthys dentatus (b, s, 0, 1.),
Pseudopleuronectes americanus (s), Achirus fascia-
tus (b), Leptecheneis naucrates (b), Opsanus tau
(s, b, l.), Astroscopus guttatus (s), Enchelyopus an-
guillaris (0), Rissola marginata (b), Gadus callarias
(0), Pollachius virens (0), Microgadus tomcod (s).
Urophycis regius (s,1.), U. chuss (0), U. tenuis (0),
Merluccius bilinearis (b, 1.), Lophius piscatorius (0,
].), Leptocephalus conger (1).
Henry W. Fow ier,
Philadelphia, Pa.

BURROWING HABITS OF THE BOX
TURTLE.

Dr. Overton’s note in Coprra No. 26 on “Aquat-
ic Habits of the Box Turtle” (Cistudo carolina) re-
calls to the writer observations on Long Island, which
indicate periods of aestivation for this species.

Rie > ty

COPEIA 43

At Yaphank box turtles can always be found in
considerable numbers during hot summer weather
buried to a depth of from six to ten inches in the mud
bordering a pool and several springs of a cranberry
bog. On short visits to the region, usually two or
three days, it could not be ascertained with certainty
how long a time the turtles remain buried, yet that
it must be for days, and, during prolonged droughts,
probably for weeks appears certain, since in many
cases observed the entry holes of the turtle burrows
had been almost closed through sagging, followed by
drying of the mud. From such burrows the turtles
could not escape, except by breaking through the
crust of mud at the top.

While the burrowing habit of the box turtle is
commonplace and well-known, the gathering of such
numbers of this species as witnessed by the writer
and Mr. Wm. T. Davis during August, 1918, on
Shelter Island, no doubt, is unusual. In a short, nar-
row ditch, partly filled with mud and water, we count-
ed sixty, without disturbing the turtles, and there
probably were as many more packed away in the
mud. New arrivals were still coming in from the
surrounding wood.

Grorce P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

THE BREEDING SEASON OF BUFO
MARINUS (L) IN DEMERARA.

In a recent number of Copria (February 24,
1916) Mr. Austin H. Clark says of the breeding sea-
son of Bufo agua (Bufo marinus L.) “appears to
breed about the commencement of the rainy season,
somewhere in November or thereabouts,” crediting
this statement to Mr. Gilbert E. Bodkin, Govern-
ment Economic Biologist of British Guiana.

The writer has no data on the habits of the spe-
cies in Demerara, except for the months of July, Au-
gust and September, but it should be recorded that

44 COPEIA

on the Demerara River, about thirty-five miles south
of Georgetown, in 1914, tadpoles were abundant in
July and August, and a lot taken during the last
week in July reached the adult stage on and after
August 16. From this the writer concludes that the
eges were laid about the first of July, and that in
Demerara the species breeds in the long wet season,
from the middle of April to September first. It is
possible that it also breeds in the short wet season,
which begins in November and lasts until the end of
January, as stated by Bodkin, but, in the opinion of
the writer, this has not as yet been established.

ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.

WATER-SNAKES SWALLOWING FISH.

At Mastic, Long Island, on May 9, 1915, a small
water-snake (T'ropidonotus) was observed on the
shore of Home Creek swallowing a large male Fun-
dulus heteroclitus, of much greater caliber than it-
self. The fish was about half engulfed head first, rts
tail still flopping occasionally. When alarmed the
snake took to the water, and when pinned to the bot-
tom with a canoe paddle immediately relinquished
the fish which swam away. Almost immediately af-
ter this snake was liberated a water-snake of the same
size which seemed more strongly marked was seen
in the water with a somewhat smaller male Fundulus
which it had seized by the caudal fin. Getting a firm
hold on the fish; which at times struggled violently,
it swam ashore with it. The final swallowing took
place slowly, tail first, the front end of the snake on
the shore. Finally it was able to close its mouth with
a gulp around the head of the fish which slipped back
towards its middle. Comparatively little distorted
by its meal the snake dived into the water and dis-

appeared. J.T: NicHors;
New York, N.Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnois, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, June 24, 1916. No. 32

ALE 4 4
Rye aw i SSP=
—— ee | wa

-

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

NOTES ON RADCLIFFE’S SHARKS AND
RAYS OF BEAUFORT

In his recent publication, The Sharks and Rays
of Beaufort, North Carolina (Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish.
XXXIV, Doc. No. 822), Mr. Lewis Radcliffe has
given the student of these interesting forms an ex-
ceptionally fine piece of work, which adds greatly to
our knowledge of them. By the many beautiful
figures of dermal denticles and by the prominent
position which he gives the use of the microscope as
a means of identification, he has brought into the
study of the KElasmobranchii added interest and
greatly increased accuracy and it is to be regretted
that in a work which will be so constantly before ich-
thyologists he has accepted in its entirety the nomen-
clature of Garman (The Plagiostoma, 1913) as this
pretty surely contains features which will not stand.
In my recent publication on Mobula I have used the
name olfersi advisedly. Specimens of this fish which
I sent to Paris have been compared by Dr. Jacques
Pellegrin with the topotype of olfersi taken on the
coast of Brazil in 1816 by Delalande and mentioned
by Muller and Henle. He has found them to be
the same species. Bancroft’s description of hypos-
toma, I consider insufficient (following the opinion

held by the late Dr. Theodore Gill).

46 COPEIA

Radcliffe refers to the small electric ray Narcine
from Beaufort as Narcine brasiliensis corallina a sub-
specific name used by Garman for the Florida speci-
mens apparently on account of their red color. I
doubt the taxonomic value of this color difference,
as specimens of Aetobatis which I have observed on
the west coast of Florida had a reddish color, differ-
ent from the clear black coloring of North Carolina
specimens. At any rate Beaufort Narcine, which I
have taken, have not been reddish.

The large electric ray Tetronarce occidentalis
has been excluded from the EKlasmobranchiu of the
North Carolina coast by Mr. Radcliffe as the records
on which Dr. Smith included it in Fishes of North
Carolina were indefinite. When preparing my
paper on Sharks and Rays of Cape Lookout (Proce.
Biol. Soc., Wash., 1915, page 89) I was of the same
opinion, but recently I have taken two examples off
Cape Lookout, which are now in the American
Museum of Natural History, New York.

Referring to Radcliffe’s note on the feeding
habits of Mobula olfersi (page 280), I will say that
like most of the Elasmobranchi they have very
varied feeding habits, but I have often seen them,
feeding on “minnows,” have caught them on hook
baited with living “minnow” and have usually found
in the many that I have examined that they contained
“minnows” although occasionally I have found that
they contained substances just as described by Mr.
Radcliffe, and I saw the examination which he men-
tions as being made on July 10, 1913, on 9 examples
[which I had caught the night before, July 9th] by
Prof. W. P. Hay, and in fact opened several of their
stomachs for this examination and discussed their
unusual contents with Prof. Hay.

COPEIA 47

Careful measurements of a female Mobula are
given on page 280 in which “both uteri were equally
developed,” a condition hard to explain, if this in-
dividual had ever had young. I have found the
left uterus only functional in this species.

Russet. J. Coss,
Danville, Va.

ON HEPSETIA BONAPARTE, A FORGOT-
TEN GENUS OF ATHERINOID FISHES

The Fauna Italica of Bonaparte was issued in
large sheets without date or pagination, the date
usually assigned being 1836.

In this volume three new genera of Silversides
(A therinidae), are indicated: Menidia, Membras and
Hepsetia. Of these, Menidia is defined, but without
mention of type. Jordan and Gilbert assumed in
1883 that Atherina menidia lL. was intended as the
type species, a view which is doubtless correct. Mem-
bras is also indicated without type. Its definition
contains nothing tangible. According to Aristotle,
the “éuBoas or Péeupous is a small fish of the shores of
Greece, similar to the “fvy or A phya (Atherina hep-
setus), but not so good as food. ‘This account may fit
Atherina mochon Cuv. and Val, a small species also
found in Greece, and is very likely the original
wéupoas. In want of other information we may take
Atherina mochon as type of Membras in which case
Membras becomes a synonym of Atherina. Hepsetia
has been thus far overlooked. Its type is expressly
stated to be Atherina boyeri Risso, while that of .Ath-
erina is Atherina hepsetus L. Hepsetia is defined as
having rather strong teeth in the jaws, vomer and

48 COPEIA

palatines, the head smail, the first dorsal over the ven-
trals. Atherina is defined by Bonaparte as having
very minute teeth, a sharper head and the dorsal over
the middle of the length of the pectorals.

“As a matter of fact, there is no important dif-
ference in the position of the dorsal, which, in both
species, is over the middle of the ventrals when de-
pressed, and well behind the tip of the pectorals.
Atherina boyerit has a shorter head, more oblique
mouth and rather larger teeth. But in this no generic
difference appears. Hepsetia like Membras, must be
considered as a synonym of Atherina.

Davip Srarr JORDAN,
Stanford University, Calif.

AMBLYSTOMA TIGRINUM ON LONG
ISLAND

Ova and Early Larval Development

Snow and frost prevailing throughout March,
field work during the present year was not resumed
until April 7th, “observations again being made on
the Hudson Estate near Syosset, L. I. The day was
sunny, but not warm, with a strong north wind. Mr.
R. Deckert, of the New Yor k Zoological Park,
accompanied the writer. In the woods there were
still patches of snow and ice, and the pools, which had
served as breeding places last year and had become
dry in summer or ‘fall, were now filled to overflowing,
indeed, in some places formed ponds of considerable
size and depth. Examination of the flooded regions
in the woods soon showed that they contained very
little aquatic life, aside from numerous fairy shrimps
(Branchippus vernalis), a few insects, and occasion-
ally a woodfrog (Rana sylvatica), or a green frog
(Rana clamata). The spring chorus of wood frogs

COPEILA 49

and peepers (Hyla pickeringi) came entirely from
ponds in adjoining meadows. One of these ponds,
from which last season a number of Amblystoma
larvae were obtained, again showed a profusion of
life. One corner teemed with woodfrogs, many of
them paired, while others had finished breeding to
judge from the egg masses attached to twigs and
branches just below the surface of the water. The
more secretive peepers were oftener heard than seen.
Cricket frogs (Acris gryllus crepitans) were also out,
but not yet in song.

Though our hopes of finding adults of A. tagri-
num, either breeding in the water or hiding on the
land, were not realized, we did notice, at some distance
from shore and barely visible at the depth of a foot
or more below the wind-ruffled surface, several masses
of jelly attached to the stalks of dead plants. Secur-
ing one by means of a long-handled landing net, and
feeling sure that it represented an egg-mass of A.
tigrinum, Mr. Deckert waded in and obtained ten
more. He also observed many others in inaccessible
parts of the pond.

The egg-masses are rounded oblong or kidney-
shaped. The largest measures 3 x 2 inches, the aver-
age being about two-thirds of that size. ‘The number
of eggs is 80 in the smallest and 110 in the largest
mass. Unlike the egg-masses of woodfrogs, which
are composed of an aggregation of small, jelly spheres
each enveloping an egg, the egg-masses of A. trigi-
num represent one homogeneous mass of jelly, within
which the eggs are distributed irregularly. ‘The eggs
measure 3 mm. in diameter, the animal pole being
dark brown and the vegetative pole light buff. They
are closely surrounded by a clear cell 4 mm. in diam-
eter. I can see no obvious difference between the eggs
of this salamander and those of A. punctatum, except
that the egg-masses of the latter species average larger
in size and usually contain considerably over 100 eggs.

50 COPEIA

Unfertilized ova, indicated by white, opaque eggs,
amount to about 20%. While actual observations
concerning the date of ovulation were not obtained,
it seems safe to assume that this could not have taken
place until the ponds were at least partially free from
ice, which would fix the date not earlier than April
Ist. Some of the egg-masses, judging from the ad-
vanced state of disintegration of the unfertilized ova,
probably were deposited about that date, others, esti-
mated on the same basis, were not over 2 or 3 days
old. Workmen on the Hudson Estate had not come
across any of the adult salamanders so far during the
present season.

April 10th—The ova of two out of four egg-
masses kept in an aquarium at the laboratory have
changed in form from spherical to arcuate, causing a
proportionate enlargement of the clear cell surround-
ing them. ‘The ova in the other two egg-masses are
still spherical though somewhat enlarged.

April 18th—Two larvae have hatched and are
actively swimming about. ‘Total length, 138 mm.
Head very large, flattened. Eyes prominent, pupil
black, iris speckled golden yellow. Gills and caudal
membrane well developed. Yolk sack almost ab-
sorbed. Limbs not visible. Color, dorsally olive grey,
speckled and irregularly blotched; ventrally pale buff.
Magnification shows asteroid arrangement of pigment
cells embedded in skin. Caudal membrane, extending
dorsally to gill slits and ventrally to vent, is translu-
cent, showing very faint pigmentation.

Developing embryos frequently turn or wriggle
within the clear cells which attain a maximum diam-
eter of 10 mm. and are filled with “watery fluid.”

April 22d.—Twelve larvae have hatched. They
are feeding on the very young nymphs of mayflies
and dragonflies, introduced with aquatic plants.

COPEIA 51

The remaining egg-masses are showing signs of
decomposition and have been thrown out. A lot of
ova of Rana sylvatica, collected for the purpose of
feeding the Amblystoma larvae with young tadpoles,
also had to be discarded for the same reason.

Accepting April Ist as the earliest date of ovula-
tion, the average hatching period would be 20 days
7 under natural conditions out of doors and 13 in the
laboratory at an average air temperature of 65° F.

May 9th.—F¥ield observations. Another breed-
ing place has been located in the woods north of the
Syosset Railroad Station. Shallow pools, formed by
melting snow earlier in the season, contain many egg-
masses. An adjacent pond, stocked with fish, has
none.

On the Hudson Kstate a lower water level of the
pools revealed many more egg-masses than were seen
in April. The meadow pool alone (surface area
about half an acre) has close to 100. Quite a number
of the egg-masses are still in the arcuate embryo
state; others have hatched recently. Evidently ovu-
lation has been continued since the visit, April 7.
The young larvae are rarely seen swimming: about,
but remain on the bottom, well concealed in their per-
fect color harmony with the vegetation. ‘The hatch-
ing period, under natural conditions out of doors,
appears to vary between 30 and 40 days, subject to
weather conditions.

The young larvae, hatched in aquarium April
18 to 22, now measure 18 mm. in length. Daphnia
and other small aquatic life so far have served as

food.
GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT,

Brooklyn, N. Y.

52 COPEIA

THE NIGHT LIZARD OF THE MOJAVE
DESERT (XANTUSIA VIGILIS)
IN WINTER.

A specimen of NXantusia vigilis, the peculiar
night lizard of the Mojave Desert, in California, was
collected by the writer about 30 miles southeast of
Daggett, on December 29, 1915. It was found by
splitting open a Tree Yucca, which, though dead,
was still standing. ‘The lizard occupied a small cav-
ity in the heart of the plant, and was fairly active
when picked out, especially after having been warmed
for a few minutes in the hands. The weather was
cold, and a snow storm occurred on the following
days, when continued search, both in fallen and stand-
ing Yuccas, failed to reveal further trace of Yan-
tusia, with the single exception of a shed skin, which
was also found in the heart of a standing Yucca.
This brief note supplements those given by Dr. John
Van Denburgh (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sex, V., June,
1897, p. 126).

Carn L. Hiwsss,

Stanford University, Calif.

Edited by J. T. Nicuo_s, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, July 24, 1916. No. 33

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

LAE. VORACITY OF GK, SOUTE
AMERICAN HOPLIAS

Many of the sucker-like and carp-like Characins,
such as Prochilodus and Leporinus when caught in
the seine will lie quietly dormant, but Hoplias, if per-
mitted to remain undisturbed, is almost certain to
bite its way out. This habit, said to be fairly common
in the fishes of the Amazonian basin, is not often
found in the fishes of the Pacifie coastal streams.

In May, 1913, when upon the Landon Expedi-
tion of Indiana University, I was collecting in the
Rio San Juan of Western Colombia. One morning
at one of the Indian ranchos, where we had passed
the night, one of the Indians brought in a large Hop-
lias, which he had evidently caught with hook and
line and had dispatched by the crash of a machete
through its brain. This specimen measured about
twenty inches and had the abdomen greatly distended.
The Indians called my attention to this and upon
opening the fish, we took out an eight-inch catfish
(Pimelodus wagneri). This, with the head of its cap-
tor, I procured in exchange for a few fish-hooks and
they are now in the Museum of Indiana University.

Like most of the South American catfishes, Pime-
lodus is equipped with a very sharp dorsal and strong
jagged pectoral spines. Just how Hoplias can man-
age to capture these fishes is not known. It is quite

54 COPEIA

possible that the remarks of Harrington [American
Naturalist XX XITI, 1899, p. 721] about the Afri-
can Poly pterus may also apply to Hoplias.

ArtHuR W. HEnNnN,
New York, N. Y.

NOTES OF THE FISHES OF THE PEE-
DEE RIVER BASIN, NORTH AND
SOUTH CAROLINA.

During the last week of March and the first week
of April, 1916, the writer made a journey by canoe
from near Pinebluff, N. C., to Georgetown, S. C.,
following the Lumbee, Lumber, Little Peedee, Big
Peedee, and Waccamaw Rivers. ‘The following is a
list of fishes observed. No attempt was made at sys-
tematic collecting, and the only apparatus used was
a small dip-net, and occasionally a hook and _ line.

All records, unless otherwise mentioned, are
from the Little Peedee River, between its Junctions
with the Lumber and the Big Peedee.

1. Amiatus calous (innaeus). A single ex-
ample, about 2 feet long was taken in an overflow
pool near the river on April Ist. It was guardmg
its nest, in which the young were just hatching.

2. Ameiurus platycephalus (Girard). Abun-
dant. Many examples taken on hook and line.

3. Schilbeodes insignis (Richardson). One ex-
ample, 40 mm. long.

4, Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). Two
examples, 44 and 57 mm. long.

5. Hrimyzon sucetta (Lacepede). One exam-
ple, about 9 inches long, seen in a gill net. The colora-
tion was very brilliant, approaching that of Perca
flavescens.

6. Mowostoma sp. Abundant. Many seen in
the possession of natives. None examined.

COPEIA 55

7. Notropis procne (Cope). Abundant, and
of rich coloration. Five examples, 27 to 39 mm.
lone.

8. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. Abundant in the
Big Peedee River. Many seen breaking water along
the shore.

9. Anguilla rostrata (le Sueur). Abundant.
Six small examples, 96 to 130 mm. taken in dip-net,
and many larger ones with hook and line.

10. Hsoxv americanus Gmelin. Abundant, and
of remarkably brilliant coloration. ‘Pen examples,
27 to 165 mm. long.

11. Hsow reticulatus Le Sueur. Common.
Two examples 42 and 118 mm. long.

12. Kundulus nottti (Agassiz). Abundant.
Seven examples 49 to 71 mm. long. Females with
eges (about 2 mm. in diameter) nearly ripe.

13. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard). Abun-
dant. Numerous examples, 26 to 47 mm. long.

14. Chologaster cornutus Agassiz. Six exam-
ples of this interesting species were taken, all in drifts
of submerged dead leaves at the foot of sand-bars or
in shallow indentations of the bank. Associated with
this species in such places were numerous larval sala-
manders, and the resemblance of the two, in shape,
color and movement, was striking. Four males, 34
to 40 mm. long, and two females 38 and 41 mm. long,
were secured. ‘The females contained large yellow
egos, 1 to 1/2 mm. in diameter, which appeared to be
nearly ripe.

This fish moves in short wrigeling dashes of as-
tonishing rapidity from hiding place to hiding place.
One example survived a trying journey to Wash-
ington, where it is now living in a small aquarium.

15. Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). Abun-
dant. Seventeen examples 32 to 73 mm. long. Two
females, 57 and 73 mm. with eges nearly ripe. 'The
rest, all under 42 mm. in length, were immature.

56 COPEIA

16. Hlassoma sp. Abundant, and varying
greatly as to color. Twenty-eight examples, 18 to 31
mm. long, including some adult females with hard
roe.

The sexual differences appear to be marked.
Specific determination is not attempted here, but it
is hoped that a large number of adults will be brought
alive to Washington for further study.

17. Pomowis sparoides (Lacepede). Common.
One small example taken.

18. Centrarchus macropterus (Lacepede).
Common. One small example taken.

19. Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuv. & Val.).
Abundant, and extremely dark in coloration. ‘Three
examples, 200, 230 and 240 mm. taken with hook and
line.

20. EHnneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook).
Abundant. Seven examples 22 to 78 mm. long.

21. Mesogonistius chactodon (Baird). Com-
mon. One example 57 mm. long.

22. Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus). Abundant,
and of large size. Coloration very dark. One ex-
ample 270 mm. long.

23. Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). Abun-
dant. One example 61 mm. long.

24. Perca flavescens (Mitchill). Common, and
of very brillant color. One example seen in gill net.

25. Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). Abun-
dant. ‘Two examples 48 and 45 mm.

W. W. WELSH,
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

LONG ISLAND TURTLES.

The following notes are published as a basis for
the extension of season, range, number of species
and knowledge of life history, of the Chelonia of
Long Island. Information regarding the status of

COPEIA 57

several species is very incomplete, and it is hoped
that additional data may soon be recorded. ‘The only
previous list referring to the turtles of the island is
that of Mr. G. P. Engelhardt in The Museum News,
Brooklyn, Vol. VIII, 1913, p. 128. Mr. Engelhardt
includes in his list the wood tortoise (Chelopus in-
sculptus), but he has since informed me that subse-
quent investigation has not confirmed the validity of
a supposed record for this species.

1. Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli). Leather-
back turtle. Of occasional occurrence along our coast.
Large specimens have been taken several times on
New Jersey beaches, once at New London, Conn.,
twice or more in Buzzards Bay, Mass., and at least
once on the coast of Nova Scotia.

Dr. Frank Overton writes me that a “1,000-
pound leatherback was caught in a sturgeon net off
Patchogue about twenty years ago.”

2. Caretta caretta (.). Loggerhead turtle.
This species has an observed range in the Atlantic
extending from the coast of Scotland to 37° south
latitude. It is a regular summer visitor to Long Is-
land, frequently entering inlets from the Sound. In
July, 1905, Mr. Gustavus Tooker captured a sixty-
five pound specimen in Mt. Sinai Harbor by spearing
it in the back with an eel-spear. In July, 1910, I
bought an example weighing over 70 pounds in
Fulton Market. It had been captured near New
Work.

Others, including one weighing 400 pounds, have
been taken within New York Bay. During late No-
vember I once found five small loggerheads, of about
twenty pounds weight, on the South beach at Mt.
Sinai. They had probably been killed by the cold and
had been thrown up along the tide line. ‘Two small
specimens in the Brooklyn Museum were taken at
Lynbrook by Mr. Jacob Doll.

Mr. Roy Latham, of Orient, has records for this
species from June 14, 1907, to December 4, 1915.

58 COPEIA

He states that examples are caught sparingly in fish
traps in the Sound and Gardiner’s Bay, and even in
the smaller, shallow bays. One specimen examined
by him weighed 125 pounds.

3. Hretmochelys imbricata (.). Hawksbill
turtle. This species is recorded by Sumner, Osburn
and Cole, as being more common than the logger-
head in Buzzards Bay, Mass. Mr. V. N. Edwards,
of Woods Hole, reports having seen examples in the
Long Island Sound as late as Thanksgiving Day.
They were taken then exhausted by cold.

4. Chelonia mydas (L.). Green turtle. ‘The
green turtle has been several times recorded from the
coast of New Jersey, and also from Rhode Island.
Mr. Latham took one which weighed thirty pounds
in the Sound off Orient, on September 30, 1914. In
Fulton Market the writer once saw a live one weigh-
ing eighteen pounds, which was said to have been
caught off the south coast of Long Island.

5. Chelydra serpentina (1.). Snapping turtle.
Generally distributed and locally common. At Ori-
ent, where it was formerly very abundant, it is in
evidence from April to October. The largest speci-
men seen by Mr. Latham weighed 30 pounds. Mr.
Latham has found the eggs in June, buried in the
sand of a hillside about 200 feet from a pond. Mr.
W. T. Davis has seen both the turtles and their eggs
in the vicinity of Tobacco Lot Pond, Gardiner’s Is-
land, in June. At Mastic and elsewhere, I have fre-
quently found deposits of eges which had apparently
been dug up by foxes or racoons.

The name by which the snappers are known
along the south shore is “torup.” At Mastic, accord-
ing to Mr. Francis Harper, at least one fisherman
used to capture them to sell to the Poospatuck Indi-
ans, who prize the flesh. On June 13, 1915, Mr.
Harper and Mr. J.T. Nichols found a large carapace
of a freshly-eaten torup in a rubbish heap near one

of the Poospatuck cabins.
1Bull. Bur. Fisheries, XX XI, 1911, Pt. 2, p. 774.

COPEIA 59

6. Kinosternon pennsylvanicum (Gmelin).
Mud turtle. “General in streams and ponds, and
still common in such environments within the city
limits of Brooklyn,” (Kngelhardt). Mr. Engelhardt
has taken this species at Casino Lake, Flushing, and
in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Mr. Nichols has found
examples on the inner beach at Mastic. Dr. Overton
took one in the salt marshes at Kast Patchogue, on
September 9, 1913.

7. Aromochelys odoratus (Watreille). Musk
turtle. Shells of four musk turtles were found near
the water’s edge of Long Pond, Wading River, by
Wed. Davis, on August 8, 1912. Mr. Davis still
has one of the carapaces.

8. Malaclemmys centrata concentrica (Shaw).
Diamond-back terrapin. Formerly common in the
bays of Long Island, as elsewhere along the Atlantic
coast, but now rather rare because it has been hunted
so persistently for the market. I have taken exam-
ples in Mt. Sinai Harbor, and I remember seeing,
along the tidal creeks of this bay, pens of chicken-
wire containing scores of diamond-backs being held
for the visit of the wholesale dealer. Mr. Nichols
reports a similar pen at Brookhaven, where several
hundred of the terrapin were recently confined. A
fisherman of Mt. Sinai, who deals in these turtles,
once found a Jarge example on the pine barrens three
or four miles south of the harbor.

At Orient, Mr. Latham has taken this species
in fishing fikes, from April to November.

9. Chrysemys picta (Hermann). Painted tur-
tle. Very plentiful in streams and ponds. March
iM 9l5, » (Evempstead); to October 31, 1915,
(Mastic).

10. Clemmys guttatus (Schneider). Spotted
turtle. Abundant in ponds and streams, and active
from March until November.

WW. EHmydoidea blandingi (Holbrook). Bland-
ing’s turtle. Known on Long Island from a single

60 COPEIA

specimen found by Mr. John J. Schoonhoven at
Queens, in June, 1909, and recorded in “Science,”
IN. 5. ke ee TOL, ap: OZ.

12. Terrapene carolina’ (1..). Box’ tortoise.
Abundant throughout the island. April 2 to Novem-
ber 10 (Orient). Mr. Latham has found the eggs
in cultivated fields durmg June and July.

R. C. Murpuy,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

Edited by J. T. Nichots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, August 24, 1916. No. 34

: 1
gos

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

FISHES OF THE SALTON SEA.

Recently (May 7-14) I visited Salton Sea in
southern California and, incidentally, obtained some
information regarding the fishes of that interesting
body of water.

As is well known, the Salton Sea was formed
in 1905-6 by the breaking of a dike which permitted
the water of the Colorado River to rush through
into the Salton Sink, a vast area below sea-level.
Although the break was finally gotten under con-
trol, and the lake began to dry up, it has, neverthe-
less, remained an enormous expanse of water. The
depth varies considerably within the year, being
greatest in the winter and least in the fall. The
average depth for any one year is always somewhat
less than that of the previous year. Considerable
fresh water finds its way into the lake each year by
seepage from the irrigation operations in Imperial
Valley, so that the water is kept fresher than it other-
wise would be.

When the water was flowing in through the
break in the dike, some fishes were carried with it.
At one time they were said to be very abundant.
Just how abundant they were can not now be deter-
mined, nor do we know all the species represented.
At the present time the following species are known
to be in the lake:

62 COPEIA

1. Carp, Cyprinus carpio. This is undoubt-
edly the most abundant species. It probably escaped
into the Colorado River from private fish ponds in
Arizona. I saw several specimens, all of good size
(3 to 10 pounds) at Cormorant Island.

2. Bony-tail, Gila elegans. Said to be not un-
common; I saw no specimens.

3. Humpback Sucker, Yyrauchen cypho.
Rather common; I saw several specimens. ‘They all
had a starved appearance.

4. Colorado River Trout, Salmo pleuriticus.
Although the water of the Salton Sea is quite brack-
ish, strongly alkaline, and very warm, this trout
seems to thrive in it amazingly well. It is said to be
fairly common. I saw one fine example about 16
inches long. It was in excellent condition, albeit
somewhat bleached in color.

-

5. Common mullet, Mugil cephalus. Next to
the Carp, the most common species. Numerous
examples were seen. It is said to reach a large size
(as much as 6 pounds) and to be unusually fine as
a food-fish.

6. Desert Cyprinodont, Cyprinodon macu-
larius. This interesting little fish was found in
Figtree John spring in a small oasis near the north
end of the lake some 7 miles southwest of Mecca.
This spring or water hole was grown up thickly with
cattails (Typha latifolia) and the surface of the
water was covered with a thick coating of alge of
various species. The water was only a few inches
deep and quite warm, perhaps as warm as 90° to 100°
on hot days. The fish, however, were active and ap-
parently in good condition. I caught a number of
them and succeeded in brmging two alive to San
Francisco. One of them died a few days ago, the
other is still alive and doing well.

This cyprinodont appears to be found in many
of the isolated springs and water-holes in the deserts

COPEIA 63

of southern California. Only this week (June 1)
Mr. Samuel Hubbard of Oakland, brought me 14
fine specimens of this species from Saratoga Springs,
Death Valley, where Mr. Hubbard says they are
very abundant.
Barton WarREN EVERMANN,
San Francisco, Calif.

A COMPARISON OF ATLANTIC AND
PACIFIC SPECIMENS OF THE
HAMMER-HEAD SHARK,
SPHYRNA ZYGAENA.

In their review of the elasmobranchs of Japan,
Jordan and Fowler (Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., X XVI,
598, 1903) raise the question whether the hammer-
head of the Pacific usually referred to Sphyrna zy-
gaena is really identical with that species from the
Atlantic. They say that specimens from the two re-
gions need comparison.

I have recently made a detailed comparison of
hammer-heads from the Atlantic and Pacific and
found them absolutely similar, and this note is in-
tended to record this fact.

The specimens examined were, one from Woods
Hole, Mass., 60.5 cm. in length, and two from Japan
respectively 51 and 56 cm. ‘The three were found
entirely similar in all characters that could be con-
sidered specifically diagnostice—such as, body propor-
tions, shape and position of the fins, form and relative
size of the “hammer,” and the size and position of
the eye, mouth and gill area. The coloration only
was a little different, the Woods Hole specimen
being dark brown above while the Japanese ones
were blackish gray. This, however, is not important
since differences in coloration are not rare in fishes
from widely separated localities, and besides, it may
have been due to different preserving fluids having
been used in the two cases. }

64 COPEL A

It is worth noting, by the way, that the three
specimens showed nicely three successive stages im
the growth of the teeth in the hammer-head. In the
51 em. shark no teeth had yet appeared in either jaw.
In the 56 cm. one, minute teeth could be felt by the
finger in the lower jaw, but none could be detected
in the upper. In the 60.5 cm. specimen, teeth were
well developed in both jaws and were from 1.5 mm.°
to 3 mm. in height. Since none of the three speci-
mens was embryonic, but all were free-swimming
young sharks, it follows that Sphyrna zygaena is
born toothless and that teeth make their appearance
when the shark is about 55 em. in length. The teeth
then grow rapidly, reaching a length of 1.5 to 3 mm.
in height by the time the shark is 60 cm. i length.

L. Hussakor,
New York, N.Y.

NOTES ON SOME FISHES FROM CHILI.
Through the kindness of Dr. W. P. Wilson, I

have been enabled to examine some market-fishes
received from Valparaiso by the Commercial Mu-
seum of Philadelphia. Among them I found:
Catulus chilensis (Guichenot), Squalus acan-
thias, Linn., Raja lima, Peoppig, R. flavirostris,
Philippi, Callorynchus callorynchus (Linn.), Caras-
situs auratus (Limn.), Ophichthus ocellatus (Le
Sueur), Clupanodon sagax (Jenyns), EHthmidiwm
coerulea (Valenciennes), Mugil cephalus, Linn.,
Sarda chilensis (Valenciennes), T'hyrsites atwn
(Euphrasen), Seriolella violacea, Guichenot, T'ra-
churus picturatus (Bowdish), Percichthys trucha
(Valenciennes), Paralabrax humeralis (Valencien-
nes), Isacia conceptions (Valenciennes), Sciaena
fasciata ('‘Tschudi), Aplodactylus punctatus, Valen-
ciennes, Chromis crusma (Valenciennes), Sebastodes
darwimt (Cramer), 8. chilensis, Stemdachner, Ping-
uipes chilensis (Molina), Prolatilus jugularis (Val-

COPEIA 65

enciennes), Porichthys porosus (Valenciennes), Go-
biesow marmoratus, Jenyns, Scartichthys eques
(Steindachner), Genypterus blacodes (Schneider),
Eleginops maclovina (Valenciennes), Bovichthus
diacanthus (Carmichael), Paralichthys king ti

(Jenyns).
; Henry W. Fowl ter,

Philadelphia, Pa.

A LARGE POLYODON FROM IOWA.

The American Museum of Natural History has
received the photograph of a very large, mounted
Polyodon, taken in Lake Okoboji, Northern Iowa,
February 22, 1916, by Mr. R. D. Vanderbeck of
Arnold’s Park, Iowa, who writes that it was taken
with a spear and gives the length of the fish as 7 ft.
1 in., its girth 451% in., the length of the bill 17 in.

Je Nicro0ns:
New York, N. Y.

NOTES ON CISTUDO CAROLINA FROM
ORIENT, LONG ISLAND.

Considerable has been said in Coprta about the
aquatic habits of the Box ‘Tortoise on Long Island.
I would like to put on record a few instances of its
frequenting both fresh and salt water near Orient.

One quite remarkable occurrence was in August,
1909, at Hast Marion. In the center of a dry woods
there was a depression where the water had recently
evaporated, leaving a deep oozy mire. In and around
this sink I counted between sixty and seventy of
these turtles. More than half of these were partly
or entirely submerged in the mud. Specimens were
poked out that were buried near a foot in depth.
Circling around the hole at varying distances I
observed numbers of others working toward it from
all directions. The most surprising thing to me was

66 COPEIA

the speed that the more distant ones were traveling.
It may not be an uncommon fact that the Box Tor-
toise hurry, but was new to me, for these outsiders
were moving on at the gait of a fast walk. This was
a gathering of tortoises that I have never witnessed
before or since.

Cistudo also frequently enters salt water near
Orient. Lying between a sandy cedar-grown beach
and the mainland of Orient is a bay one mile wide.
I have on several occasions found these turtles mid-
way across, always swimming leisurely toward the
mainland. It seems evident that they enter the water
of their own free will, as the beach to the south is flat
and no creeks running out.

While off on the fishing ledges on the sound I
have on two occasions seen this species more than half
a mile from land. Although both these specimens
were swimming toward the Orient hills to the south,
they were being carried rapidly east or west with the
strongly flowing tide. It is a question where these
specimens came from, whether from the nearest inlet
fifteen miles west, or the New England rivers. It is
improbable that they entered the water near Orient.

The record flood tide of December, 1909, washed
over a portion of the beach south of the bay that had
not been inundated in about fifty years. Taking ob-
servation there a few days after the water had re-
ceded—which overflowed for one tide only—I found
four of these turtles that had left their hibernation
burrows and frozen to death. 'The flood ebbed off in
the afternoon and that night it became severely cold.
The salt water coming in from the ocean at that time,
early in the winter, was warm. In every case the
animal was not over four feet from the burrow. I
was interested to notice that the holes were only deep
enough to slightly cover the shell with sand.

Whether this species’ preference for eating a
certain mushroom is well known I am not aware. In
this section the Russula obscura is devoured almost

COPEIA 67

exclusively. When collecting fleshy fungi I have
wondered at the wisdom of a turtle to pass Amanita,
Amanitopsis, Lactarius and Boletus forms, while
only the stipe of practically every Russula obscura
along the lane is left and the ground strewed with
crumbs.

It was a common practice in former days to
carve initials on the plastron of these tortoises.
Among: the long list of names in the writer's posses-
sion is one dated 1838.

Roy Laruam,
Orient, N. Y.

NOTES ON NEW JERSEY BATRACHIANS
AND REPTILES.

Spelerpes longicauda, Common along brooks
and about springs in the Watchung Hills near
Plainfield.

Bufo americanus. The common toad of the
vicinity of Plainfield and, so far as known, of the
whole southern two-thirds of New Jersey is Bufo
fowleri. I have found B. americanus at Budd's
Lake, Newfoundland, and Newton and recently at
Mine Brook, about one mile west of Bernardsville,
Somerset Co. The latter locality is a quarter mile
north of Lat. 40° 42’ and lies in a narrow valley of
200 feet elevation between hills which on the south
rise to a height of 530 feet and immediately north
to 680 feet, two miles further north reaching 857
heck

The long parallel trap ridges a few miles to the
south attain a height of 600 feet, but I have never
found the American Toad in those hills. The Mine
Brook locality is the southernmost known station for
this species in the state. In the more northern New
Jersey stations, where the altitude is greater, it 1s
associated with a distinctly more northern flora and
fauna than that of Mine Brook.

68 COPEIA

I first discovered B. americanus at this locality
on April 11, 1915. On that date there were fully a
100 of the toads singing and breeding in a small
pond by the main road near the corner of the Mount
Harmony Road. A number of specimens were
secured, all characterized by the large warts, thick,
fleshy hind feet, and bright yellowish or reddish
tints of this species, while in many individuals the
underparts were spotted with black. In the same
pond were Pickerel Frogs and Spring Peepers
(Hyla). Eggs of the toad taken home hatched in
six days or a little less.

Hyla anderson. About eight years ago James
Chapin and I found this beautiful Tree Frog at the
Runyon Pond two miles south of Sayreville, Middle-
sex Co. Since that time I have found it at several
other localities in the same region—one mile south
of Old Bridge, about one mile southeast of Brown-
town and at Freneau near Matawan. These localities
are all in the sandy pine barren “island” north of
the Pine Barrens proper. Thus this species extends
northward to within three miles or less of the lower
Raritan River, its range coinciding at this point with
that of the Carolina Chickadee.

Virginia valeriae. Some years ago I came across
several individuals of this small snake on the trap
ridges immediately north of Plainfield. With one
exception, they were on the north side of the First
Mountain at Watchung, a single individual being
found on the Second Mountain less than a mile
further north. All were hiding under boards or
stones in dry deciduous woods. The single specimen
preserved was collected on May 30, 1903.

This species has not, so far as IT am aware, been
found elsewhere in New Jersey, and the above
locality is its northernmost known station.

W. DEW. MI .Er,
Planfield, N. J.

Edited by J. T. NicnHorts, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, September 24, 1916. No. 35

ZT w es

SS Se | eee

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

OCCURRENCE OF GROUND SHARKS,
CARCHARHINUS, IN GREAT
SOUTH BAY.

For the past fifteen years I have harpooned
sharks in Great South Bay, Long Island, New York,
and during that period there have been seen from my
boat probably not less than twenty-five hundred be-
tween Lindenhurst and Great River on the north
side of the Bay and Cedar Island and Cherry Grove
on the south side. I think it is conservative to say
that between three hundred and fifty and four hun-
dred have been killed. The greatest number seen
im any one year of which I have a record was 277
in 1916 and the greatest number killed was 60 in
1906. Not counting smaller Sand Sharks (Carchar-
tas taurus)’ those killed have been of two species,
namely the Brown Shark (Carcharhinus milberti)*
and the Dusky Shark (Carcharhinus obscurus)* with
the single exception of a male Carcharhinus limbatus*
taken July 14th, 1910. This fish, the longest I have
ever secured, measured 9 ft. 2 in. and weighed 300
lbs. A single small Hammerhead (Sphyrna zyga-
ena)* about 22 ft. long was seen but not taken.

Brooklyn Museum Science Bulletin, Vol 3, No. 1.
*Identified by J. T. Nichols after an examination of the jaws.

70 COPEIA

Beginning with the year 1911 careful records
have been kept, during which time dates for the
sharks seen range from ‘June 17th to September 6th.
It is my distinct remembrance that ina previous year
I have killed them as late as September 15th. The
sharks taken were Carcharhinus’ and those noted as
seen, with the exception of the small Hammerhead,
were undoubtedly the same.

During the years from 1911 to 1916, inclusive,
I went out on 123 occasions, frequently for a small
portion of the day as weather conditions were unfa-
vorable. About 1123 were seen, and 146 were taken.
Of these 146 only 7 were males. The females taken
were all C. milberti. ‘Two of the males were C. mil-
berti and measured 7 ft. and 6 ft. 6 in., the latter
weighing 121 pounds, and 5 were C. obscurus which
INEASIEO 18 6 1G° 125.6, ) vO ese sore

ihe 30 27 specimen weighed 275. lbs:
ee 8’ Py 822 Ce.
8’ Les ce ee 312 ce

a ey bites oral Us Sh enue

The earliest any male was taken was August 3d,
and the latest, August 29th.
The females ranged in length from 5’ 4” to
re Que
AS 6° 1” specimen aweighed: ~ 95 clbs.

esac es i " 142%
eNO MOG, i a Be
6’ 10” ee ee 124 ee
(Cine) Bi bs - aa 125. 2
Die: ie if 1386 *
ihe “ . ESA se

Hight of the females contained young and were
taken on June 22d to August 5th. Eight was the
smallest number and eleven the greatest number of
voung, and of a total of 75 voung 31 were males and

COPEILA {al

44 females. The young when born are about 22
inches long and weigh 2'2 lbs.

On one occasion when a female shark was sus-
pended by the tail, three young dropped from her
mouth one at a time, and swam off apparently unhurt.
This is the only incident of the kind I have known.
The same fish contained several unborn young.
Young are sometimes born on deck, tail first, after
the mother has been caught.

The principal diet of the sharks I have examined
has been various bottom fish and an occasional weak
fish, dog fish, eel or crab. T*lat-fish very largely pre-
dominate. I have never found what could be identi-
fied as a blue fish, nor have I ever found anything
except what is mentioned above in a shark’s stomach,
except two fish hooks with the snells attached, neither
of which was imbedded and which were probably fast
to some smaller fish which the shark had swallowed.

The greatest number of sharks I have ever taken
on any one day was 17 on August 3d, 1905. Some of
these, however, were Sand Snare On August 11th,
1906, fourteen Brown Sharks were yeleny The
greatest number seen in one day of which I have a
record was 82, on August 14th, 1916, and of these
42 were in sight at one time. ‘These were all seen in
the morning before noon. On a previous occasion
when I kept no record, my captain at the mast head
said he thought he saw during the day, over three
hundred. I would say a conservative estimate was
two hundred as they were much more plentiful on
that day than on the day that 82 were seen. ‘Thev
were so thick at times that it would have been impos-
sible to count them with any degree of accuracy.

I have killed approximately as many on the ebb
tide as on the flood.

EKpwin ‘THORNE,
Babylon, N. Y¥.

72 COPEIA

REMARKS ON SHARKS TAKEN IN
GREAT SOUTH BAY.

During the past years the writer has made sev-
eral trips on Great South Bay, Long Island, from
Babylon with Mr. Edwin ‘Thorne in pursuit of ground
sharks (Carcharhinus). 'The most successful day’s
hunting he has experienced was on July 27, 1916,
when five female Carcharhinus milberti from 6 ft.
1 in. to 6 ft. 11 in. in total length were taken. As
the five sharks lay together on deck some individual
variation was evident. One of them had a distinctly
long caudal, one was notably heavy, another, the most
aberrent of the five was slender. It differed from the
others slightly in color, the under surface of the pec-
toral terminally having an ill-defined dusky blotch,
rather than being shaded with the color of the upper
parts as in them. In the jaw of this specimen the
re-entrance in the lateral margin of the upper teeth
comes to a sharper apex. ‘The dermal denticles under
the microscope are essentially the same, but with
ridges slightly less sharp. ‘These differences are too
slight to be of specific value. All five had the pro-
portionate length of the dorsal and pectoral similar,
the dorsals in the predorsal length 1.6 to 1.7 times,
pectorals in the same 1.15 to 1.3. Second dorsal and
anal were of approximately the same size and nearly
apposed, the anal very slightly in advance in ali but
one in which the second dorsal was slightly in ad-
vance. The anal was of the same form throughout,
bilobed, the anterior lobe rounded. In the water the
sharks looked brownish grey to my eye, although
their appearance varies considerably according to
whether they are seen against light or dark bottom,
on deck mostly grey-blue above.

It is remarkable that whereas the female sharks
taken by Mr. Thorne have all been C. milberti, five
of the seven males taken in six years have been C.
obscurus. One of these was taken on August 3, 1916,
and examined by the writer on the followmg day.

COPEIA 73

It had a considerably smaller dorsal than female
C. milberti, proportionately longer lower caudal lobe,
and the second dorsal was noticeably more advanced
than the anal in position. ‘The head was strikingly
blunter and more rounded than in female C. milberti,
as well as the fish being of heavier build. The jaws
and teeth are much larger than those of female C.
milberti.

Mr. Thorne had made the following measure-
ments of this male shark, made along the curve (ex-
cept total length). ‘Total length 8 ft. 1 in.; head and
body along the back, 6 ft. 1 in.; dorsal fin, from snout,
2, ft. 6 m.; dorsal from hbase of, tail, 2 ft. 942 in.;
length of front of dorsal, 1 ft. 2% in.; top of caudal,
2 ft. 114i in. ; front of pectoral fin, 1 ft. 9 mn.; pectoral,
from snout, 2 ft.; ventrals from snout, 4 ft. 1 in.;
circumference a root of tail, 1 it. 172 m:; at front of
dorsal 4.ib. 4am; at eve, 2 ft.5 ims: eye to snout,
8’ in.; mouth to snout, 6 ah

On August 29, 1916, a male C. milberti was taken
of which Mr. 'Thorne made the following correspond-
ing measurements: ‘Total length, 6 ft. 6 in.; head
aa body, along the back, 5 ft. 2 in.; dorsal fin, from
snout, 2 ft.; dorsal from base of tail, 2 ft. 5 in.; length
a front of dorsal; 1 ft. 1 im.; ey) of caudal, 1 ft.

; front of pectoral fin, 1 ft.572m.; pectoral, en
ee hett..742 ns: ventrals peor Sut Scie, Gein
circumference at root of tail, 94 in.; at front of dor-
Sale Zutte Sane. atieye, 1 1t.G in; eye to snout, 6/2an:;
mouth to snout, 5 in.; weight, 121 lbs. Mr. Thorne
further informs me that this fish resembled the fe-
males of C. milberti, except that it seemed slightly
lighter in color, and differed from the males of @;
obscurus. Its eyes were pale yellowish in color like
female C. milberti and like a male C. limbatus which
he has taken, whereas the eyes of males of C. obscurus
are dark brown.

Jo LNTCHOLS,

New York, N.Y.

74 COPEIA

AN INSTANCE OF ALBINISM IN THE
WESTERN GOPHER SNAKE.

Cases of complete albinism are fairly common
among wild birds and mammals, and a large number
of instances have been recorded by various observers,
but reports of this condition in reptiles are quite rare;
there are but few records from Kurope and only a
single one from America so far as the writer knows.
It becomes of interest therefore to report a case of
albinism (complete for one color) occurring in the
Western Gopher Snake | Pitwophis catenifer (Blain-
ville) |.

The specimen under discussion was captured in
a dormant state at Pescadero, a coastal locality in
San Mateo County, California, early in November,
1913, on black adobe soil where gopher snakes were
said to be fairly common. ‘The snake was kept alive
for more than a year and is now in the reptile col-
lection of the Department of Zoology of the Univer-
sity of California.

The coloration of a typical gopher snake seems
to be made up of three distinct materials: a yellow
deposit found generally distributed in the scales of
the body and forming the ground color, and two
darker pigments, a red and a black, occurring locally
and forming the contrasted part of the color pattern.
ine yellow. pigment is present in the scales of the
albino specimen as is also (in part at least) the red,
but the black is entirely lacking. Upon the anterior
portion of the body, where ordinar ily the black and
red together form brown spots only the red is present,
and on the tail where a normal specimen is black,
only pale bluish or uncolored areas are to be seen.
The iris and tongue which are normally dark shared
in the loss of color and were of a light pinkish cast.
Evidently the factor controlling the formation and
deposition of black pigment ‘failed of operation
throughout the entire body.

COPEIA 75

Accompanying this abnormality in coloration
there were irregularities in scale pattern, espe-
cially on the head, which suggests that whatever
cause operated to prevent the formation of black
pigment also may have had some effect on scale
formation. Several of the head scales are of quite
different shape than those found on a normal
specimen, and some show suggestions of divisions
which were not completed. There are four post-
oculars, where but three normally occur. Rive
body seales, save for the interpolation of an
incomplete gastrotege which extends but half way
across the body, are quite typical and numer ically
are within the limits given by Cope. (The Cr ocodil-
ians, Lizards and Snakes of North America, Ann.
Rept. Smithsonian Inst., for 1898, 1900, pp. 877,
878), viz: Dorsal scale rows, 31 (Cope, 29-33) ; gas-
trosteges, 22342 (204-245); urosteges, 64 (56-72).

This snake was kept in captivity for more than
a year, confined in a glass terrarium with a screened
top. It was prov ided with water and at intervals
small white mice were fed to it; one of these bit the
snake on the head and produced a “scalp” wound.
One morning after the animal had been in captivity
for about four months the skin on the preorbital por-
tion of its head was seen to be free from the scales
beneath. Some straw was placed in the terrarium and
within a few minutes the snake was working rapidly
back and forth through the straw, freeing itself from
the old skin. At the place where its body was Just
being freed from the skin, violent muscular expan-
sions and contractions were being executed. The
surface of the snake’s body and the outside, originally
the inside, of the sluffed skin were noticeably moist
as a result of the secretion which had been poured
out to assist in moulting. For several weeks previous
to moulting the snake had been quite sluggish, re-
maining coiled in one corner of the terrarium and
refusing food. During this time its eve became grad-

76 COPEIA

ually dulled and the skin was seen to be free from
the body in several places. Immediately after the
moult the animal became very active.

Several European observers, among them no-
tably Boulenger, Tornier and Werner have reported
instances of einanion among snakes, and I have found
a number of other European titles on the subject.
Opinion, so far as expressed by the latter two work-
ers, seems to be that albinism results from a shortage
of yolk in the developing embryo, a supposition which
would be in accord with the fact that albino animals
are often of smaller size and of a more delicate nature
than normal individuals of their species. Perhaps
some light could be had on this problem by crossing
albino snakes with normally colored individuals of
the same species as has been done with trout among
fish, and with various species among the higher
vertebrates.

Tracy I. Storer,
Berkeley, California.

Fdited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, October 24, 1916. No. 36

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

NOTES ON THE FISHES OF THE
LUMBEE RIVER.

The notes on the fishes of the Peedee River
basin by Mr. W. W. Welch in Coretta of July 24,
are very interesting. In the spring of 1913 I made
some observations on the fishes of the upper portion
of the Lumbee and I venture to give here a list of
the species observed, to supplement that of Mr.
Welch.

Apparently Mr. Welch obtained 4 species which
I did not find, while I saw 7 species which he does
not record. The total number recorded in both lists
is 32.

The Lumbee River has its rise in the southeast-
ern part of Montgomery County, North Carolina. In
its upper course it is, on some maps, called Drown-
ing Creek, a name which has no valid claim and which
because of its handicap to a proper development of
the canoeing possibilities of the stream, as well as its
lack of claim to originality, should give way to the
very appropriate name Lumbee River, the original
Croatan Indian name, which means “beautiful wa-
ter.” The name “Lumber,” sometimes applied to this
stream, especially in its lower course, is merely a cor-
ruption of “Lumbee.” .

On Monday, March 31, 1913, Dr. John Warren
Achorn of Boston and Annisquam, Mass., and I put
our canoe (a fine 16-foot Cambridge boat weighing

78 COPEIA

about 70 pounds) in the water at Blue’s Bridge, near
Pinebluff, he in the stern, I in the bow, and started
down the Lumbee bound for the Turnpike Bridge,
25 miles below. The day was delightful, just cool
enough, sky nearly clear, very little breeze,—an ideal
spring day.

At Blue’s Bridge the Lumbee is about 30 feet
wide and several feet deep; water very clear, only
shghtly brown stained from the cypress and other
trees standing in the water.

The banks are fairly well defined only in a few
places, and the water spreads much beyond them
here and there and covers considerable areas of cy-
press swamp. Besides the cypress, which is the prin-
cipal tree, there are in the water, loblolly pine, a few
small bay, a few holly, soft maples with brilliant red
samaras, a few gums (probably two species), and Si-
mons says some junipers, but I saw none. A great
many old dead snags that afford good nesting places
for such birds as downies, white-bellied nut hatches,
chickadees, and golden swamp warblers. Many of
the trees have mistletoe growing on them. Growing
in the water are a few yellow nuphars and potamoge-
tons, while in the smaller tributaries and swamps the
golden club was in full flower.

Owing to the uncertain character of the banks
the stream simply flows in a widening, indefinite
channel through a series of cypress swamps. Only
at intervals is there any dry ground. ‘The swamps
are of varying and indeterminate width, but nearly
everywhere wider than the eye could penetrate.

The course of the stream is very sinuous, there
being rarely a straight stretch of more than a few
yards. The points projecting into the concave side
of the curve are known locally as “cowfaces.” There
is everywhere a good, strong current, particularly
where the water sweeps around the “cowfaces.”
Where the stream has straightened itself by cutting
aeross the cowface, the abandoned “‘ox-bow”’ is local-

COPEIA 79

ly called a “logan” (lagoon). Occasionally small
sandbars of yellow sand were noted, showing beauti-
fully in water up to 4 or 5 feet deep.

On either side the cypress and other trees and
vines form a pretty dense forest through which a boat
could scarcely be taken. Some of the cypress trees
are 4 feet or more in diameter and over 100 feet high.
Cypress knees everywhere, and many old dead snags.
Sometimes a cypress tree is seen growing in the
stream well out from either shore; these are known
as “dram trees,’”—the guide or canoeman being per-
mitted to take a drink every time he comes to one
of these trees! I did not see many such trees; the
canoemen, however, become very expert in locating
them.

Although we paid no special attention to the
fishes I am able to present the following list of 28
species that occur in the Lumbee between Blue’s
Bridge and Turnpike Bridge:

1—Amuiatus calva. Grinnel; also called “Cotton-
fish,” because ‘““when one chews the meat it is like chew-
ing cotton.” Common. 2—A meiurus platycephalus.
Brown Cat. Common. There are 2 or 3 other spe-
cies not identified. 3-—Catostomus commersonu. May
Sucker. Common. 4—Mowostoma pidiense. Red-
horse. Said to be common. ‘Two other species of
suckers, locally called Mud Sucker and Humpback
Sucker, were reported but not seen. 5—Cyprinus
carpio. Carp. “They are here and a big nuisance,”
so says Dr. Achorn. 6—Campostoma anomalum.
One taken. 7—Semotilus atromaculatus. Several
seen. 8—Notropis procne. Common. 9—Abramis
crysoleucas. Shad Roach. Common. 10—Hybop-
sis kentuckicnsis. Tlornyhead. Common. 11—An-
guilla chrisypa. Kel. Common. 12—-Hsow reticu-
latus. Common. 13.—H sox americanus. Abundant.
14—Fundulus notti. Common. 15—Gambusia affinis.
Several seen. 16—- Aphredoderus sayanus. ‘Two
examples in a pond near Pinebluff. 17—Klassoma

80 - COPEIA

everglader. Not very common. 18.—Centrarchus
macropterus. Flier. Common; a good foodfish. 19
—Enneacanthus gloriosus. Speckled Perch. Com-
mon. 20—Chaenobryttus gulosus. Abundant. 21
—Mesogonstius chaetodon. Common. 22—Lepo-
mis auritus. Red Robm. Common. 23—Lepomis
pallidus. Mud Perch. Common. 24—EHupomotis
gibbosus. Sun Perch. Common. 25—Micropterus
salmoides. Common. 26—Perca flavescens. Yellow
Perch. Common. 27—Hadropterus peltatus. Sev-
eral taken. 28—Boleichthys fusiformis. Common.
Barton W. EvERMANN,
San Francisco, Cal.

NOTES ON CALIFORNIA FISHES.

Mr. T. S. Manning of Avalon, Cal., the secre-
tary of the Tuna Club, furnishes some interesting
notes. T’wo hundred and fifty-one specimens of the
Japanese spear-fish, T'etrapturus mitsukurii, have
been taken at Avalon in the last seven years. ‘Their
average weight is 182 pounds, the largest weighed
340 pounds and measured 10 feet and 10 inches. Mr.
Manning has a photograph of one taken in Hawaii
said to have weighed 736 pounds. ‘Thus far no spear-
fish has been recorded from Hawaii and this weight
seems gigantic. The largest sword-fish taken at
Avalon weighed 377 pounds, was 11 feet, 11 inches
long. Mr. Manning sends specimens of a fish caught
in very great schools at San Clemente and never no-
ticed by anyone in that region before. It is the short-
nosed saury, Cololabis brevirostris, of which hitherto

less than a dozen specimens have been known.

Davin Starr JorDAN,
Stanford University, Calif.
A RARE SHARK (CARCHARHINUS LIM-
BATUS) ON LONG ISLAND.

On August 7, 1916, two sharks were caught in
a bluefish net off Easthampton, Long Island. They

COPEIA 81

were identified by me as the spotted-fin shark, Car-
charhinus limbatus, and this identification has been
confirmed by Mr. J. I. Nichols. The largest fish, a
female, approximated seven feet, while the smaller,
a male, accurately measured, was 6 feet, 4 inches.
This appears to be the second record of this species
for Long Island, and is therefore worthy of note.
About September 1, 1 examined four other sharks
of this same species at Montauk Point, where they
had been taken by fishermen some days before.
WisaM T. HELMUTH,
Easthampton, New York.

GROUND SHARKS. A CORRECTION.

In Corrra No. 35, p. 70, second paragraph, for
“only 7 were males” read “only 8 were males.” In
the last line of same paragraph after 8’ 2” insert 8’ 1”.
Foot of p. 72 for “five of the seven” read “six of the
eight.” The C. obscurus, measurements of which
were given on p. 73, was by editorial error omitted
from the record on p. 70.—J. T. N.

HABITS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE TEXAS
HORNED LIZARD, Phrynosoma

cornutum, Harlan. I.

Unlike the desert species of the genus, these
forms are far more active in the middle of the fore-
noon than during the hottest part of the day, which
lasts from about noon to the middle of the afternoon.
In the forenoon, Phrynosomas are actively feeding,
and the collector finds them readily. Their favorite
haunt seems to be along the edge of thick vegetation.
In such a place, during the feeding hour, they may
be seen running rapidly up and down, often passing
each other; and snatching with their viscid tongues
any insects which emerge into the open. The next
most likely spot is in the thick vegetation near some
ant road.

82 COPEIA

While burrowing deeply in the winter, it appears
that the ‘Texas horned lizards do not bury themselves
at night, as do most of the desert species. Nor do
they do so in rainy weather, or during brief cold
snaps. At such times they retire into the burrows
of rodents or under flat rocks. It is an interesting
fact, that, at such times, horned lizards are very abun-
dant under the cross ties of railroad tracks. Often
they burrow through into the area between the two
rails. Here they emerge and are literally trapped.
The rails are usually too high to be climbed over, and
the lizards run up and down frantically; occasionally
one climbs up on a rail just in time to be crushed by
a passing train. Many live for the rest of the summer
in this uncomfortable pasture.

In the area of their greatest abundance, horned
lizards first appear from their winter burrows about
the middle of April. At this time, they are markedly
grouped into two sizes; one the full adult size, aver-
aging about 125 mm.; and the other the half sized,
averaging about 50mm, from the hatching of the
previous autumn. From this, it seems clear that these
lizards do not reach full size until the end of their
first year. Some specimens go through an incomplete
moulting at the time of their emergence from hiberna-
tion; but the most important moult takes place during
the first two weeks of July. It is during this time
that the blood ejecting habit is most conspicuous.
The extraordinary habit of occasionally squirting
blood from the eye when attacked has been observed
and recorded by a number of writers. Hay supposed
that it was a mode of protection during moulting.
Bryant, speaking of the California species, says that
blood ejecting is just as lable to occur between
moults as during moult. Bryant sectioned the eye-
lids of a blood ejecting specimen, but could find noth-
ing except that the lids were rather swollen and vascu-
lar. Several writers have suggested that the blood
ejecting is due to the weakening of a portion of the

COPEIA 83

cornea by some parasite,—perhaps one of the mites
which so commonly infest these lizards. ‘The writer
has recorded elsewhere (Science Vol. XL, 784-85) a
very careful examination which he made of several
blood squirting specimens. He found no parasites of
any kind, and expressed the belief that the blood
ejecting, in this species at least, is intimately con-
nected with moulting. Since this study was pub-
lished, the writer has found seven more blood ejecting
specimens and all were moulting.

In feeding, small insects are clearly preferred;
but, sometimes, a venturesome individual will swallow
a large grasshopper or even a snail. The writer once
watched one of these animals eating a large brown
May beetle. The beetle lumbered before the eyes of
the lizard. The reptile slowly turned his head a little
to one side and watched the insect, then raised him-
self high on his legs and snatched at the insect with
his tongue, whipping it against his lips, but not bring-
ing it into his mouth. The lizard hastily jumped
back and puffed himself out in the usual warning atti-
tude of these animals. The beetle began to crawl
away. The lizard returned to the attack, carefully
stalking his prey for a yard or so then rushing on it,

seized it in his mouth without using his sticky tongue.
After turning it about against the ground, the lizard
finally gulped the insect down. The writer expected
to see the lizard use its front feet, as the common toad
does when handling a large mouthful, but, although
the front feet were waved alternately in the air, they
were not used.

Mention has been made before of the reaction
of these lizards toward various animals. When at-
tacked, the lizard puffs itself out into an almost flat
shape, tucks the head down, exposing the horns, and
waits for the enemy. The habit of charging on an
enemy, which has been mentioned, may be more com-
mon than is suspected; although the writer has ob-

84 COPEIA

served it only once. Specimens seldom attempt to
bite the collector.

Bryant discovered that the California species of
horned lizards are very subject to a form of hypno-
tism. ‘The writer has confirmed this on the ‘Texas
form, also. Bryant’s method is to stroke the animal
between the eyes. After three or four gentle strokes,
the lizard closes its eves and becomes very quiet, even
losing some of the reflexes. ‘The writer has discovered
that if the region over the pineal eye is simply touched
a few times with the tip of the finger, that the hyp-
notic effect can be induced. He has further found
that if after a time, when the animal begins to show
signs of awakening, if gentle passes are made in the
air over the region of the pineal eye, the animal will
return to the hypnotic condition. So far, he has not
been able to find a definite explanation of this, but
it would seem to suggest that the pineal eye in these
animals may be more or less functional.

W. M. Winton,
Fort Worth, Texas.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, November 24, 1916. No. 37

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

NOTES ON THE TOTUAVA (CY NOSCION
MACDONALDI GILBERT).

[In the northern part of the Gulf of California
there is found in great abundance, a species of weak-
fish which reaches a huge size, six feet or more in
length, and which has much value as food. It 1s
known locally as Totwava. I have received from Mr.
Kiichiro Nakashima, a graduate of the Fisheries
School at Tokyo, a man who has had considerable ex-
perience in the pursuit of this fish, a series of notes
concerning it. I here present a condensation of his
observations —Davip SrTarr JorDan. |

CYNOSCION MACDONALDI GILBERT.

The Totuava is caught mainly about the mouth
of the Colorado River and southward to Guaymas in
Sonora. Shallow points with sandy bottoms are the
best fishing grounds. These fishes are rare in winter,
very abundant in summer. ‘They live both in clear
and muddy water. The preferable temperature is
from 57 to 80 degrees F.

In the winter they go southward to Guaymas.
Their migration is in part coincident with that of the
small fishes on which they feed. ‘These avoid the in-
flowing cold water of the Colorado. They spawn
mainly in early May, apparently in shallow water.
After this they are very lean. ‘They often come into
very shallow water. ‘They are omnivorous, feeding
on any kind of small fish or crabs, but especially on

86 COPEIA

shrimps. In pursuing small fish they often leap a
foot or two from the water. They are not very shy
or very active; when one is hooked or speared the
others crowd around as if in curiosity.

The male makes a very peculiar noise, “gu-gu,”’
when caught. The female is larger than the male
and deeper i in the body. ‘The air- bladder is ver y large
and thick, spread in the greater part of the abdomen.
The bladder in the male is thin, like paper.

In the spring the young of three inches swim
close to the shore; by the rings on the scales we esti-
mate these to be a year old: those of three feet in
length as four years old, those of 6 to 6! feet, 8 or 9
years old, this being the maximum size. ‘The males
seem to breed at the age of four years; the females
develop more slowly.

Along with the Totuava occurs a related species,
Cynoscion reticulatus (Gunther). It is much small-
er, less than three feet in Jength. Its colors are more
lustrous, very beautiful green, blue and purple above
and below posteriorly light yellow.

The eges are larger than in the T'otuava and
the spawning season comes earlier. [This species,
(unlike the T'otuava) extends southward to Panama,
and with other related forms, it is known as Corvina. |

Enrcutro NAKASHIMA,
Kingsburg, Calif.

EVIDENCE OF THE PRESENCE OF CAR-
CHARODON ON THE NEW JER-
SEY COAST DURING THE
PAST SUMMER

As there exists some doubt whether the Great
White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, was among
the species present on the coast in this vicinity during
the recent shark scare, the following evidence seems
worth noting.

In a Broadway window there were recently on
view two teeth of a freshly caught shark, mdubitably

COPEIA 87

belonging to Carcharodon carcharias. On inquiry I
was informed that they were secured from a shark
caught on the New Jersey coast in the early part of
June. The teeth were about an inch in height (in-
cluding root), which would indicate a juvenile speci-
men of this species, 7 or 8 feet in length. This ac-
cords with the label accompanying the teeth, which
said the shark was 7 feet long.

L. Hussaxor,

New York, N.Y.

[The editor has seen a mounted Carcharodon car-
charias 7% feet long taken off South Amboy, N. J.,
July 14, 1916, by Mr. Michael Schliesser, of 29 Kast
182d Street. No Y.—J. T.-N.|

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
THREE CALIFORNIA RAYS,
Plathyrhinoides triseriatus (Jordan and Gilbert).

A ray of this species was found washed up on
the beach immediately north of Point Conception, on
July 18, 1916. This is the northernmost record for
this species.

Raja binoculata Girard.

A large specimen of this giant ray was noted on
the beach Reeser San Simca and Piedras Blancas,
in northern San Luis Obispo County. A small one,
192 mm. long, was taken from the stomach of a Rock-
cod, Sebastodes auriculatus, which was caught in
about 60 feet of water off Pizmo Beach, on the Rourke
ern coast of the same county. These two records are
the southernmost for this ray.

? Manta birostris (Walbaum).

Two rays were noted by the writer, several years
ago, off the wharf at Redondo, in Los Angeles Coun-
ty. One was swimming near the surface, while the
other was caught by heal: and line. They measured

88 COPEIA

about four feet across the “wings,” had cephalic fins,
and lacked the serrated spine on the tail. ‘The only
record heretofore published on the Devil Ray in Cal-
ifornia was based upon the stories of fishermen of
San Diego, and is given by Jordan and Evermann
( Fishes of North and Middle America, 1896, I, p.
92). The present record is presented with the inten-
tion of corroborating the evidence of the occurrence
of this or a related ray on the coast of Southern Cali-
fornia.
Cart L. Huses.
Stanford University, Calif.

AMBLYSTOMA OPACUM ON LONG
ISLAND

To the records of adults published in Corrta,
July 1, 1914, nothing has been added.

Concerning the ova Mr. Deckert writes, Copera,
March 24, 1916, that two eg@ masses containing liv-
ing embryos were found, September 25, 1913, under
bark in a dry pool near Silver Lake, White Plains,
N.Y. The larvae hatched one day after having been
placed in water. Observations made during the pres-
ent season support this interesting and exceptional
habit of fall ovulation for Amblystoma.

While searching for the ova of A. tigrinum on
the Hudson Estate near Syosset, Ii. L., April 7th;
we found larvae of A. opacum, 1% to 14 inches long,
in several of the temporary pools. It is obvious that
these could not have developed and reached their
present size from ova deposited in the same spring,
since the pools were ice covered up to nearly April 1.

Sixteen of the larvae after having been placed
in a laboratory aquarium developed a disease (white
growth on gills) from which they recovered quickly
after a small quantity of salt had been added to the
water. ‘They are feeding freely on earth worms, cut
into small pieces, and measure, May 4th, 1%4 inches

COPEIA 89

in length. The front legs were present at the time
of capture, the hind legs appeared April 18. In col-
or they are heavily-mottled dark grey on a yellowish
background, including the caudal membrane. A more
or less well defined line of yellowish dots runs later-
ally from behind the gills to the tip of the tail.

Late in May, 1915, a number of larvae, 2"
inches in length, were collected on the Hudson Estate
and another lot was brought in by Mr. A. H. Helme,
who reported them very common in a pool near his
home at Miller Place. These larvae began to trans-
form early in June, but all died during the process.

Other larval records for Long Island are: Kast
Norwich, April 20, 1916, Larvae (14 inch) common
in small pond near Oyster Bay Road.

Near Coram, April 30, 1916, larvae (1 inch),
Dr. Overton.

Although only two adult records were obtained
during many years, the larval records sufficiently in-
dicate a general distribution and a common occur-
rence for this salamander on Long Island.

GrorcE P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

NOTES ON AN UNUSUAL FEEDING HAB-
IT OF THE SNAPPING TURTLE,
CHELY DRA SERPENTINA
(LINN).

The Chelydra serpentina is considered among
naturalists to be a strictly carnivorous animal. ‘The
following quotations are examples: “They are ex-
tremely voracious, feeding on fish, reptiles, or on any
animal substance that falls in their way.’ “Their
food consists entirely of aquatic animals; fishes and
young ducks are their ordinary prey.” “The turtle

1North American Herpetology. Vol. I, p. 145, by J. E. Holbrook.

2 Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America.
Vol. I, p. 346, by Louis Agassiz.

90 COPEIA
is entirely carnivorous.” “It is wholly carnivorous
in its habits, and is very destructive to fish and young
water-fowl.””

The above statements are undoubtedly true in
the main, fish and other animal life constituting the
chief part of its food. ‘The following record is, there-
fore, of interest as being an exception to the usual
habit.

On July 9, 1916, I took a Snapping Turtle (cara-
pace 12 inches in length) from a mud hole on the
border of a salt marsh at Sagamore Beach, Cape Cod,
Massachusetts. The stomach was well filled with re-
cently eaten marsh grass (Distichlis spicata), the
blades being intact, although bent and tangled. There
was nothing else in the stomach. The turtle was a
male, quite fat and apparently in a healthy condition.

H. L. Bascocx,
Dedham, Mass.

SNAKE CONSERVATION IN
CALIFORNIA.

The Lorquin Natural History Club of Los An-
geles, Calif., is at present devoting some time and
money to calling the attention of Californians to the
use of some of the harmless snakes and the reasons
why they should not be killed. In the vicinity of the
city signs are being posted at mountain resorts, small
cities and along roads. These signs read as follows: ~

DO NOT KILL HARMLESS SNAKES.
They are useful in destroying disease-
bearing rodents.

The only snake in California that can
harm you is the Rattlesnake.

Lorquin Natural History Club,
Los Angeles.

3 The Reptile Book, p. 14, by R. L. Ditmars.
4 The American Natural History. Vol. IV, p. 41, by W. T. Hornaday.

COPEIA 91

The club is not a snake club, for only about two
out of its twenty Active Members are deeply inter-
ested in herpetology.

Among the most useful of the California snakes
is the Pacific Bull Snake (or Gopher Snake), Pitwo-
phis catenifer, which is common on the Pacifie Coast.
Its food consists chiefly of rodent pests, such as go-
phers, mice, ground-squirrels and small rabbits. Al-
though he prefers these animals for food, the Pacific
Bull Snake has a rather accommodating appetite,
which must under the force of necessity adapt itself
to circumstances and include in his ophiological menu,
birds, an occasional rat, bats, and sometimes a lizard
or two. Sometimes an egg (or several) is command-
eered, but I have never known of a Pacific Bull
Snake’s having eaten any egg as large as a chicken’s.

One sixty-four inch Pacific Bull Snake that was
brought to me was handled too much. A slight touch
of mal de mer resulted in his vomiting four full-grown
gophers, none of which was more than slightly di-
gested. On another occasion more than a dozen mice
had the misfortune to run foul of a mouse trap I had
set for living mice. ‘These same mice had the addi-
tional misfortune all to find their way into the stom-
ach of a good-sized hungry Pacific Bull Snake.

Taking it all in all, the good done by the Pacific
Bull Snake has already earned him the protection of
many ranchers and far outweighs any harmful depre-
dations his lack of discretion may at times mislead
him to make.

Paut D. R. RutH1.Ine,
Los Angeles, Calif.

NOTES ON THAMNOPHIS SIRTALIS
FROM CAPE ANN, MASSACHUSETTS.

Dr. A. G. Ruthven in his monograph on the Gar-
ter Snakes, plots out some curves of scale variation
in the genus and suggests the desirability of securing
data on the scale formulae of specimens from other

92 COPEIA

sections of the country. Accordingly having had the
opportunity this summer of getting the specimens to
make some measurements from the neighborhood of
Rockport and Gloucester, Mass., I present the results
here:

SEX, LABIALS OCULARS SCALE ROWS VEN- SUB-
LENGTH Upper Lower] Pre. Post.| Ant. Med. Post.| TRALS |CAUDALS

8-10 il 3 19 195 1@) 66

63

HOSS 2109 ne 195) 19: felt 8 undivided

60

60

75

60

Tail partly
os
lundivided

67

74

75

74

1

_

. Male18'% “

5 Aug. 6 bore 19 young.

The Garter Snakes of this region show somewhat
more uniformity in coloring than those of the Middle
Atlantic States. I have found that most of the adults
are a very dark brown or black in the ground color,
the stripe being fairly clear and well defined. As a
rule, too, the spots are not as prominent as in speci-
mens that come from the revion to the south.

F. G. SpPecK,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Edited by J. T. Nicnorts, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, December 24, 1916. No. 38

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

A SECOND RECORD OF THE SCOMBROID
FISH GERMO MACROPTERUS FROM
THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA.

A specimen of this species was found stranded
on the beach between Santa Barbara and Carpen-
teria, along the Santa Barbara Channel in Southern
California, on July 12, 1916. This species is caught
off the Japanese and Hawaiian Islands, but has been
recorded from the California coast only from Santa
Catalina Island.

Cart L. Huss,
Stanford University, Calif.

POLYODON IN WESTERN MISSOURI.

Through the kindness of Mr. G. C. Roe the
Museum of the University of Colorado has received
the head of a Spoonbill Cat, Polyodon spathula
(Walbaum) collected in western Missouri about 15
miles from the Kansas-Missouri state line. ‘This fish
was hooked in Dry Wood Creek, near Nevada, Mis-
sourl, August 10, 1916, and weighed 26 pounds when
taken from the water. The head measures 21 inches
from the tip of the gill-flap to the tip of the paddle.
Dry Wood Creek is one of the small head-water
streams of the Osage River system, and is usually
only a few feet wide. ‘The Polyodon was caught

94 COPEIA

during high water, however, when the creek was over
a mile wide in many places. Local fishermen report
that the Spoonbill is seen every few years during
such floods.
Max M. Eis,
Boulder, Colorado.

MEASUREMENTS OF A LARGE EXAM-
PLE OF CESTRACION ZYGAENA
(LINNAEUS).

On August 3, 1916, a large male hammerhead
shark was taken by the U. S. Fisheries Schooner
Grampus, about 90 miles east from Cape May, N. J.
It was first noticed following in the wake of the ves-
sel immediately after two of the party had been in
swimming. It was evidently excited and swam rap-
idly, crossing the wake in short zig-zags, beg ap-
parently euided by sense of smell. A large hook
baited with a chunk of tilefish was cast over, and the
shark was so eager in his rushes for this bait that he
missed it repeatedly. When hooked, he made a de-
termined fight for more than five minutes against the
combined efforts of five men. Fimally a sword-fish
iron was fastened in him, and he was brought on deck
without further trouble.

The stomach was empty.

Measurements as follows:

emi.
Motaly lem tha gece cer nneeeeeenen 0: Anal te syenbrals) eee 29
Width of thead: 222222. j Base of ventrals
Snout to Ist dorsal .
Base of Ist dorsal

Length of claspers ..
Height of ventrals

Height of ist dorsal 22 =. Ae Wentrals to “pectoral = 2 60
Ist dorsal to 2d dorsal . Pectoral. MaAsey- sae . 18
Base of 2d dorsal Length of pectorals ..... Bol

Height of 2d dorsal Pectoral to rear angle of head 32

CG ws 2 < 9)
2d dorsal to caudal base.......... 21 Pectoral to snout ................. 57

Caudal base to tip upper lobe 89

Caudal base to tip lower lobe 34.5 ne ie oe M
Caudal base to fork of caudal 21 a3 as ae PRB a cat
Tip of caudal to notch.............. 17 Width between nostrils —.. ol
Caudal-base to anal 19 Snout to upper lip 14
Base Of anal) 2 eee 15 Snout to angle of jaw ............ 25.5
Height of anal ........ kta es 13 Width of mouth 002 19

COPEIA 95

Color: upper parts of head, body and fins lead
gray; lower parts of same grayish white; tips of pec-
torals black; and tips of other fins dark.

W. W. WELSH,
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

AN ADDITION TO THE CHELONIAN
FAUNA: OF MASSACHUSETTS.

None of the published lists’ of the reptiles of
Massachusetts include the Red-bellied ‘Terrapin.
Pseudemys rubriventris (Le Conte). As this turtle
inhabits at least one locality in the Commonwealth,
the fact should be brought to the attention of nat-
uralists, and the occurrence definitely placed on
record.

The Red-bellied Terrapin has been known for
some years to inhabit certain ponds in Plymouth
County, where it seems to remain localized. Speci-
mens have been taken or observed in Gunners Ex-
change, Hoyt, Island, Nigger, Hallfield, Boot, Up-
per West, and Micajah’s ‘Ponds, and reported from
several others. These turtles are attractive in ap-
pearance, young animals especially being very deli-
cately marked. Roughly, their elongated form, the
irregular red markings on the carapace and the red
or yellowish tinted plastr on make them at once con-
spicuous among our New England turtles. Adult
specimens average ten to twelve inches (length of
carapace—axial measurement).

They are very shy,’ living in comparatively deep
water, and are rapid swimmers. On warm, bright
1 (1) Catalogue of the Animals and Plants of Massachusetts, by Ed-

ward Hitchcock (1835).

(2) A Report on the Reptiles of Massachusetts, by D. H. Storer,
M.D., Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. III, 1840.

(3) Catalogue of the Reptiles and Batrachians found in the vicinity
of Springfield, Mass., by J. A. Allen, Proc. B. S. N. H., Vol.
XII, 1868, aie list 1870).

(4) List of the Reptilia, Fauna of New England, by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Occasional Papers of the B. S. N. H., Vol. VII, 1904.

2 I am indebted to Mr. Henry J. Thayer for information regarding the
habits of these turtles.

96 COPEIA

days they can be seen sunning themselves on rocks
in the water, but always ready to disappear at the
slightest sign of danger. They are difficult to ap-
proach, although specimens have been obtained by
swimming up to and taking them by surprise. Dur-
ing the breeding season (June, in this region), they
have been found at considerable distances from wa-
ter... The nests are found in sandy soil, the female
depositing her eggs about two inches deep and care-
fully smoothing over the surface above the nest af-
terward. Without doubt many of these are destroyed
by skunks, which “smell out” and devour the eggs of
all our turtles each year. ‘This cause alone is suffi-
cient to prevent rapid increase in numbers. ‘These
terrapins are active here from May to October, with
the exception of a short period in August, when they
are said to disappear.’ |
Holbrook,’ in discussing the habits of this spe-
cies, says it is found in “streams and rivers of running
water, generally preferring those with rocky beds. »
In the as yet unpublished * ‘Survey of Inland Waters
of Massachusetts,” by the State Commissioners of
Fisheries and Game, I find the. followmg data re-
garding three of the larger ponds in which these tur-
tles are abundant: Gunners Hachange Pond:
“Greatest depth 25 ft.; middle west shore boggy; sev-
eral wide sand beaches; bottom muddy.” Boot Pond:
“Area 74 acres; greatest depth 31 ft.; bottom, shght
accumulation.” Fiebid Pond: Nees: 50 acres; bot-
tom, pebbles, stone, gravel, and brown mud.” Thus
it appears that a rocky bed is not an essential factor
in its environment.

3 Dr. F. A. Lucas writes me that he found a large specimen in 1913
in the middle of the road, half a mile from Crooked Pond. He also
has seen a broken shell found near Sparrow’s Hill, one-half mile
from Billington Sea.

4 Mr. Thayer reports finding on one occasion in May, a specimen which
had just died, in which the only indication of disease or injury
was a nasal hemorrhage. He thinks numbers die from this affec-
tion each year.

5 North American Herpetology, Vol. I, J. E. Holbrook, M.D., 1842,
p. 55.

COPEIA 97

Formerly its range was considered very limited.
Holbrook’ (1842) states that it does not extend
north of the Delaware River, or south of Chesapeake
Bay, although abundant within those limits. This in-
cludes the Pine Barrens of New Jersey: DeKay'
gives the “neighborhood of the city of New York”
as its extreme northern limit and states that it is not
found farther south than Virginia. Agassiz" Says

ek extends only from New Jersey to Virginia.” Dit-
mars,” however, in 1908, makes its distribution muclhi
wider, as follows: “Occurs in eastern Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, the two
Virginias, and northern North Carolina.” This
Massachusetts record, therefore, establishes a new
northern limit of distribution.

This species is the Ptychemys rugosa of Agassiz.
drawings of which appear on Plates X XV I and
XXVIT in Vol. IL of his “Contributions to the Nat-
ural History of the United States of America.” His
specimens came from Washington, D. C. There are
three specimens from Plymouth in the collection of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge,”
and one in the collection of the ecton Society of
Natural History.”

Commercially these terrapins are known as
“Sliders” and are assuming an important role in the
localities where they are abundant, as a substitute for
the more expensive “Diamond-back.” The flesh is
said to have an excellent flavor.

6 Ibid.
7 Zoology of New York, Part III, James E. DeKay, 1842, p. 16.

8 Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of Amer-
ica, Vol. I, Louis Agassiz, 1857, p- 432.
9 The Reptile Book, R. L. Ditmars, 1908, p. 39
10 (1) Specimen from Upper West Pond. Collected October, 1905, by
F. A. Lucas.
(2) Specimen from Boot Pond. Collected July, 1912, by H. J. Thay-
er, weight 10 pounds.
(3) Specimen from Gunner’s Exchange Pond. Collected July, 1912,
by H. J. Thayer.
11 Specimen from Hillfield Pond, Plymouth. Collected June 19, 1916,
by H. L. Babcock. Length of carapace, 113g inches. Male.

98 COPEIA

Why this species remains confined only to cer-
tain ponds of a large number which are situated in .
Plymouth County, and why this locality is so isolated
from the rest of its range, are questions which re-
quire further study. The fact remains that this ter-
rapin is an interesting addition to the fauna of Mass-
achusetts.

H. L. Bascock,
Boston, Mass.

| Director Frederic A. Lucas, of the American
Museum of Natural History, with whom the editor
has frequently discussed the occurrence of Pseu-
demys at Plymouth, has kindly furnished the follow-
ing notes.—J. T. N.|

OCCURRENCE OF PSEUDEMYS AT PLY-
MOUTH, MASS.

Having been the first, so far as I am aware, to
recognize the occurrence of Pseudemys rubriventris
at Plymouth, Mass., I am glad of the opportunity
to present a few notes in regard to the species.

In 1869 I found the carapace of what I now
know to be this species lying by the roadside on Spar-
row’s Hill, about half a mile from Billington Sea.
At the time I was acquainted only with the local spe-
cies of turtles and simply recognized the carapace as
belonging to some species that I had never seen, but
suggestive of a huge “snake” turtle (the local name
for the Painted Terrapin).

From 1869 to 1905 I saw very little of Ply-
mouth. On September 15, 1905, I took two fully
grown females of Pseudemys rubriventris in Upper
West Pond. They were fighting and held on to each
other so tenaciously that they allowed themselves to
be taken into the boat with my landing net and did
not let go for some time. As a matter of record, one
of these specimens was sent to the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology and one to the U. S. National Mus-

COPEIA 99

eum, where Doctor Stejneger confirmed my offhand
recognition of the species. My friend, Mr. Nicker-
son, told me that he had seen a turtle of this kind
some years previous in Boot Pond.

On May 27, 1911, when passing Island Pond
_(the one near Gunner’s Exchange) I saw several
specimens, supposedly of this species, sunning them-
selves on the rocks on the eastern side of the pond.
Upon stopping the carriage to get a better look at
them, they immediately plunged into the water. A
little later in the day a specimen in Hoyt’s Pond
swam from the shore directly under the boat, almost
within reach of the dip net, and still later, in Gunner’s
Exchange, several of these specimens were seen on
shore, but they literally ran to the water as soon as
our boat came within sight, so that it was impossible
to capture one. Hoyt’s Pond is not given on the
Uy; S. G. S. map, but it immediately adjoins Gun-
ner’s Exchange, and the two formerly were connect-
ed. Owing to the shrinkage of all the ponds about
Plymouth, | the two have ean rarely united of late
years.

On September 15, 1911, I found a carapace of
this turtle in a cottage near Micajah’s Pond, and was
told by Mr. Standish that he had taken it there a
year or two previous.

Finally, on September 26, 1913, I found, when
returning from College Pond, a large specimen in
the middle of the road about half a mile from Crook-
ed Pond. It was so extremely snappy that I did not
attempt to keep it.

That this species was not earlier recognized in
the vicinity of Plymouth is not so surprising as it
may seem. It is, as Mr. Barbour has noted, extreme-
lv shy, and even when seen or taken, there was prob-
ably no one in Plymouth who would have been ac-
quainted with the species, but would, as I did when a
boy, think it might possibly be an overgrown Painted
Turtle.

100 COPEL A

Island Pond is the only one where it would prob-
ably be possible to capture specimens of this turtle
with the seine. I had arranged with Mr. Barbour
to seine this pond and obtained the permit for this
purpose, but owing to circumstances this was never
done.

Nigger Pond, included in Mr. Babcock’s notes,
is not on the map, but is a small, privately-owned
pond, being under the twenty-acre limit, near the heel
of Boot Pond.

Hallfield or Hillfield Pond is not given on the
map, nor included in Davis’s list of ponds, nor is 1%
known to myself or to any of my friends. I am in-
clined to think the name is an error for “Half-way
Pond.” If so, this would extend the known range
of P. rubriventris in Plymouth by about four miles.

It may be said that some of the names given on
the U. S. G. S. map are not those in use in Plymouth.
For example, Ellis Pond above West Pond, should
properly be called Sabey Pond. In many instances
the apostrophe is omitted, so that we have King
Pond, Micajah Pond, ete., when they should be
King’s Pond, Micajah’s Pond, ete.

The weight of ten pounds ascribed to this spe-
cies is undoubtedly too great. ‘The actual weight of
a specimen of the allied P. mobiliensis, having a cara-
pace 13 inches long, is only 61 pounds; so that 5 to 6
pounds is probably the weight of a full grown rub-
riventris.

i AG eas:
New, Y ork; Noe

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, January 24, 1917. No. 39

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

A BALISTES VETULA TOPOTYPE FROM
ASCENSION.

Through the kindness of Major H. N. Benett,
R. M. I., Commandant of H. M. Island Ascension
in the tropical Atlantic, we have had the pleasure of
examining a topotypical example of the trigger fish,
Balistes vetula Linnaeus. Reference to this fish was
made by the writers in 1914, in connection with the
description of a new race of the species from 'Trini-
dad Islet in latitude 20 south (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Vol. XX XIII, pp. 265-266). At that time
we knew of no specimen in America of Balistes vetula
from the type locality, and in describing the sub-
species trinitatis, which obviously differed from the
West Indian form, we stated that the former might
possibly prove to be identical with Linnaeus’s B. ve-
tula of Ascension, in which case a new name should
be sought for the well-known representative of West
Indian waters. Major Benett generously agreed to
assist in settling the problem, and in due course an
adult specimen preserved in formalin has reached us,
and has been catalogued as number 553 in the col-
lection of the Brooklyn Museum.

We have compared the Ascension Island fish
with the type of trinitatis which it almost exactly
equals in size (being 380 mm. long to base of caudal)
as follows: Head, 3.0 in length to base of caudal;
depth, 2.0; thickness of body, 2.0 in head. Head
bluntly pointed, dorsal and ventral outlines similarly

2 COPEIA

oblique, both gently arched. Dorsal soft rays 31,
anal 29. A line drawn from the origin of the soft
dorsal to the origin of the anal would cut the length-
wise axis of the body a distance before the base of
the caudal contained 2.4 times in the length to base
of caudal. The stripes on the head are like those of
the West Indian fish.

Although somewhat intermediate, the Ascension
specimen is closer to West Indian examples than to
the one from Trinidad. From the former it is very
probably not taxonomically separable. ‘This is in line
with our idea of the probabilities in spite of the great-
er distance of Ascension from the West Indies than
from Trinidad, based on the probable distribution of
a sluggish swimming fish of this nature. The North-
westerly trade wind currents would make it difficult
for a B. vetula to reach Trinidad from the West In-
dies, and as, on the other hand, Trinidad fish would
not drift north of Cape San Roque, B. vetula from
that island would be pretty effectually isolated from
the North Atlantic current circuit, whereas those
from Ascension would be on the outskirts of the same.

The high fin-count of the Ascension fish places
it with descriptions of those from the Indian Ocean,
which may leave the West Indian form as Balistes
vetula bellus (Walbaum). We suspect that if the
West Indian fish is separable from the Ascension, the
Indian Ocean one will be found to be so also. As far
as is determinable from a single specimen, trinitatis
is a valid race.

J.T. Nicsors:
R. C. Murpuy,
New Vork, Nive

FISHES FROM PUNTARENAS,
COSTA RICA.
A collection of fishes was obtained from the
Costa Rica government many years ago by the Com-
mercial Museums of Philadelphia. Recently, having

COPEIA 3

had the opportunity to study it through the kindness
of Dr. W. P. Wilson, Director of the Museums, the
list of species given below was ascertained:

Urotrygon mundus Gill, Sciaedichthys troscheli
(Gill),

Gymnothorax punctarenae, sp. nov.: Head, 61;
depth, 11; snout, 514 in head; eye, 7; mouth cleft,
2%3; interorbital, 4-4/5. Eyelids joined to skin of
head. ‘Teeth all uniserial, large compressed, lower
front five enlarged and firm, and six large front up-
per ones with three depressible inwards. Hund edge
of each tooth on its basal half, finely serrated. Lips
fleshy. Front nostrils in short tubes, hind ones each
as simple pore close over edge of each eye above. Body
reticulated with brownish, leaving pale irregular
blotches which become much larger and less defined
on tail, until at tail end they form several large irreg-
ular vermiculations of brownish. Dorsal fin with
basal half like color of back, border with dark brown
broken marginal blotches. Anal largely dark brown,
at least over greater marginal portion. Upper sur-
face of head finely spotted or dotted with paler.
Lower surface of head and belly pale, with faint and
darker reticulations. Iris olive. Slight brownish
blotch above gill-opening, though latter not surround-
ed by brown. Length 20-5/8 inches, from snout tip
to vent 10% inches. Only one example. This species
falls within the subgenus Priodonophis Kaup, on ac-
count of its serrate teeth. It differs, however, from
the common Atlantic G. ocellatus in coloration.

Echidna nocturna (Cope), Pundulus dovii
(Gunther), Mugil hospes Jordan and Culver, Holo-
centrus suborbitalis Gill, Caranx hippos (1.) Apo-
gon dovun Gunther, Centropomus nigrescens Gunther,
C. robalito Jordan and Gilbert, Dermatolepsis punc-
tatus Gill, Lutjanus jordan (Gill), L. argentiven-
tris (Peters), Haemulon sexfasciatum Gill, Aniso-
tremus pacifici (Gunther), A. dovii (Gunther), A.
mterruptus (Gill), Brachydeuterus leuciscus (Gun-

+ COPEIA

ther), Pomadasis branichi (Steindachner), Buccone
praedatoria (Jordan and Gilbert), Bairdiella ensi-
fera (Jordan and Gilbert), MNystaema cinereum
(Walbaum), Gerres brevimanus Gunther, Kyphosus
analogus (Gill), Pomacentrus rectifraenum Gill,
Newilarius concolor fou , Abudefduf mauritii (1.),
Chaetodipterus zonatus (Girard), Pomacanthus zoni-
pectus (Guill), Holacanthus passer Valenciennes,
Balistes naufragium Jordan and Starks, S pheroides
annulatus (Jenyns), Tetrodon hispidus L. Hwmyc-
terias punctatissimus (Gunther), Scorpaena histrio
Jenyns, S. mystes Jordan and Starks, Philypnus lat-
eralis Gill, Dormitor maculatus (Bloch), Mapo so-
porator (Valenciennes), Paralichthys woolman Jor-
dan and Wilhams.
Henry W. Fowter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

A COLLECTION OF FOOD-FISHES FROM
ARGENTINA.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia received during the past summer a collection of
the larger and more important food-fishes from the
Argentina government. ‘Though no definite locality
is assigned, the specimens were doubtless obtained at
Buenos Aires:

Mustelus mustelus (L.), Luciopimelodus pati
(Valenciennes), Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes) ,
Pseudoplaytystoma coruscans Agassiz, Doras granu-
losis Valenciennes, Loricaria anus Valenciennes, Pro-
chilodus platensis Holmberg, Salminus brevidens
(Cuvier), Menidia bonariensis Valenciennes, Mugil
brasiliensis Agassiz, Sarda sarda (Bloch), Seriola
rivoliana Valenciennes, T'rachinotus glaucus (Bloch),
Pomatomus saltatriv (L.), Perona signata (Jen-
yns), Polyprion oxygenius (Schneider), Acanthistius
patagonicus (Jenyns), Sparus pagrus L. Cynoscion
striatus (Cuvier), Sagenichthys ancylodon (Schnei-
der), Micropogon opercularis (Quoy and Gaimard),

COPEIA 5

Pogonias cromis (L.), Pinguipes fasciatus Jenyns,
Chilodactylus macropterus (Schneider), Helicolenus
dactylopterus (De Lar), Prionotus punctatus
(Bloch), Paralichthys brasiliensis (Ranzani), Perco-
phis_ brasiliensis Quoy and Gaimard, Genypterus
blacodes (Schneider), Phycis brasiliensis Kaup, Mer-
luccius gayi Guichenot.
Henry W. Fow .er,
Philadelphia, Pa.

GRAND CANYON NOTES.

On a first and brief visit to the Grand Canyon
of Arizona, June 6-10, 1916, en route to California,
as might be expected, little time was available for
herpetological observations. ‘The few notes that were
taken seem worth recording, chiefly because they come
from a region of such extraordinary interest.

Two days were spent in conventional trips along
the rim of the Canyon, the third day on a walk down
the Bright Angel Trail to the Colorado River, and
the fourth and last day in Camp near the Indian
Garden on the inner plateau of the Canyon.

The dry season being well advanced, no batrach-
ians, but many lizards of the genera Sceloporus and
Holbrookia, were seen on top of the Canyon. Lizards
in the Canyon averaged larger in size, and in addi-
tion to the genera mentioned included Crotaphytus,
Gerrhonotus and Cnemidophorus. A specimen of
Sceloporus clarkii captured in the Indian Garden is
still living in the New York Zoological Park.

Two Batrachians—Hyla arenicolor and Bufo
punctatus—were common in the Canyon.

Hyla arenicolor was observed along the small
stream which runs through the Indian Garden, enters
a narrow inaccessible gorge and reappears at the
foot of the Bright Angel trail near the Colorado
River. Dense thickets of willow, sedges, etc., border
the stream, except at trail crossings, where clear, shal-
low pools have formed. In and about these pools the

6 COPEIA

frogs were most numerous, some still mating. No
ova, but plenty of tadpoles were found in the water.

The tadpoles were about one inch long; uniform-
ly dark gray above and iredescent light gray below;
tail broad, heavily marbled, dark gray; eyes golden.
The adult frogs averaged about two inches in body
length, and were uniformly light gray above, with nu-
merous minute spots and granulations, giving the skin
the appearance of roughness.

The call of this frog is lower in pitch, but is
otherwise very much like the bleating notes of Hyla
versicolor. It was heard, occasionally, durmg the
day, increased in volume towards dusk, and continued
through the night. Only two of eight specimens, cap-
tured and sent to the New York Zoological Park,
arrived alive.

Bufo punctatus, without doubt, is the most abun-
dant of Batrachians in the Canyon, yet so secretive
and strictly nocturnal is this toad that none are likely
to be encountered, except after dark. During the
one night spent in the Canyon its call, mingling with
that of Hyla arenicolor, was the dominant sound of
animal life. Search for the toads with an acetylene
lamp revealed such numbers that no attempt was
made to count them. ‘There were hundreds—many
on the trail and many more in the shallow pools in
the Indian Garden. None were seen mating, but
their small, black tadpoles, not exceeding half an
inch in length, were swarming along the margin of
the stream. Breeding evidently had taken place dur-
ing May.

In size as well as in general appearance there
is so little difference between this toad and Hyla
arenicolor that one might easily be mistaken for the
other. The call, though loud, is not harsh and con-
sists of a series of deep, whistling notes, repeated at
short intervals.

At least two more species of frogs are to be found
along the stream in the Indian Garden. Of one, a

COPEIA 7

species of Rana, the tadpoles, fully two inches in
length, were seen in the pools. Several times during
perhaps an hour, a short, deep croak was heard com-
ing from the willow thickets. It reminded the writer
of Rana palustris.

Of another frog only the call, a soft click-click-
click, was heard. It came from a cluster of aquatic
plants in the middle of a pool, but the songster, un-
doubtedly a very diminutive creature, could not be
found.

GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

A NEW RECORD FOR THE RING-
NECKED SNAKE IN MICHIGAN.

A specimen of Diadophis punctata (L.), cap-
tured near Marquette, has been presented to the Mu-
seum of Zoology, University of Michigan, by the
Northern State Normal School. This is of interest
not only as a new locality for the snake but also be-
cause it extends the known range of the species con-
siderably, since it is the first authentic record of its
occurrence in the Northern Peninsula. The species
had been reported from Marquette, but, in view of
the fact that young Storerias may be easily mistaken
for ring-necked snakes, this record has been “open
to question,” as stated by Ruthven in the “Herpet-
ology of Michigan.”

Heien TuHomrson GaAIcE,
Ann Arbor, Michigan.

HABITS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE TEXAS
HORNED LIZARD, Phrynosoma
cornutum, Harlan, II.

An interesting fact mentioned by many writers,
and easily confirmed, is that the horned lizard is very
sensitive to the stings of the large agricultural ants
which form its principal food. The lizard will fidget

8 COPEIA

nervously when stung by an ant on the back or on
the leg, yet can swallow the insect alive and entire.
The lming of the esophagus and the stomach seems
to be peculiarly resistant.

A common habit, seen in about twenty-five per
cent. of specimens, is that of wagging the tail when
irritated. Incidentally, this habit is quite general
among reptiles. Many non-venomous snakes vibrate
the tail when surprised. Often they are mistaken for
rattlesnakes, as the sound of a rapidly vibrating tail
in leaves or dead grass is not unlike the warning of
Crotalus.

The male horned lizards sometimes fight each
other in hot weather,—if confined closely. This fight-
ing seems to be rather harmless, consisting mainly of
vigorous puffing and blowing. ‘The writer once ob-
served a large male dragging around a smaller one
holding its tail in his mouth.

Horned lizards, unlike other lizards, do not have
the power to break off the tail, when that member is
grasped. In fact, a convenient method of capture is
to seize the animal by its tail.

The Texas form may at times greedily lap up
water, but seems to depend mainly on drops of dew
on the vegetation. ‘This habit is shared by the other
members of the genus.

In North-central Texas, the horned lizards dis-
appear with the first cold burst, which comes on usu-
ally between the middle of September and the first
of October. Occasional specimens, especially very
young forms, may be found as late as the first of
December; but the majority are gone for the winter,
after the first “norther” despite the many warm days
which may follow.

W. M. Winton,
Fort Worth, Tevas.

Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, February 26, 1917. No. 40

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

FURTHER NOTES ON ERILEPIS, THE
GIANT BASS-LIKE FISH’ OF THE
NORTH. PACIFIC.

In Coreta for April 24, 1916, (No. 30) the writer
noted the second occurrence of Hrilepis zonifer
(Lockington) in the North Pacific. Since then
several interesting facts have come to light concern-
ing this huge fish that have modified what was pre-
viously said. It is especially noteworthy that there
is no special reason for believing the fish a stray
from Japan, as has been conjectured.

According to one of the fishermen, the specimen
already recorded had been taken in “Southeastern
Alaska, in one of the long inland straits which form
the inland passage, either in Frederick Sound or
Chatham Straits.” The captain of the halibut
schooner, however, when seen at a later date stated
positively that the specimen was taken off the western
coast of the Queen Charlottes, near the northern end.
His record is undoubtedly correct, and it is evident
that Erilepis was taken on the continental shelf,
rather than in enclosed waters.

While in Vancouver during November, at the
plant of the Canadian Fishing Company, the writer
was shown two other specimens of this fish. Under

10 COPEL A

the heading “A Freak Fish,” a statement with a
photograph of the larger was given in the “Pacific
Fisherman” for November, as follows: ‘While the
halibut schooner Borealis was fishing with halibut
trawls in 240 fathoms of water in Rennel Sound on
the west coast of Queen Charlotte Island, British
Columbia, during October, a fish which weighed, in
the round 175 pounds, and when dressed 145 pounds,
was caught. It measured 5 feet 10 inches in length.”
The opinion was expressed that it was “a large sea
bass,” from “Southern Pacific waters.” ‘The large
example was given to the British Columbia Provin-
cial Museum, where a cast will be made and placed
on exhibition. ‘Through the kindness of the company
manager a smaller specimen caught at the same time
was sent to Stanford University in a frozen condition.
There it has been carefully examined, and compared
with a Japanese specimen, undoubtedly the same
species.

It will be noted that the locality was the same
as the corrected one for the first specimen. The prob-
ability is that there is an available explanation for the
occurrences. In the region indicated, the continental
shelf drops with great rapidity to oceanic depths, and
a halibut trawl set in 150 fathoms on its shoreward
end frequently drops as far as its buoys will allow
it on the seaward end. ‘This may be as much as 400
fathoms. It has only been in recent years, particular-
ly in the winter, that halibut fishing has been carried
on in depths of 140 fathoms and more, as has been
shown in the reports of the British Columbia Com-
missioner of Fisheries for 1915. ‘The cousin of the
present species, the Alaska black cod Anoplopoma,
inhabits considerable depths also, and in the last few
years more of them are being caught by the halibut
boats. The fishermen even occasionally bring up
Macrouroid species, formerly utterly unknown to
them. This “rare” fish, then, has perhaps been

COPEIA 13

caught by the fishermen while they were utilizing un-
usual depths, and it may well be common and relative-
ly abundant in its peculiar habitat.

The Japanese fishermen, it is worthy of note,
fish their waters more closely than is done on our
coasts, and Dr. Jordan and Prof. Snyder say: “Ac-
cording to Kuma Aoki, an intelligent fisherman of
Misaki, it is occasionally taken in the Kuro Siwo, it
is not rare, and reaches a weight of 200 pounds. A1-
though so rare in collections the species is well known
to the fishermen.” There is no good reason why more
extensive exploitation of our fishing grounds will not
bring to light at least an abundance equal to that of
the species in Japan. It is hence unjust to call the
fish a “stray,” and one must be reserved in. calling
ie rare,

Since the only specimens known to be preserved
in museums have come from Japan, and the type of
the species (from Monterey, California,) which was
in the collection of the California Academy of
Sciences in San Francisco has been destroyed, the fol-
lowing notes regarding the specimen now at hand are
appended.

The fish, 112 cm. in total length and 98 to base of
caudal, is bass-like with massive head and rotund body,
its width 7 its depth, but with somewhat slender cau-
dal peduncle, nearly round and quickly tapering. The
interorbital is wide, convex. The eyes are small,
slightly oval, lateral in outlook, and over a wide sub-
orbital. The maxillary ends below the center of the
pupil. The lower jaw projects somewhat; its tip,
lying in the axis of the body, continues the profile
lines of the head and body, which taper evenly an-
teriorly and posteriorly.

The teeth are in a band six or seven series wide
anteriorly in the upper jaw, four or five below, nar-
rowing posteriorly; recurved, slender and sharp; none
of them canine-like, or enlarged; in a V shaped patch

12 COPEIA

on vomer; in narrow bands on palatines. The gill
arches and viscera were removed when the fish was
frozen.

The dorsals are apparently separated by the
space of two spines, but dissection shows these to be
present, buried below the thick skin; two anterior
spines are very short; the third is the longest, with
the margin of the fin falling straightly to the first
buried spine; preceding the soft rays are two un-
jointed rays (or spines), closely applied to the third.
The soft dorsal is highest at the fifth ray, slightly
emarginate in outline. When supine the longest dor-
sal ray reaches over the basis of seven following rays,
while that of the similarly shaped anal reaches to the
base of the last. The last rays in both fins are less
in length than the eye diameter. The pectorals are
a little faleate in shape, and extend back to the level
of the eighth dorsal spine. The ventrals are inserted
a short distance behind the pectorals.

Seales are present everywhere on exposed sur-
faces save the lips, edges of fins, membranes of spin-
ous dorsal, edges of branchiostegal flaps, and the in-
ner surfaces of paired fins; rough to touch, they are
not roughly ctenoid; they appear non-imbricate be-
cause buried deeply.

The color is very dark, save for projecting whit-
ish edges of scales; only traces of dark bands are
present, one as wide as 7% of the head length lymg
under the pectorals, 3 others of equal width respec-
tively just before the. vent, over the posterior two-
thirds of the anal, and on the caudal peduncle. Ven-
trally the body is not markedly lighter than dorsally.
The peritoneum is scraped away, but the buccal lin-
ing shows very dark. Lips and fin edges are black,
with strong tinges of blue.

The measurements follow: Head .32 of length to
base of caudal; depth. 30; body width .19; eye .045; .
maxillary length .13; width .032; suborbital width

COPEIA 18

.04; snout length .11; mandible .16; interorbital .12;
pectoral base .075; length .18; ventral .125; 3rd dor-
sal spine .085; 5th dorsal ray .11; last .037; 5th anal
ray .12; last .087; soft dorsal base .25; anal base .16;
depth of caudal peduncle .085; width .07; dorsal rays
NEE, Il 17; anal If 13; pores in lateral line .126;
scales from lateral line obliquely forward and upward
to dorsal insertion 30, downward and backward to
anal 51; pectoral rays 19; branchiostegals 7.
Wi I’. THompson,
British Columbia Fisheries Dept.

ANOTHER RECORD FOR 4ASCAPHUS
TRUEI STEJNEGER.

There have been, to the writer’s knowledge, but
two additional records for the American Bell 'Toad,
Ascaphus truei, since the report of the capture of the
single original specimen (the type of a new genus
and the only member of the family Discoglossidae
known from the Western Hemisphere). ‘The type
was found nineteen years ago at Humptulips, Che-
halis County, in southwestern Washington. In, 1906
the species was discovered on the southeast slope of
Mount Ranier at an altitude of 6,000 feet, and was
taken later on the same mountain at 4,861 feet alti-
tude on the southwest side.’

Dr. A. C. Chandler of the Oregon Agricultural
College, Corvallis, Oregon, has recently sent the
writer a specimen of Ascaphus truei taken in Oregon.
Dr. Chandler’s specimen was captured on Red Creek
in the Santiam National Forest, Linn County, Ore-
gon, at an altitude of 3,000 feet. The district is a
heavily forested one; and trees common in the local-
ity are Douglas Fir, Coast Hemlock and Pinus mon-
ticola. ‘The “toad” was found at the edge of the
creek which is here a cold, swift mountain-stream.

Judging from the cartilaginous condition of the
limb bones and the skull-roof and the small size the

1Van Denburgh, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 3, 1912, . 259-264.
Pp

14 COPEIA

specimen is an immature. Its measurements are:
total length 26 millimeters, “tail” one millimeter,
hind limb 39, hind foot 18, overlap of heels behind
anus 4, head width 9, length of parotoid 7, width of
parotoid 2.7. The specimen agrees in all but minor
points with descriptions of trwei. There is a gular
fold across the chest. The color in alcohol is uniform,
dark, slaty grey above, without any traces of darker
markings, and including the top of the head anterior
to the eyes. The snout has a lighter Y-shaped medi-
an, vertical band between the two darker spots about
the nostrils. Below the eye is another dark area sep-
arated from the nasal patch by a lighter spot. ‘The
underparts are dusky yellow and a continuation of
this color is seen in a light band across the shoulder.
The numerous small tubercles on the back are each
tipped with white.
CHARLES L. Camp,
New York, N. Y

SOME AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
FROM BUCK’S COUNTY, PENN-
SYLVANTIA.

While working over the collections of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the follow-
ing records were noticed. As no list of these animals
has ever been given for this section, all the species
are included.

Hemidactylium scutatum, Fallsington; Pletho-
don erythronotus, Woodbourne; S' pelerpes bislineatus,
Hulmeville; §. ruber, Woodbourne and Hulmeville;
Desmognathus fusca, Bristol, Hulmeville, Wood-
bourne and Wycombe; Bufo americanus, Bristol,
Pigeon Swamp, Cash Ledge, Tullytown, White’s Is-
land, Langhorne, Wycombe, Doylestown; Pseudacris
triseriatus, Kintnersville; Acris gryllus crepitans,
Bristol, Edgely, Badger Island, Rocky Woods, Penn
Manor, Scott’s Creek, Edison, Woodbourne, Doyles-
town; Hyla pickeringii, Bristol, 'Tullytown, Scott’s

COPEIA 15

Creek, Rocky Woods, Kintnersville; H. versicolor,
Bristol; Rana pipiens, Bristol, Emilie, Fallsington,
Tullytown, Cash Ledge, Rocky Woods, Scott's
Creek, Langhorne; R. catesbeiana, Scott’s Creek,
Tullytown, Langhorne, Bridgetown, Woodbourne,
Edison, Wycombe, Doylestown; R. clamata, Bristol,
Emilie, Rocky Woods, Cash Ledge, Scott’s Creek,
Bridgetown, Langhorne, Woodbourne, Fallsington,
Edison, Wycombe, Doylestown; R. palustris, Anda-
lusia, Emilie, Tullytown, Scott’s Creek, Wood-
bourne, Fallsington, Bridgetown, Edison; R. sylvat-
ica, Rocky Woods and Fallsington; Natrixv sipedon,
Eddington, Bristol, Scott’s Creek, Rocky Woods,
Woodbourne, Langhorne, Core Creek, Wycombe,
Edison; Storeria dekayi, Kddington and_ Bristol;
Diadophus punctatus, Croydon; Coluber constrictor,
Rocky Woods and Bristol; Thamnophis sauritus,
Croydon and Emilie; 7". sirtalis, Bristol, Hulmeville,
Rocky Woods; Sceloporus wndulatus, Nockamixon ;
Chelydra serpentina, Croydon, Bristol, Woodbourne
and Edison; Kinosternon pensyloanicum, 'Tullytown,
Core Creek and Woodbourne; Sternothoerus odora-
tus, Bristol, Tullytown, Scott’s Creek, Langhorne;
Pseudemys rubriventris, Bristol; Chrysemys picta,
Bristol, Tullytown, Emilie, Rocky Woods, David's
Well, Croydon, Scott’s Creek, Woodbourne, Wy-
combe, Edison; Clemmys insculpta, Bristol; C. gut-
tata, Bristol, Tullytown, Rocky Woods, Scott’s
Creek, Woodbourne, Edison; Terrapene carolina,
Woodbourne and Doylestown.
Henry W. Fow ter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

STUDYING THE BOX TURTLE.

While collecting insects in woods at Orient, Oct.
8, 1916, I met an unusual, large, handsome male box
turtle Cistudo carolina. 'The plastron measured six
and a half by five inches. The head and neck excep-
tionally bright orange.

16 COPEIA

Placing the animal on the sand in a small clear-
ing, L reclined under a shrub oak to study procedure.
Shortly the splendid head and neck were erected and
held in a steady gaze. Presently a rustling was
heard among the dry leaves to one side, which | grad-
ually drew nearer. Finally the upstretched neck and
shell of a smaller male box turtle appeared in view
at the margin of the clearing 12 feet from the power-
ful specimen, which had remained absolutely motion-
less, but staring intensely at the new arrival. The
small one advanced 4 feet, then paused, then another
4. feet venture and another pause. At the last pause,
which was 4 feet from the first individual, the big fel-
low suddenly rushed at the new-comer with open
mouth and grabbed it by the nape with such force
as to roll it over on the side. It held the head to the
ground for about 2 minutes, while the victim strug-
aled unsuccessfully to draw its head within the shell.
Releasing its hold, it actually climbed over the con-
quered foe and walked rapidly away. It had traveled
10 feet when the small one hurried directly after it.
The leader paused every few feet in the usual manner,
but the other continued without haltmg till it was 2
feet in the rear. Thereafter it was very alert and
copied perfectly every start and pause of the leader,
which, evidently, was in ignorance of its shadower. I
watched this interesting bit of wild life for 60 feet,
when the head animal disappeared into thick cover,
leaving the rear tortoise gazing ahead in a puzzled,
undecided quandary. It finally turned and came di-
rectly by the writer, while passing about 3 feet to one
side. I talked loudly, whistled and sought to arrest
its attention by mouth, while remaining perfectly
motionless, but without success. Einar. the slight
raising of one arm caused the head to be drawn sud-
denly into the shell with alarm.

Roy LatrHam,
Orient, N.Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnuots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, March 24, 1917. No. 41

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

MIGRATION NOTES OF FISHES, 1916,
FROM ORIENT, LONG ISLAND.

The records mentioned below were all taken
from Long Island Sound, unless otherwise noted.
Our pounds were removed on December 15. This is a
considerably later date than usual, and several new
late records were made for the locality. All the
measurements given are in total lengths. Most of
the species herein listed were either identified or veri-
fied at the American Museum of Natural History.

Musielus canis. Smooth Dogfish. First one taken
May 29, four, 36 to 49 inches. Last one taken De-
cember 4, one 14 inches. One 14 inches taken No-
vember 28, also a 13-inch specimen from Long Beach
Bay, November 13. Largest individual of the season
was 51 inches, taken on August 18. It is known
among the fishers here as “Swing-tail Dogfish.”

Carcharias littoralis. Sand Shark. First taken
July 6, one 4 feet. Last taken October 21, one 24
inches.

Squalus acanthias. Spined Dogfish. Last one
taken in Spring, May 17, one 30 inches. First one
taken in Fall, October 20, five 36 inches. On October
23, 500 were taken in two traps. Were of daily oc-
currence till December 12. It is called here Horned
Dogfish.

Raja erinacea. Common Skate. A permanent

18 COPEIA

resident in Orient waters. It is washed ashore in
winter gales. Several seasons ago we kept a trap
in Gardiner’s Bay throughout the winter, and this
species was secured ‘at all the weekly hauls. It is
taken more commonly during the hot summer weath-
er in shallow water traps than in the deep water gears.
Known as “'Tobaccobox”’ and less frequently as “Old
Maid.”

Raja laevis. Barn-door Skate. First one taken
May 8, one 48 inches. Last one taken December 14.
Regular, but not common, throughout the summer.
A specimen taken December 12 had the following
measurements: Length, 52 inches; expansion across
wings, 38 inches. The local name is “Sharp-nosed
Skate.”

Acipenser sturio. Common Sturgeon. One
record, December 8, one 4 feet.

Elops saurus. Big-eyed Herring. One October
30, 14 inches. Wie usually obtain one or two records
each Fall, averaging about this size.

Etrumeus sadina. Round Herring. First taken
May 24, one 3 inches. Last taken December 8. It
appear ed in large schools in September and continued
in abundance till November 20. It was noted daily
till December 1. On December 4, 100 were taken.
The average length was 5 to 6 inches in the schools
and the largest taken 7 inches.

Brevoortia tyrannus. Bunker. First taken May
5, fourteen. Last taken December 15. The young,
ranging in length from 114 to 6 inches, were very °
common from October 29 to the end of the season.
Not so many young have been noticed before in fif-
teen years. The last adult was taken November 25,
in Long Beach Bay.

Stolephorus mitchilli, Common Anchovy. Ar-
rived June 23, in large schools. Last taken December
14. Abundant from October 1 to December 4.

Osmerus mordaxv. Smelt. Last one taken in
Spring, June 9. First one taken in Fall, October 2.

COPEIA 19

Also the following summer records: July 14, two;
August 28, two. <All about 7 inches in length.

Synodus foetens. Lizzard Fish. One taken
October 9, 12 inches in length.’ This is the only ex-
ample of this species the writer has secured from
Orient.

Tylosorus marinus. Billfish. First taken May
7, two 14 inches. Last taken November 19. One
was taken on November 13, and one November 10.
Largest specimen of the year was 28 inches, taken
September 28.

Hyporhamphus roberti. Half-beak. First tak-
en July 12, one six inches. Last one taken Novem-
ber 6, three. Two were taken July 17, and one, Oc-
tober 18. All these latter records were near 9 inches
in length.

Mugil curema. White Mullet. First taken
June 4. Last taken December 13. Large schools
of young were observed late in September and
through October.

Sphyraena borealis. Northern Barracuda. First
one taken June 20. Last one taken October 19, one
12 inches. ‘This fish was extremely rare during the
season. Only one specimen was taken after Septem-
ber 15. In 1915, it oceurred daily through October
and most of November.

Scomber scombrus. Common Mackerel. First
taken May 23, two, 6 inches. Last taken December
14, three, 7 inches. Was common in schools till No-
vember 22, ranging in size from 7 to 10 inches. There
were swarms of young on June 23, about 2 inches
long. By July 17, these had obtained a length of 3
inches.

Scomber colias. Thimble Mackerel. First tak-
en July 14. Last taken December 12, three, 5 to 8
inches.

Sarda sarda. Bonito. One record. One 12
inches on September 15. This is a very uncommon

20 COPEIA

species in Orient waters. Occasionally a dozen may
be taken at one haul, or single individuals up to twen-
ty in a season.

Scomberomorus maculatus. Spanish Mackerel.
One September 6, 18 inches in length, with a weight
of 154 lbs. is the only record. It is at present a very
rare species. In 1915, no record was made. In 1914,
four, of 2 lbs. each, were caught at one time. In
1913, one individual of 6 inches. It is forty-five years
since the last big run occurred at Orient.

AXiphias gladius. Swordfish. A specimen weigh-
ing 200 lbs was taken in Gardiner’s Bay, July 1. A
rare visitor near Orient.

Seriola zonata. Banded Rudder Fish. First
one taken August 1. Last one taken October 28.
Specimens range from 8 to 6 inches.

Decapterus punctatus. Sead. First taken Au-
gust 29. Last taken November 17. Specimens are
from 2 to 6 inches. It is most common in October.

Caranx hippos. Jackfish. First taken July 30.
Last taken October 30. Specimens 214 to 8 inches.
More common than usual, 20 to 30 sometimes being
captured at a single lift.

Vomer setipinnis. Lookdown. First Septem-
ber 29. Last taken October 19. Specimens are 1144
to 3 inches.

Trachinotus carolinus. Pompano. One 7-inch
specimen, October 30, is the only record. More than
one record a year is an exception.

Pomatomus saltatrix. Bluefish. First adult
taken June 23, and the last, October 3. Young
“snappers” were common till November 1, and the
last taken November 28. Young individuals from 1
to 2 inches in length were common in the Sound on
July 6, but had entirely disappeared by the 15.

Rhombus triacanthus. Butterfish. First one
taken May 15, two 8 and 10 inches. Last one taken
December 14. Young specimens from 1 to 4 inches

COPEIA 21

were common in the Fall, till December 1. It is an
abundant species and better known as “Shiner.”

Centropristes striatus. Sea Bass. First one
taken May 3, and the last, a specimen of 214 inches,
in Long Beach Bay, on December 7. The last adult
was taken on October 18.

Orthopristis chrysopterus. Pigfish. One taken
June 29, 944 inches. The first specimen in several
years and the largest record taken here.

Stenotomus chrysops. Porgy. First one taken
May 15, two 8 and 10 inches. Last one taken De-
cember 4. There was a great abundance of young
from October 20 to December 1. From ten to twenty
thousand ranging from 1 to 8 inches would collect
in a trap over night.

Cynoscion regalis. Weakfish. First one taken
May 17, two 13 and 14 inches. Last one taken De-
cember 8, three, 4 to 7 inches. Six were taken on
November 27. The last adult was taken on October
30, weighing 4 lbs. The largest individual of the
season had a weight of 14 lbs.

Leiostomus wanthurus. Wafayette. First one
taken September 2. Last one taken November 28.
Specimens ranging from 2 to 12 inches. The speci-
men of 12 inches, taken on September 27, weighed
3/, lb., and is the largest I have record of. Septem-
ber 16 one was taken 101% inches. On October 21,
three 9-inch specimens were caught. ‘Three were
taken on the date of November 27.

Menticirrhus sawatilis. Wingfish. First one
taken May 15, one 10 inches. Last one taken Decem-
ber 8. There were numerous November records from
3 to 7 inches.

Chaetodipterus faber. Spadefish. One taken
October 2 was 16 inches in length, 9 inches deep,
weight 334 lbs. One October 4, about the same size
and a third specimen on October 6, 12 inches in
length.

22 COPEIA

Balistes carolinensis. 'Triggerfish. One on No-
vember 11, 10 inches.

Monacanthus hispidus. Filefish. First one ta-
ken September 10. ast one taken November 22.

Lagocephalus laevigatus. Rabbitfish. A speci-
men of 6 inches November 1.

Spheroides maculatus. Swellfish. First one
taken May 29, two 6-inch. Last one taken December
15. Young of 1 to 3 inches were frequently taken
through November and first of December. Last
adult taken October 28.

Myoxocephalus aeneus. Pigmy Seculpin. Last
one in Spring taken June 8. First one taken in Fall,
November 4. Three females were taken on Novem-
ber 20, that measured 7 inches each. Of the form
called M. mitchilli the following records, all from
Long Beach Bay, were taken: two November 25,
(first) ; one December 2; four, December 4. All of
these were uniform in size and very conspicuous with
their bold black markings amongst the numbers of
Brassy Sculpins in a boat.

Myowocephalus octodecimspinosus. 18-spined
Seulpin. Last one taken in Spring, June 9. First
one taken in Fall, October 1. Common throughout
the winter. Known locally as “Horned Fish.”

Prionotus carolinus. Sea Robin. First one ta-
ken May 17. Last one taken November 29. Six
adults were taken October 31. All those following
were young from 2 to 5 inches.

Merlucius bilinearis. Whiting. One 4 inches
was taken March 3. Three individuals were taken
on June 9, and one on July 18, 6 inches in length.
Arrived from north, October 3, and was taken regu-
larly to December 15.

Pollachius virens. Pollack. Young individuals
from 2 to 6 inches were taken all through the sum-
mer. On May 29, one weighing 21 lbs., with a length
of 36 inches was secured. Another of 14 lbs. was

COPEIA 23

taken on June 14. Adults are exceedingly rare in
local waters.

Urophycis regius. Codling. The following sum-
mer records were made: one, May 19; one, June 9;
one, August 11. Averaging about 7 inches.

Urophycis tenuis. Coding. Last taken in
Spring, May 6. First taken in F all, September 25;
was common by October 3, which is much earlier than
usual.

Paralichthys dentatus. Summer Flounder.
First one taken May 4. Last one taken December
15, a splendid specimen of 15 Ibs. One of 22 inches
was taken on November 30. November 27, four were
secured from 28 to 30 inches.

Roy LATHAM,
Orient, N.Y.

FISHES FROM THE VIRGIN ISLANDS,
WEST INDIES.

A small collection made by Mr. A. D. Brown
in 1878 was recently sent to me for study, by Mr.
C. F. Silvester, of Princeton University. Only one
example is with definite locality, and that reads St.
Thomas, July 18, 1878. This is one of the larger
islands, and due east about forty miles from Porto
Rico. As no fishes have previously been reported
from the Virgin Islands, the following list is offered:

Myrophis punctatus Lutken. Hemiramphus
brasiliensis (Linnaeus). Holocentrus adscensionis
(Osbeck). Caranav latus Agassiz. Trachinotus
glaucus (Bloch). Epinephelus striatus (Bloch).
E. adscensionis (Osbeck). Lutianus synagris (Lin-
naeus). Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch). Haemulon
plumiert (Iuacepede). Bathystoma aurolineatum
(Valenciennes). B. striatum (Linnaeus). Calamus
calamus (Valenciennes). C. kendalli Evermann and
Marsh. Upeneus maculatus (Bloch). U. martinicus
Valenciennes. Sparisoma wxystrodon Jordan and

24 COPEIA

Swain. SS. abildgaardi (Bloch). 8S. aurofrenatum
(Valenciennes). §. viride (Bonnaterre). Callyodon
taeniopterus (Desmarest). C. vetula (Schneider).
C. caeruleus (Bloch). Pomacanthus arcwatus (Lin-
naeus). Hepatus coeruleus (Schneider). Balistes
vetula Linnaeus. —

‘ Henry W. Fow ter,

Philadelphia, Pa.

ANOTHER RECORD OF AMBLYSTOMA
OPACUM FROM LONG ISLAND.

During the summer and fall of 1916 several col-
lecting trips for the adults of the tiger salamander
were made, with rather negative results as regards
that species, but two adults ‘with egos of the marbled
salamander, A mblystoma opacum, were found by Mr.
J. M. Ketcham, of Glen Head, L. I. They were dis-
covered under logs in a dried-up pond on the Hudson
Kstate near Sy osset, and were kept in damp soil.
After several weeks Mr. Ketcham presented them
to the N. Y. Zoological Park, where the ova arrived
on October 31, in rather a dry condition, and shrunk
to about one-third of their original size. The writer
placed them into a small aquarium with four inches
of water, and after being submerged about 45 min-
utes, they began to hatch. The gelatinous cover had
absorbed the water, bringing the ova back to their
natural size, which was about 3-16 of an inch. With-
in an hour after beginning to hatch, all the larvae had
emerged. Of the 88 larvae hatched, 76 found their
way to the Rockefeller Institute, where Dr. Eduard
Uhlenhuth is using them in his experiments on the
transplantation of the. amphibian eye and other bio-
logical work. A dozen were retained and are now
on exhibition in the Reptile House at Bronx Park.

RicHarpd F. DECKERT,
New York, N. Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

Philadelphia, April 24, 1917. No. 42

ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERI-
CAN SOCIETY OF ICHTHYOLOGISTS AND
HERPETOLOGISTS, held in the Lecture Hall of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, March
Solon iG.

feo —e-s 3 ee of

THE FISHES OF THE LANG-CHAPIN CONGO
EXPEDITION. John T. Nichols. (No abstract.)

These results will be incorporated in Mr. Nichol’s forth-
coming report to be published by the American Museum
of Natural History, New York.

A RESTORATION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS
AMPHIBIAN ERYOPS. Dwight Franklin. (No
abstract.)

SOME EXPERIENCES WITH SNAKES AND
TURTLES. J. Fletcher Street. (No abstract.)

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF
DERMAL DENTICLES AND TEETH IN IDENTI-
FYING SHARKS. Lewis Radcliffe.

Sharks represent one of the most interesting
groups in the field of ichthyology, but a very difficult
one for the average worker. For many of the species
it is almost impossible to find satisfactory descriptions,
or was so until very recently. - One reason for this is
that we cannot transport a shark 10 to 50 feet in
length, weighing from 300 to 10,000 pounds or more,
with ease to our laboratories, and very often our field
notes do not suffice for identification purposes. Even
when it is possible to bring large specimens to the
laboratory, identification must be made at once and
the remains cast adrift, the element of large size pro-
hibiting the preserving of large numbers for compara-

26 COPEIA

tive purposes. On the other hand, there is a paucity
of material in our collections which could have been
preserved easily and would have aided us greatly in
our studies.

In the summers of 1912-14, while at Beaufort,
N. C., excellent opportunities were afforded for collect-
ing material, but very little time for studying it. This
directed attention to the minimum of material that
should be saved and the following plan developed:

1. Make as detailed field notes and measure-
ments as time will permit. Include careful descrip-
tions of parts of head, form of fins and distinctive color-
markings.

2. If provided with a camera, photograph lateral
view of entire fish and ventral surface of head includ-
ing pectorals. These often aid in checking measure-
ments and supply important details which may other-
wise be overlooked.

3. Preserve a piece of shagreen from the middle
of the side below the first dorsal fin. A piece 3 inches
square is ample and may be preserved in alcohol in a
small vial or bottle, or dried.

4. Remove the jaws entire. For doing this a
stout. sharp pocket or hunting knife is much more
satisfactory than an axe or cleaver and after a little
practice you will be surprised at the ease with which
it may be done. As soon as convenient the jaws should
be cleaned and dried. They are then easily shipped
by parcels post or express.

When one is prepared to study the material col-
lected in the field, a small piece of the shagreen should
be permanently mounted on a dry cell. The denticles
may then be studied with the microscope after which
the slide may be filed for future comparisons. At
first one may be somewhat bewilcered by the marked
similarity of denticles of various species. Others,
however, will be found with characters which are dis-
tinctive and by the process of elimination assistance
will be afforded.

In studying the denticles it should be noted
whether they are close set, imbricated or more or less
scattered, whether uniform or variable in size, the
number and character of the keels on the outer surface
and the individual variation with age.

COPEIA 27

As the worker becomes familiar with the denticles
of various species he will find the habit of briefly
examining those of new material an important aid in
his cursory search for clews as to the identity of the
species. Only a few days ago a section of a shark,
including that part of the body between the origin
of the first dorsal and base of the ventral fins, was
received and identified at once by this character.
Without this knowledge identification would have been
difficult and it oftentimes will prove so. In fact this
point must be emphasized that these are not an open
sesame by which all sharks may be readily identified,
but that in a troublesome group they are an aid. In
addition the material is easily obtained and retained
in permanent form for comparative purposes.

All who have made a study of sharks know the
important diagnostic value of the teeth. Considering
the ease with which the jaws may be removed and
preserved, the dearth of such material in collections is
surprising. While there is some range of variation in
the number of rows of teeth, there is a marked con-
stancy of form in a given species.

In large measure the practice of fishermen is to
fish intensively for the more important forms and
allow the unimportant ones to live and multiply, often
at the expense of the more valuable species. If prac-
tical uses can be developed for those that are especially
destructive to the important forms our gain may be
twofold. Many are familiar with the grayfish cam-
paign inaugurated last year by the Bureau of Fisheries,
and that this fish is being canned on both coasts. The
demand is at least ten times the pack and the eggs as
well as the livers are by-products of value.

Owing to the scarcity of leathers the time seemed
opportune to interest tanners in the utilization of fish
skins. Over 225 shark hides and about 50 skins of
other fishes, including cod, hake, grouper, garfish and
rays, have been distributed among about 25 tanners
for experimentation and a few very creditable samples
of the finished product have been received.

The utilization of this product is not a new idea
"as many have experimented with it almost universally
without success. Lack of srecess is due to the fact that
‘fish skins have to be processed in a special manner in
order that they may be tanned into acceptable grades

28 COPEIA

of leather. Two companies are now tanning them
and are in the market for large quantities of raw hides
and two others are perfecting tanning processes and
preparing to engage in the industry. Fishermen who
have not known that these products have a value are
being advised as to the proper methods for removing
the skins and curing and boxing them for shipment.
Those collecting this material are furnished informa-
tion as to where it may be marketed. The Bureau of
Standards will test the tanned skins as to tensile
strength and wearing qualities and later manufac-
turers of leather goods will be encouraged to experi-
ment with the finished product to ascertain to what
uses it is best adapted. Thus it is hoped that an
economic loss will be turned into a profit.

ON CERTAIN CONGO REPTILES. Herbert
Lang. (No abstract.)

FISHERY WORK IN THE TROPICS. Alvin
Seale. (No abstract.)

SOME REMARKS ON THE HISTORY OF THE
HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTION OF THE ACA-
DEMY OF NATURAY SCIENCES OF PHILADEL-
PHIA. Dr. Witmer Stone. (No abstract.)

NEW GENERA OF DEEP-WATER GUR-
NARDS (Peristidiidae). Dr. Hugh M. Smith. (No
abstract.) These results will probably appear in the
Proceedings of the United States National Museum.

BREEDING HABITS OF Ambystoma opacum.
G. P. Engelhardt. (No abstract.)

THE CAPELIN (Mallotus villosus), WITH
NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE ON THE COAST
OF MAINE. Dr. William C. Kendall.

Recently the Bureau of Fisheries, Washington,
D. C., received for identification three specimens of
fish unrecognized by fishermen in the locality where
they were taken. Recognizing that they constituted
a new record for the coast of Maine, information sup-
plied by Mr. H. M. Loomis, Director of the Office of
Sardine Inspection, follows: ‘‘Last fall these fish had
been noted from time to time during October and
November with receipts of herring, but they did not
appear in any great quantity with the ‘herring’ until
the latter part of November, or from the 26th to 30th.

COPEIA 29

On the 27th three hogsheads of ‘herring,’ or about 3000
pounds, were received from the Dennysville River, and
were found to contain over two hogsheads of capelin.
I am unable to state anything regarding capelin earlier
in the season, as no particular attention was paid to
them, as distinguished from the common smelt.” The
species has not previously been recorded south of
Halifax, Nova Scotia. In a number of books and
catalogues of fishes pertaining to the western Atlantic
vague references to the Halifax record are found.
These seem to be based upon the list of fishes of Nova
Scotia by J. Mathew Jones, published in 1863. Aside
from it as a new Maine record interest attaches to the
occurrence of capelin in Panamaquoddy Bay, as during
the summer the water was unusually cold off shore, at
intermediate depths on the Continental Shelf as far
south as the latitude of the Middle Atlantic States.
This cold water was accompanied by an abundance of
planktonic fish food of species usually found in more
northern waters (Fisheries Service Bulletin, September
1, 1916, No. 16, p.1). The possible connection of these
phenomena with the presence of capelin so far south
of its normal range is obvious. The Halifax occur-
rence previously referred to may be accounted for in
the same way. This is indicated by a subsequent
notice by the same J. Mathew Jones (in a letter to
Forest and Stream, vol. 10, 1878, p. 502). If Mr.
Loomis had asked for information regarding the habits
of the capelin he would have likely been given an extract
from the short account by G. Brown Goode in Fishery
Industries, which is about as complete as most recent
data available allows. This account is largely quota-
tions from others, and curious to note the most thor-
ough account of the fish appears to have been over-
looked. Such is that by the previously mentioned Mr.
Jones, read December 7, 1863, before the Nova Scotian
Institute of Natural Science and published in the
Transactions of that inst’tution (see vol. 2, part 2, pp.
4-13). In Dr. Goode’s account of the spawning habits
of the capelin one Charles Lanman is credited with a
very thorough observation. However, it has subse-
quently appeared that Charles Lanman was an “invet-
erate cribber” in things ichthyological. In the article
jist mentioned Cavtain Hardy quotes verbatim, giving
full credit from an earl’er account of the snawning
habits of the fish given by Lieutenant Edwerd Chappell,
R. N. (Voyage of His Majesty’s Ship Rosamond to

30 COPEIA

Newfoundland and the Southern Coast of Labrador,
1818, pp. 131-134). Charles Lanman’s account is a
werd for word transeription of this account, but
whether his apology is due Captain Hardy or Lieu-
tenant Chappell the Recording Angel only knows.

BITTEN BY A RATTLESNAKE. |= William T.
Davis. (No abstract.)

REPTILE” LORE OF “THE: NOR DHE RN
INDIANS. Dr. F. G. Speck. (No abstract.)

NOTES ON THE TYPES OF WEST AFRICAN
SPECIES OF LIZARDS DESCRIBED BY : DR.
EDWARD HALLOWELL. Karl P. Schmidt. - (No
abstract.) The results set forth in this communica-
tion will appear in Mr. Schmidt’s forthcoming report
on the Lang-Chapin Congo reptiles, to be published by
the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

HERPETOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
MICHIGAN. Dr. Alexander G. Ruthven.

It has seemed to me that a brief accovnt of the
work in herpetology which is being done at the Uni-
versity of Michigan woul’ probably be of some interest
to the Society since the University is geographically a
little remote from the museums where most of the
research in this field is carried on, and it has been
thought best, in view of the conditions, to emphasize
a certain field and method of investigation.

The nature of the work in herpetology in the
Museum of Zoology is determined by the general policy
adopted for the Museum. This policy covers both the
field and the methods of investigation, and it is
restricted both because the Museum is a state institu-
tion and because its resources are so limited that it is
necessary to concentrate them to obtain the greatest
results. Very briefly, it is purposed to make an
exhaustive study of the Michigan fauna, and to encour-
age more comprehens've studies only in those groups
which the members of the staff select for individual
study. It has keen decided to emphasize research, to
attach secondary importance to the assisting of schools
and local naturalists and to consider as third in value
the preparation of exhibits. _!n the field work the
environmental relations are to be emphasized, in the
belef that these relations are an importart factor in
determining distribution and that a knowledge of the

COPEIA 31

geography gives important clues to systematic affinities.

This policy has always had the support of the
University authorities and has not been modified in the
ten years since its adoption. During this time the
reptiles and amphibians have received considerable
attention, as they are groups selected for individual
study. They have been studied in some part of Mich-
igan every year, and also in various other places in
North America, Mexico and South America, with the
result that the fauna of the state is becoming fairly
well known and contributions have been made to knowl-
edge of the faunz of other regions and also it is hoped
to the general subjects of zoogeography and systematic
herpetology.

Consistently with the general policy the field work
on reptiles and amovhibians has been restricted to
intensive environmental studies. The method employed
is to select a general region which presents a geo-
graphical problem with apparently few complications
and not too large to be covered in the time available,
to locate the possible habitats, and to work each hab-
itat thoroly to obtain all of the inhabitants and to
determine 2s much as possible of the habitat relations.

At the present time we are working on the mate-
yial obtained by expeditions sent to the Santa Marta
Mountains, Colombia, in 1913, to British Guiana in
1914, to the Davis Mountains, Texas, in 1914 and 1916,
and on preliminary collections from the Olympic Moun-
tains in Washington. To illustrate the nature of the
general problems attacked, perm't me to say that the
main object of the work in Colombia is to determine
the effects of isolation and of precipitous topography,
the problem attacked in Guiana is the effect of the old
sand reefs on the fauna, the work in the Davis Moun-
tains is ‘n the nature of an investigation of the prob-
lems of altitudinal distribution in an arid region, and
in the Olympics it is the altitudinal distribution in a
wet region and the occurrence of forms with Asiatic
affinities upon which it is hoped to obtain information.
Although other exped'‘tons will be sent to each of the
regions mentioned, it is apparent that the field work
hes yielded results from which conclusions bearing
on the problems stated may be drawn.

That data on the relations between the animal at
all stages of ‘ts life history and its environment are
valuable, must, I believe, be evident to every one. The

32 COPEIA

course of evolution in a group can never be demon-
strated by analytical systematic work, synthetic results
ean only be relied upon when supported by a knowledge
of the geographical history of the group, and environ-
mental relations are a potent factor in geography. It
may also be pointed out in conclusion that while fewer
species will be obtained by the collector in the intensive
study of a small area, this work may be depended upon
to yield large returns not only in habitat data, but also
in information on habits, life histories and individual
variation, and is the most efficent way of obtaining a
comprehensive knowledge of the fauna of a locality.

AN EXTENSION. OF ~ THE ~ RANGE On
CLEMMYS MUHLENBERGII. Dr. Harold L. Bab-
cock.

The northern limit of distribution for Muhlenberg’s
Turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergii (Schweigger) has been
considered, heretofore, to pass through southern New
York State. It is therefore of interest to herpetologists
to report a hitherto unpublished record of occurrence
of this turtle at Newport, Rhode Island. In 1902, Mr.
Alexander Agassiz took three specimens (two males
and one female) at Newport, Rhode Island, and pre-
sented them on September 23 to the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where
they now are. While it is possible that these were
escaped caged animals, it is not at all likely. This
turtle is not generally abundant throughout its range
and often occurs locally as in this instance. As several
southern New York records exist it is probable that the
range extends through southern Connecticut as well,
although there are no published records as yet.

Muhlenberg’s turtle often leaves the water to Jead
a distinctly terrestrial existence, but is found usually in -
swampy localities near clear running streams. It is
able to swallow food without submerging the head.

This record not only establishes a new northern
limit of distribution for this species but adds, as well, a
new member to the chelonian fauna of New England.

SOME NOTES ON THE BREEDING HABITS
OF LOCAL CATFISHES. Henry W. Fowler.

The white cat (Ameiurus catus) spawns in early
summer, or over a period of about one week in duration.
About Philadelphia the usual time is between May 28
and June 4. The nest is a hollow depression, scooped

COPETA 33

out of the bottom by both sexes. It is usually situated
in a gravel-bank or a sand-bank. The labor of excava-
tion is performed by both fishes carrying out pebbles
in their mouths or brushing about with their fins. In
dimensions the nest may reach a diameter from th'rty
inches to a yard and may vary in depth from twelve to
fifteen inches, or even eighteen. When spawning the
fish may remain quiet in the bottom, close together and
parallel. The eggs appear to be forced out of the
female by a vibrating of her body as she presses against
the male, who remains close alongside showing the
same movement. The milt and eggs are expressed at
the same time, or at intervals until the spawning is
completed. The clusters of eggs are all deposited in a
day or so, and fall in a heap in the bottom of the nest.
They may be covered for a greater or lesser extent
with the surrounding gravel by both parents, and some-
times to a depth of five or six inches. In color the eggs
are of the usual yellowish-white tint, and number about
1400 to 1500. The care of the eggs is shared mostly
by the male, though both sexes may even act as guard-
jans, or the female alone may even guard the nest. At
least in the aquarium on one occasion such occurred,
and she even fought and drove her companion away.
The eggs are very adhes've and usually remain in
compact masses until hatched, which occurs in two or
three days. The young are brooded for some time by
the male, in similar fashion to those of other species
in the genus.

The spawning habits of the yellow cat (Ameiurus
natalis) are similar to those of the common catfish.
The nest is a hollow or small excavation usually but
little larger than the fish, or it may be situated in a
hole or even a sort of a burrow. If a burrow is used
it may extend for an inclined devth of two feet. It is
excavated as a nest by the labor of both sexes. The
spawn’ng season is of about two weeks extent or from
May 15 to June 1. Mr. R. E. Van Deusen, who has
found the burrow-like nests in western New York,
noticed that often small roots from the svrrounding
vegetation would be left in the burrow, and frequently
served as an anchorage for the yellowish-white adhe-
sive eggs. The latter are deposited usually to the
extent of about 300 to 700 ina nest. The male guards
end broods the young, and when the latter leave the
nest cares for h’s charge for some time.

84 COPEIA

The nesting-habits of our common catfish or bull-
head (Ameiurus nebulosus) are, perhaps, best known
and have been noticed by a number of observers. It
nests in various situations, or in water of from several
feet in depth to that of but a few inches. Though only
a few nests were noticed in a restricted area, some-
times a dozen or more may be found on one shoal and
close to one another. Frequently the fish take advan-
tage of any objects, such as logs, rocks, etc., for shelter-
ing the nest. The eggs are deposited at intervals and
may number from about 50 to 500 or more. In the
construction of the nest, spawning habits and care of
the young, this species acts like the white cat. There
is always a great range of variation in many of these
features, especialy due to the individuals and condi-
tions. No two nests were ever found exactly alike,
and the same was true of the spawners. Even the
female will sometimes, at least in the aquarium, brood
her young, and in most cases the parents will devour
the eggs, especially if disturbed. Usually the male
guards the nest and broods the young, as the female
deserts the nest by the time the young hatch. When
just hatched the young catfish collect in a dense school,
move in circles or close gyrations, and the whole crowd
in constant motion.

The black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) has not been
observed spawning by me. Dr. Van Deusen gives me
the following notes on a pair spawning in the aquarium
July 15,1916. Both sexes assumed charge of the nest
and both guarded the young. Both parents remained
in the nest at the same time and at alternate times.
The female was apparently the more savage and the
male would bite one’s finger when disturbed. The
nest was a shallow depression, scooped out of the bot-
tom, and its diameter about equal to the fish’s length.
The eggs, when deposited, were 200 and of a pale
creamy-white color. As the water was warm they
hatched in five days. :

During the past summer I was so fortunate as to
find the stone cat (Schilbeodes insignis) nesting. Cn
July 2, with Mr. H. E. Thompson. we visited the middle
course of the Tohickon Creek. This is a small tribu-
tary of the Delaware, flowing through typical Piedmont
country a few miles above Trenton on the Pennsylvania
side. At the point we visited, the stream was shallow,
with a gentle current of pure fresh water flowing over

NEST and EGGS of SCHILBEODES INSIGNIS
(Slightly Reduced)

COPEIA 35

stones and rocks: PRelow are long reaches of more
smooth water, only occasional rocks or larger stones
appearing at intervals, and the banks with long grasses
and other vegetation. Just above a riff, or small
rapids, formed by some more crowded rocks or boulders
to form a sort of natural dam is a somewhat quiet
extent of water. This was the nesting ground and
extended about 200 yards or more, but as conditions
did not offer suitable stones or rocks we dd not explore
further. Below the limits outlined we did not find any
nests, and only an occasional stone-cat. Altogether ten
nests were located, eight with eggs and two with newly
hatched young. These nests were simply very shallow
excavations below flat rocks, usually under those situ-
ated near the middle of the stream, at least well off
from the shore. The rocks in question were in most
every case flattened more or less, and in diameter would
range from one foot to nearly twice as much. By
simply turning over such a stone the fish and his eggs
or young would be discovered below. As a constant
current of clear water passes all about or over the eggs,
they are doubtless well freshened or cleansed. Upon
first raising a stone the most conspicuous object was
the very pale-creamy to yellowish-white mass of eggs
or young, the latter evidently just hatched. It was
our plan in studying these fishes to poise the stone on
end, though care was required in raising it, as its eleva-
tion must be gradual so the current of water could
carry off the sediment or other debris and at the same
time not disturb the fish or his charge too much. After
the water has cleared sufficiently the male fish may be
made out, usually lying placidly near his charge, or, if
more timorous, in the shadow of the up-raised stone.
In no case was he savage, rather appearing either
passive or seclvsive. A consp*c70us character of the
euardian mele is the conspicvously pale nasal and max-
illary barbels as well as the ees of the fins, all appear-
ine more or less milk-white as the fish is seen in the
water. The mele would scarcely allow himself to be
handled. Jn depth the cavity forming the nest proper
would scarcely exceed the dimensions of the mass of
eggs in some cases, to twice as large in others. The
cepth of the cavity was not much over two inches,
and rarely three or more. Each eg2 mersured about
three mm. in diameter, and by rovgh estimate about
200 were deposited in a nest. In most cases this egg-
mass would not exceed 55 mm. in length or diameter,

36 COPEIA

and as the crevice forming the bottom of the nest was
variable, so too the complement of eggs would vary
from spherical to ellipsoid in form. The egg-mass is
very compact, and each egg is quite adherent to its
fellow. In no case could we actually find the male
directly on or about the eggs, but do not doubt that he
may assume such positions. In some nests the young
had just hatched and they were all crowded together,
a constantly moving compact mass. The males attend-
ing such nests were not more bold than those with eggs.

The most interesting and striking feature of the
nesting of this species is that unlike any of our other
catfishes it always appears to lay its eggs below flatten-
ed stones, situations in which it dwells continuously.
Though unable to give any details as to the parental
care, it would seem quite likely that the male may brood
the young for at least some time. Associated in the
spawning grounds were numerous small fishes, as silver
fins (Notropis whipplit analostomus), red fins (N.
cornutus), black-nosed dace (Rhinichthys atronasus),
suckers (Catostomus commersonnii), killfish (Fundulus
diaphanus), sunfish (Lepomis auritus) and darters
(Boleosoma nigrum olmstedi). As the eggs were fairly
well protected in their rocky retreats, besides guarded
by the vigilant male, it is hardly likely that any great
depredations were committed by the smaller fishes in
the vicinity. Once, when we disturbed a nest of young,
several carried helplessly on by the current were seen
devoured by aminnow. The newly hatched young are
the same pale creamy-white color as the eggs, at least
in their early stages, and may not assume the dark
coloration of the very young of the common bullhead.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF FISH IN MEDIAEVAL
MANUSCRIPTS AND EARLY PRINTED BOOKS.
Dr. Charles R. Eastman. (No abstract.)

ofo— 0 ec of

For sale by J. T. NicHoLs, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, April 24, 1917. No. 43

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

Aen VV aN TER RECORD OF SPHYRNA
ZYGAENA FROM LONG ISLAND.

A Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna zygaena, was
taken in Long Island Sound, at Orient, February
14, 1909. ‘The fish was 22 inches in length.

I was collecting algae in the shallow water along
the ebb tide mark when I discovered this specimen
moving sluggishly in about one foot of water. It
was captured with ease and a drawing and notes en-
tered in note book at the time.

This shark appears to be unknown, or exceed-
ingly rare in Long Island waters in winter.

The local pound fishermen tell me that 40 or
more vears ago this species was frequently caught in
traps during the summer and early fall months. Late
years it seems to be uncommon near Orient. We
have taken but two examples in our pounds in Long
Island Sound over a period of twenty years. A 6-foot
specimen on October 2, 1908, and one of 2 feet, July
20, 1912.

Roy Latuam,
Orient, N.Y.

A NOTE ON THE FOOD OF SQUALUS
SUCKLIT, THE CALIFORNIA
DOGFISH.

During the months of May and June, 1915, the
writer had occasion to prepare, for laboratory use, a

26 COPEIA

33

number of sharks (Squalus sucklit). They were ob-
tained from the Chinese fishermen of Monterey, Cali-
fornia, and were caught near the southern end of
Monterey Bay. ‘The contents of the stomachs of
these sharks were examined to determine the nature
of their food. This consisted largely of squids (Lo-
ligo opalescens) and Sardines (Sardinella caerulea) ;
there were found also the eggs of the squid, and re-
mains of hake (Merluccius productus) and salmon
(Oncorhynchus sp.). Perhaps the most interesting
species used by the shark as food was one of the lan-
tern-fishes (Myctophidae), probably Lampanyctus
leucopsarum,; these fishes formed the larger part of
the food in the stomachs of several specimens. Ath-
erinops insularum has been found in the stomach of
a Squalus at Avalon, on Santa Catalina Island off
southern California. The squid and the five species
of fishes mentioned are all littoral-pelagic animals.
Much the same type of food is accredited to Squalus
acanthias in the vicinity of Woods Hole, Massachu-
setts; the prey of that shark in those waters is stated*
to consist of such surface-swimming forms as “Cten-
ophores, Pleurobranchia in great numbers, squid,
Nereis, fishes (hake, herring) .”

Cart L. Hupss,
Chicago, Ill.

COLD-BLOODED VERTEBRATES FROM
FLORIDA.

Three small collections were obtained by Mr.
Morgan Hebard. The fishes are from Carrabelle in
Franklin County, on September 2, 1915, and bayou
at Boca Grande in Lee County on May 24, 1916.
All the fishes listed were obtained at Boca Grande,
and the few as well from Carrabelle are indicated
with an *. A few amphibians and reptiles were se-
cured about Miami in February and March, 1916,
while collecting insects.

*Bull. Bur. Fish., 31, 2, 1911 (1913), p. 737.

COPEIA Qt
FF

Sardinella humeralis (Valenciennes). *Fundu-
lus similis (Baird and Girard). *F'. grandis Baird
and Girard. *Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede.
*C. mydrus Goode and Bean. T'ylosurus notatus
(Poey). 7. marinus (Walbaum). *Menidia penin-
sulae (Goode and Bean). Hudulus subligarius
(Cope). *Orthopristis chrysopterus (L.). *Lago-
don rhomboides (1..). *Letostomus vanthurus Lace-
pede. Hucinostomus gula (Cuvier). HE. harengulus
Goode and Bean. Leptecheneis neucrates (L.).
Three small ones, one from large hammer-head
(Sphyrna zygaena) and two from tarpon (Tarpon
atlanticus. Mapo soporator (Valenciennes). Go-
biosoma bosci (Lacepede).

Pseudacris nigritus (Le Conte). Brickell’s
Hammock and Nursa Isle. Hyla squirella Bose.
Snapper Creek Hammock near Cocoanut Grove.
— Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird. Brickell’s Hammock.
Sceloporus undulatus (Watreille.) Boca Raton.

Henry W. Fow ter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES FROM
THE PECOS VALLEY.

While collecting fishes in the Pecos Valley, near
Roswell, New Mexico, last April, several specimens
of amphibians and reptiles representing four species
were taken. The records are given below:

1. Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Western
Cricket Frog. Common in swampy situations along
the North Spring, South Spring and Berrendo riv-
ers, near Roswell, and near Sulphur Spring, Pecos
‘Hills, 18 miles east of Roswell.

2. Rana pipiens Sherber—Leopard Frog. <A
few were taken near the head of North Spring river,
two and one-half miles northwest of Roswell. This
frog was very abundant, however, near Sulphur
Spring in the Pecos Hills.

25 COPEIA
“fo

3. Thamnophis sauritus proxima (Say). West-
ern Ribbon Snake. One specimen, 500 mm. in length
was obtained on April 3, 1916, near the head of North
Spring river.

4. Chrysemys bella (Gray). Bell’s Painted
Turtle. Two specimens were caught in a drag seine
at the head of North Spring river. Several other
turtles, evidently belonging to this species, were seen
in the lake-like enlargement of North Spring river,
near Roswell.

Max M. Ets,
Boulder, Colorado.

THE BREEDING HABITS (‘OF 2AMEY-
STOMA OPACUM (GRAVENHORST).

The first account of the breeding habits of the
marbled salamander is a letter from the Rev. Charles
Mann to S. F. Baird, in which he states that at
Gloucester Court, House, Va., they are found with
egos in the “beds of small ponds in the woods,” from
the summer to December, in which month he found
one in a nest with 108 eggs. Apparently some of
the eggs were broken, as he speaks of newly hatched
young. This letter appears in the Report of the
Smithsonian Institution for 1854, pp. 294-5.

In 1886, in the first Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History, Col. Nicholas Pike
gives an account of the breeding habits on Long Is-
land. Ife accuses Mann of misidentification,
(Mann’s specimens are still in the U. S. N. M. and
are opacum), and claims that A. opacum breeds m
the spring, laying eggs in the water as does 4. macu-
latum. He got larvae 1% inch long in March. A
-mass of eggs hatched 15 days after taking, and trans-
formed about July 29, at a length of 214 inches. He
also got some May larvae 31, inches long.

In the light of the many following observations,
all of which support Mann, there is little doubt but
that Pike was in some error. The May larvae were

COPEIA 39

probably opacum, but the March larvae and the eggs
were probably not. Pike contrasts the egg-mass
with that of A. maculatum, but not with that of A.
tigrinum, and possibly he had eggs of that species
as it is known to breed on Long Island, and lays its
eggs in the water in spring.

Brimley, in the American Naturalist for 1896,
p. 500, says that at Raleigh, N. C., A. opacum lays
egos in October and November , on the edges of dry
pools, where the larvae hatch quickly when the pool
fills with water.

McAtee, in the Proceedings of the Biological
Society of Washington, vol. 20, 1907, p. 13, describes
the breeding habits in Monroe Co., Indiana. He
speaks of “nests in the ground near the surface,”
which “contain from 50 to more than 150 eggs.”
The larvae may reach a length of an inch while in the
ege, but they must have water to live in while com-
pleting their development. They transform in Feb-
ruary and March.

In Copria 8, July, 1914, Engelhardt says he
found larvae in June at Lakewood, N. J., in a locality
in which adults had been caught; these larvae were
one to one and a half inches long.

In Copria 28, March, 1916, Deckert speaks of
getting eggs with the adult on September 25, near
White Plains, N. Y., in the bed of a dried-up pool;
the eggs were separate from each other and covered
with dirt. 'T hey were kept in the debris for a day,
and on September 27, some were put into water.
These hatched on September 28; the larvae were °%%
inch long and front limbs were apparent. Other eggs
were kept in the deep debris until October 18, put in
water and hatched on October 19.

Larvae, 2 inches long, were collected in April,
which transformed in June.

Brimley (Bull. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soe., vol.
32, no. 2, July, 1916), says that at Raleigh, N. C., the
habits of A. opacum differ from those of A. macu-
latum in that the eggs are not in gelatinous masses,

30 COPEIA

42-

but separate from each other, and are laid not in the
water in spring, but under dead logs in the beds of
dried-up pools in October. The transformation takes
place about May, the larvae reaching a length of at
least 21% inches.

Engelhardt, in Copria 37, November, 1916, re-
ferring to Long Island (where Pike worked), states
that he got larvae 11% to 144 inches long on April 7.
He argues that these could not have come from eggs
laid that spring as the pools were ice covered until
April. ‘The hind legs of these larvae appeared on
April 18. Other larvae collected in May measured
21, inches in length.

Finally on September 20, 1916, near Mt. Ver-
non, Va., I got 7 adults, male and female, under one
log. The females were larger than the males, and
had a pronounced tendency for the cross-bands to
break up into 2 longitudinal stripes (the same tend-
ency has been noticed in females of opacum from else-
where). The males had the lips of the cloaca everted
and swollen.

Some of the females laid eggs in the collecting
bucket. ‘The next day I got several others near there,
including a female in her nest with over 100 eggs.
The eggs were entirely unconnected and were rather
dusty. I kept the eggs from the several females in
damp debris. Developments proceeded somewhat
slowly until on October 2, they were put into 3 crys-
tallizing dishes containing, (1) sand; (2) sand and
water, the eggs being placed out of water; (3) water.

Those in the water began to hatch on October
15. When born they had fore-limb buds and _bal-
ancers. Those eggs kept in dry sand until October
15, and put in water on that date hatched in 24 hours.

Eges kept until November in sand saturated
with water, did not hatch, but when put into water,
hatched in 24 hours. Thus the entire egg must be
surrounded with water for it to hatch. There is ap-
parent here a very delicate adjustment to Coastal
Plain conditions of flood and drouth.

COPEIA St
43
Conclusions: It seems apparent from observa-
tions covering nearly the entire range of the animal,
that Ambystoma opacum breeds in the fall. Fer-
tilization is internal, takes place on land, and there
is presumably a copulation. The eggs are separate
from each other, and are laid in hollows in the ground
excavated by the mother, who remains with the eggs,
lying on top of them. ‘The nests are in places such
that they will be flooded during the winter. The eggs
can stand a long desication and such eggs hatch al-
most immediately upon being put into water. The
new born larvae have balancers and forelimbs. The
larvae transform in the following spring at a length
of about 3 inches.
Emmett R. Dunn,

Northampton, Mass.

DIADOPHIS AMABILIS IN MISSOURI.

Cope recognized four forms of Diadophis ama-
bilis distinguished by coloration. ‘The specimen un-
der consideration conformed in every way to the
variety Diadophis amabilis amabilis. Cope listed his
specimens of this variety as collected in California
and Louisiana, while he gave the probable distribu-
tion of the species as Pacific, Central or Sonoran.

Ditmars recognizes only one variety, pulchellus,
which inhabits Oregon and California. He gives the
distribution of Diadophis amabilis as Texas west-
ward to the Pacific, northward to Washington, and
Sonora, Mexico.

It is interesting then that this species was found
in Macon, Missouri, October 4, 1916, coiled near the
roots of some matted grass. It measured 24 centi-
meters in length and had the vivid coloration of a
young snake. ‘The scales were arranged in 15 rows
and superior labials numbered 7. The dark spots on
the orange of the ventral surface were irregularly

32- COPEIA

“fat

placed thus distinguishing it from Diadophis punc-
tatus and the cireclet of color about the neck and the
underside of the tail were a brilliant coral red.

G. VAN WAGENEN,
Iowa City, Towa.

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, May 24, 1917. No. 44

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

AN UNUSUAL CATCH OF THE YOUNG
OF MAINE WHITEFISH.

(Coregonus labradoricus.)

Durng March, numerous specimens of imma-
ture whitefish were taken with smelts in seines at
Winterport, Walo County, Maine, in the tidal por-
tion of the Penobscot River. The fish were not recog-
nized by the fishermen and the fact was reported to
Mr. James D. De Rocher, Superintendent of the
U. S. Fisheries Station at East Orland, who secured
three specimens and sent them to the Bureau of Fish-
eries for identification. Mr. De Rocher stated that
in this place the water is only moderately brackish,
but inasmuch as in Maine this fish is an inhabitant of
the deeper lakes, and usually appears in streams only
during the breeding season, and notwithstanding the
fact that in the far north adult whitefishes enter salt
water, it is believed that the present record is of in-
terest. The origin of these young fish, which are only
from 6 to 6% inches in total length, is worthy of rec-
ord. They had been feeding upon some small aquatic
larva of insects.

W: C. KENDALL,
U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.

46 COPETA

NOTES ON GLOSSAMIA AND RELATED
GENERA OF CARDINAL FISHES.

The genus Glossamia as Mr. Allan R. MeCul-
loch (Records Australian Museum, February 20,
1917), has shown, is based on Apogon aprion Rich-
ardson, a species quite distinct from the American
species called Glossamia pandionis Goode & Bean.

Glossamia has few and short gill rakers, 6 devel-
oped, and also a small patch of teeth on the tongue.
In the typical species the scales are small, 40 to 43.
In a second species, Glossamia gilli (Steindachner),
with which species the type of Mionurus Krefft (M.
lunatus), is identical, the scales are larger, 26 to 31.
In both the nape is depressed giving an S-shaped con-
tour to the region before the dorsal fin.

The genus called Glossamia by Goode and Bean
(Oceanic Ichthyology, 1895, 231), may be known as
Xystramia Jordan, new genus, from its long and
numerous gill rakers (about 14). Its type is Glos-
samia pandionis Goode & Bean.

The genera of small Apogonids having the pre-
opercle entire on both limbs have been much confused
by authors, not least by the present author. They
may be thus compared:

a. Preopercle with both limbs entire; anal fin
short, its rays about II, 8, no canines.
Palatines with teeth.

ce. Lateral line complete or very nearly so.

d. Body much compressed and elevated; dorsal
spines produced; gill rakers long, slender,
6+21; scales large; caudal forked, (Mio-
nurus Jordan & Seale, Fishes Samoa, 1906,
247, not of Krefft, 1867), (type Apogon
graeffi, Gunther); zoraAmMia Jordan, new
genus.

dd. Body not much compressed and elevated;
spinous dorsal low; caudal rounded or trun-
cate.

COPEIA 47

e. Gill rakers few and small; (about 6), profile
before dorsal S-shaped; scales rather small;
tongue with small teeth (type A pogon aprion
Richardson) ; GLossAmMia Gill.

ee. Gill rakers numerous, slender (12 to 14);
profile nearly even from snout to dorsal.

f. Seales small (about 45); (type Glossamia
pandionis Goode & Bean); xyYsTRAMIA
Jordan.

ff. Scales large, about 25 (type A pogonichthys
perdix Bleeker); apoGonicHTHys Bleeker.

ec. Lateral line incomplete; scales large; caudal
rounded; (type Fowleria brachygramma
Jenkins) ; FoA Jordan & Evermann.

bb. Palatines without teeth; scales large; caudal
rounded; gill rakers few, short; opercle with
a large black spot; (type Apogon auritus
Cuv. & Val.); FowLERIA Jordan & Ever-
mann.

One of the species hitherto referred to A mia or
Apogon, Apogon fuscus Quoy & Gaimard from
Guam and Samoa, differs from the type of the genus
in the long and rounded caudal fin, attached to a long
caudal peduncle as long as head. It has large scales
and six dorsal spines. It may be regarded as the type
of a distinct genus, NECTAMIA Jordan, allied to
A pogonichthys. In Apogon (Amia) proper and in
the subgenus Ostorhynchus (seven dorsal spines) the
caudal fin is forked or at least lunate. The Japanese
species, niger marginatus, unicolor and lineatus have
the caudal subtruncate, but in other regards these
more nearly resemble A pogon, the caudal being short,
its peduncle much shorter than head.

Apogon evermannt Jordan and Snyder from
Hawaii with very small scales (54) forked caudal
and six dorsal spines should be placed in the genus
Lepidamia Gill, type Apogon kalosoma Bleeker.

Davin STARR JORDAN,
Stanford University, Cal.

48 COPEIA

ACIPENSER FULVESCENS RAFIN-
ESQUE, THE GREAT LAKE
STURGEON.

The Great Lake Sturgeon has been named many
times by Le Sueur, Agassiz, Dumeril and other nat-
uralists, but the earliest name of all those applied to
it seems to have been subsequently overlooked. The
species is currently known as Acipenser rubicundus
Le Sueur, 1818, but that name must give place to
Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, proposed in_ the
American Monthly Magazine for August, 1817 (Vol.
I, p, 288). The passage may be reprinted:

“A paper, entitled “Addition to the Observations
on the Sturgeons of North America,’ from Mr. Rafin-
esque, was read before the Society [Literary and
Philosophical Society of New York]. In this Mem-
oir Mr. R. stated severally the discoveries of M. Le
Suer, whose new species belong particularly to the
genera salmo, cyprinus, silurus, anguilla, bodianus,
perea, clupea, &c. Mr. R. gave it as his opinion that
the lake sturgeon is a perfectly distinct species, to
which the name of accipenser fulvescens could be
given, as it is entirely of a dark fulvus color. It
reaches six feet in length, has a very obtuse and short
snout, a faleated dorsal fin, a smooth skin, five rows
of shields; the lateral rows composed of a great num-
ber of small shields, upwards of forty, &c.

“The small sturgeon of Lake Erie, according to
the author, remains yet to be described. He sup-
poses that several small species may also be found in
lakes Michigan, Huron, Superior and Winnipeg, but
require the eyes of able observers. “I have no doubt,’
says Mr. R. “That twenty species, at least, of this
genus, inhabit North America, on the east and west-
ern lakes and rivers, and that as many dwell in the
eastern continent.’ ”

Cart L. Husss,
Chicago, Ill.

COPEIA 49

PIPA AMERICANA REDISCOVERED ON
TRINIDAD.

On May 17, 1916, the Amphibian collection at
the Reptile House, New York Zoological Park, re-
ceived a specimen of Pipa americana, the Surinam
Toad, from Trinidad, B. W. I. It was caught in the
interior of the island by one of Mr. R. R. Mole’s col-
lectors. Mr. Mole, who is well known as a herpetolo-
gist and collector, had for some time past made efforts
to procure this unique toad on ‘Trinidad, whence he
had an old record of the species, but until 1916 had
not met with success. ‘wo specimens were secured,
one was sent to the British Museum and the other
came to New York. When it arrived, it was among
the debris of the earthen vessel in which it had been
shipped, with some sphagum moss, inside of a wooden
box. During transit the pot had been smashed, and
it is remarkable that the toad, which is a strictly
aquatic creature, should have survived in an abso-
lutely dry state until New York was reached. Upon
being placed in a large aquarium planted with Sagit-
taria, it soon showed signs of scratches and bruises
which were at first not evident on the dried and much
wrinkled skin. The fleshy appendages at the tip of
the snout and at the angles of the mouth, as well as
the star-shaped ones on the ends of the fingers were
gone—they had been rubbed off in the toad’s efforts
to escape from its too dry environment. In conse-
quence of its injuries and the prolonged period of
dryness, the toad died in a few days without having
made an attempt to feed.

In a subsequent letter to the writer, Mr. Mole
states that he caught two more, both females with
young imbedded in the cells in the skin of the back.
Later, one specimen “hatched out” eighty young
ones, and the other had between fifty and sixty. ‘Of
this last batch, some were far more developed than
others, but all still had the feathery tail. The first
batch was more advanced, all the “toadlets” being

50 COPETA

perfect and without tails. Several more specimens
came to light later. Mr. Mole fed the adults on
“frogs,” presumably Leptodactylus sp., as there are
no Rana in South America. A large specimen, about
six inches head and body, will take four “frogs’’ at
a meal, sometimes from one’s hand. Mr. Mole has
tried to feed them small fish,—as we have also done
with specimens from British Guiana, at Bronx Park,
—hbut they take nothing but frogs.
RicHard F.. DECKERT,
New Yorks .No we

NOTES ON COLPOCHELYS KEMPI
GARMAN.

In examining a few of the turtles in the collec-
tion of the American Museum of Natural History,
the writers recently found two specimens of the sea
turtle Colpochelys kempi Garman, which appear
worthy of note. This species ranges from the Gulf
of: Mexico along the Atlantic coast of the United
States as far north as New Jersey. One of the pres-
ent specimens is from Cape Hatteras, and the second
bears no closer locality than “United States’ (col-
lected by Prince Maximilian von Wied). Both were
labeled Thalassochelys caretta (1.).

The two specimens agree in the possession of the
chief external characteristics which differentiate C.
kempi from Caretta caretta. There are four infra-
marginals, of which the anterior is the largest; the
inferior face of the marginals is proportionately much
broader; and the parietals are much longer. Both
have the prominent alveolar ridge of the upper jaw
with the deep median notch, and the anterior median
tooth of the lower jaw.

The larger specimen, A. M. N. H. No. 2205,
from Cape Hatteras, presents a striking peculiarity
of the carapace in having an interrupted keel, rising
at the posterior edges of the first three neurals into
prominent upturned spines, that of the second neural

COPEIA ot

(the highest) 8.5 mm. above the level of the keel. On
the fourth and fifth neural, the keel approaches the
normal shape. Traces of the lateral keels are visible
on the second and third costals.

The smaller specimen, No. 4616, with traces of
the “egg tooth” and of the umbilicus still present, ap-
pears to be the only young specimen of this species
on record. Hay,* in 1908, mentions none smaller
than 240 mm. It is much to be regretted that it is not
accompanied by exact data. The upper jaw of this
specimen is no more hooked than that of specimens
of C. caretta of the same size, while that of No. 2205
is prominently hooked. The specimen has been com-
pared with a series of seven young Caretta caretta.
Hay, (loc. cit.), speaks of the alveolar ridges as less
prominent in his smaller specimens, but they are suf-
ficiently developed in this one to be very distinct
from those of C. caretta. Hay also speaks of the pro-
portionate breadth of the carapace as greater, though
not distinctive; a comparison of the mean measure-
ments of a series of both species might, however, show
a valid difference in this character. The measure-
ments of the present specimens, together with those
of the young C. caretta for comparison, are tabulated
below.

The “carapace and plastron” of C. kempi from
the American Museum referred to by Hay (loc. cit.)
were not found.

Colpochelys kempi Garman.

A.M.N.H. (a) Length (b) Breadth (c) Length b c
No. Carapace Plastron a a

2205 225 mm. 205 181 91 .80
4616 47 41 38.5 87 son
Caretta caretta (L.)

4607 A7 38 35 81 .74
4608 46 37 37 .80 .80
4609 47 39 36 .83 206

*Proc. U.S. National Museum, Vol. 34, 1908, p. 185.

52 COPEIA

Caretta caretia (L.)—continued.

A.M.N.H. (a) Length (b) Breadth (c) Length b c

No. Carapace Plastron a a
4610 47 38 36 81 .76
4611 47 39 35 .83 74
4612 47 37 35 79 74
4613 48 37 37 mr AC Bret

Kart P. ScumiptT,
Emnmett R. Dunn,
New York, N. Y.

FURTHER NOTES ON PSEUDEMYS AT
PLYMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS.

The two short articles in the December “Coprrta”
having stimulated some new interest in this connec-
tion, I have to record the following new ponds in Ply-
mouth County, Massachusetts, in which Psewdemys
rubriventris has been observed: Great South Pond
and Crooked Pond. ‘The Island Pond mentioned in
my notes is the one about one-half mile northeast of
Gunners Exhange. Hallfield Pond, the existence of
which Dr. Lucas doubted, is a small four-acre pond
between Hoyt and Boot Ponds. P. rubriventris does
not occur in Half-way Pond as far as I know. It is
a curious fact that in the ponds where this turtle is
found, it seems to be the most common species. It
is also of interest that the “Plymouth Sabbatia” and
other plants, as well as certain insects, notably dragon
flies, which are distributed over the same local areas
as this species of turtle, are all southern forms of life.

Harorp L. Bascock,
Boston, Mass.

Edited by J. T. NicnHoits, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, June 24, 1917. No. 45

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

A FEW REPTILES AND FISHES FROM
BATANGA, WEST AFRICA.

A small lot of the more important food-fishes
and some reptiles were obtained in this part of the
Cameroons some years ago by the Rev. R. H. Nas-
sau, and sent to Princeton University. Recently
they were placed in my hands by Mr. C. FEF. Silvester,
for determination.

FIsHEs.

Hewxanematichthys latiscutatus (Gunther ),
“Hume” or “H-me.” Caranex africanus (Steindach-
ner), “Epakapaka.” Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill).
Pomadasis jubelini (Valenciennes), “Nyawa’” or
“Nijawe.” Pseudotolithus typus Bleeker, “Une” or
“Uve.” Periopthalmus koelreuteri: (Pallas).

REPTILES.

Dendraspis viridis (Hallowell), “Okenja.”
Dendraspis jamesonu (Schlegel). Hapsidophrys
lineata Fischer. Mabuya perrotetii (Dumeril and
Bibron). Varanus niloticus (inn.). Agama colo-
norum, Daudin. Chamaeleo dilepis, Leach. Croco-
dilus niloticus, Linn.

Henry W. Fow er,
Philadelphia, Pa.

54 COPEIA

A SECOND RECORD FOR THE COULT-
ER’S WHITEFISH.

(Coregonus coultert Kigenmanmn. )

In the American Naturalist, November, 1892, p.
961, Eigenmann described a small species of white-
fish from the Kicking Horse River, one of the head
streams of the Columbia River in British Columbia.
This species, which is said not to exceed 8 inches in
length, appears to have been recorded from no other
locality up to the present time.

In the collection of the Bureau of Fisheries there
are 6 specimens of this species in a poorly preserved
condition, which were received from Mr. James Oli-
ver, Chigmk, Alaska. They were collected in Second
Lake and the stream connecting it with First Lake,
about November 1, 1912. This species is said to re-
semble Coregonus williamsoni, but with larger scales.
It also differs in a much blunter muzzle, fewer gill
rakers, much smaller adult size, and in other respects.

The following tables show the principal charac-
ters as far as they could be determined, the propor-
tions being given in percentages:

Total leneth im) mom 158 150 146 152 144 149
ivenetiph to: base ot
Gani all jas ee 145 142 136 140 136 140

PER CENT. OF LENGTH TO BASE OF CAUDAL.

Sex g d & g re 3

Distance from tip of
snout to nape... LG. 17-38) 27-9 16.2) 162 lose
Distance from nape
to front of dorsal 28.4 27.5 27.3 31.7 28.4 28.6
Length of dorsal
base=S 4 eerste 10.2 124 .10:9.-10: 9.3 10.8
Longest dorsal ray 13.2 14.7 14.8 13.9 14.6 13.1

COPEIA

Sex g g 2 Q

Distance from pos-
terior base of dor-
sal to front of adi-

OS Ca ocr 24.8 25.9 25. 271:
Length of base of
SOMDOSC. ee ee cok, AT PACG 3.9 93.1

Distance from pos-

terior adipose to

origin of upper

caudal lobes... 13.8 12.4 12.5 13.9
Distance from tip

of snout to base of
pectoral fin’... 20.4 21.
Length of pectoral 15.3 1
Distance from base

of pectoral to base

Gf Ventas. nnn. 30.6 30.2 28.9 32.5
Length of ventral .. 13.8 18.9 14. 12.4

Distance from base
of ventral to front

Oneal she ete 23.3 23.2 23.4 22.4
Length of base of
STOR dee acne ee let 10:2 10; 101 9:6

Longest ray of anal 13.8 13.1 13.2 12.
Least depth of cau-

dal peduncle 22. Gol 6:98 6:2. Gro
Length of head ......... 21.1 21.7 21.8 22.4

PER CENT. OF LENGTH OF HEAD.

Sex mas se a $

Distance from tip of
snout to posterior
edge of preopercle
Interorbital width .. 23.

56 COPEIA
Sex g 4 Q Q 4 a
Long diameter of
OVC) oes eee ee 25) 25... 28.5° 24.1 25.97 25:9
Distance from tip of -
snout to front of
CVC adic ot 25. 25. \2or5) Dal p2aee Soe
Length of maxillary
[ove ENS eae eter eomd re 23.8 23.2 25. 20.6) 22:2 ::25.9
Length of mandible 36.6 35.7 33.9 32.7 35.1 35.1
Number of fully de-
veloped dorsal rays ».9:.. 9) (79), Q2e Wi Oaae
Number of fully de-
veloped’ anal rays 10.) 105 10.) 10.s lt atl
Number of pectoral
TRAV Sy 22 phe, ten ae P53) hos Shoe Gre ala yaar
Number of ventral
TW Siete Se8 ea ele 10.0 10. LOS VAS LO ea sO:
Number of branchi-
ostegal rays, each
SGC tetra oii ee 8/8. 8/8 8/84 7/7, 27/8
Number of gillrak-
ers, each side ........... 4+8 4+8 449 448 5+9 ?
4-8 4-8 44-9°5--9 55590
Number of scales... 6-62-6 — 6-62-6 6-62 7-63-5
Number of verte-
bie. tes ae eek tae 50

A NOTE ON

THE

W. C.. KENDALE,

U.S. Bureau of Fisheries.

HIBERNATION OF

KINOSTERNON PENNSY LV ANICUM.

The manner of hibernation of our native mud-
turtles comes so seldom under the observation of nat-
uralists that the following note may be of interest.

COPEIA 57

March 25, 1917, was one of the first warm, bright
days of spring in this vicinity. At 10:30 a. m., while
working along the border of one of the Potomac
mar apes two fiiles below Alexandria, Va., we picked
up a specimen of MAinosternon pennsylvanicum
(Bosc) in a small thicket of Smilaw. Casual exam-
ination showed that the animal had but recently come
out of its place of hibernation. Its carapace and
limbs were encrusted with freshly dried earth, and
the turtle seemed more sluggish than usual in its re-
actions while being handled. ‘This excited our curi-
osity, and a short search revealed an opening beneath
some dead leaves, only eight or ten inches from the
spot where the turtle was discovered. After clearing
away the thorny entangling stems of green-briar, we
were able to make a careful examination of the hole,
and found that it had unquestionably been used as a
place of hibernation.

The location chosen was about 50 yards distant
from the marsh, in a shallow, furrowlike depression
leading down through a gently sloping field. Broom-
sedge covered most ‘of the field, and a varied growth
of shrubs and low trees was scattered thr ough it. The
excavation was near the center of a low but dense
growth of Smilax four or five feet in width, so that
it was protected on all sides from the approach of
predatory animals. The soil here was a sandy
loam, through which the tough roots of green-briar
erew in inter lacing lines. T he earth was friable and

easily thrust aside save where the root growths pre-
vented. The opening through which the turtle had
emerged was roughly elliptical in outline. It was
broad enough to admit the turtle easily with its legs
extended. The burrow descended at an angle of
about 45 degrees, and was approximately 9’ inches
deepnc Phe “pitch of descent decreased toward the
lower end, and at the bottom the excavation was
slightly widened, as if the turtle might have rested
with its body at right angles to the burrow. The

58 COPRETA

main part of the burrow was open, though drifting
leaves held by the Smilax stems had covered the en-
trance. In the lower part, however, was a mass of
earth containing a considerable amount of water, so
that it formed a stiff mud paste, which was very cold
to the touch. So far as we could tell, the turtle had
lain encased in this mud during its hibernation. ‘The
tunnel walls were dry.

Several fresh shells of Aromochelys odoratus
and one or two of Kinosternon pennsylvanicum were
seen lying about in wooded areas bordering this same
marsh. ‘Thus the emergence of these turtles from
hibernation had been of interest to others. ‘The shells
had been eaten out and left lying on logs, stumps,
or the ground. Apparently this was the work of
crows. American Crows were feeding here in abun-
dance, and with them were a few Fish Crows.

The turtle that we had found was taken home
and placed in a basin of water. For several minutes
it made no movement save to emit a series of bubbles
from its nostrills, or to close and open an eye. Then
it proceeded to extend and retract its neck slowly.
At the same time it drew water into its mouth, and
apparently drank. The jaws were opened and closed
slowly. Ina short time movement of the jaws ceased,
but the turtle continued to draw water into the mouth
and then expel it, the outdriven current setting up
eddies that agitated the silt on the bottom of the hac
In a few more minutes the turtle became more alert
and swam and walked about, thrusting its head to the
surface.

When the turtle was first found, its skin was
dry and wrinkled. ‘The animal was able to retract
its head and tail and to close both lobes of the plas-
tron completely. By the following morning the skin
about its legs was smooth and Seon anil it was
unable to withdraw completely into its shell, owing
to absorption of water.

COPEIA 59

On this morning (March 26) the turtle was
killed and an examination of the viscera was made.
It was found that the stomach contained a small
amount of whitish mucus, part of which was mixed
with earth. The small intestine was contracted and
entirely empty. The upper third had thickened walls
and was much larger in diameter than the lower por-
tion. ‘The linings of the intestinal canal for the space
of an inch above the point of entrance of the hepatic
duct was stained a deep brownish orange. ‘This ap-
parently was due to bile. The gall bladder was filled,
and the bile, very dark green in color, was thickened
to the point of viscidity, so that portions of it could
be drawn over the enameled surface of the dissecting
tray with a probe. Below the hepatic duct, the walls
of the intestine were pale. An orange tint appeared
four inches above the cecal expansion and increased
in intensity to the point of junction of large and
small intestines. The cecum was empty. In the
rectum were four rounded masses of, firm, hardened
mucus, each as large as a pellet of number 8 shot.
The cloaca was empty and completely contracted.
The animal seemed’ to be normal in flesh, and small
masses of orange-yellow fat persisted along the dor-
sal wall of the body cavity and in the region of the
pelvie arch. Apparently metabolism had been in
abeyance during the period of hibernation.

ALEXANDER WETMORE,
FRrANcIS FLARPER,
Washington, D.C.

SPADE-FOOT TOAD AT MASTIC, LONG
[SEAN Dp,

The morning of June 17, 1916, after heavy warm
rain the preceding night there were singing ‘Spade-
foot Toads in a woodland pool beside a road. At
mid-day one was seen to cross the road and hop away
from the pool into the woods. Its colors matched the
leaf-carpet wonderfully. Others remained all day.

60 COPEIA

One was captured in the pool and liberated the
following day. It is remarkable how completely it
was able to hide in a closely cut green lawn in bright
sunlight by crouching at the bases of the grass. When
liberated in the woods it disappeared backwards un-
der the leaves, and remained with just the nose show-
ing at the bottom of its entrance. On June 25, it was
found again in this same spot under the fallen leaves
in a shallow burrow in the ground, its nose showing.
When disturbed it turned sideways, thus withdrawing
completely and filling the mouth of the depression
with sandy soil. July 3, on scraping away the dead
leaves, there was no sign of the toad, but a spot of
loose soil detected was investigated disclosing it at a
depth of about 1% inches. This was the last seen
of that particular mdividual, as on July 9, there re-
mained only a neat steeply-slanting burrow, about 38
inches deep, empty.

A steady rain commencing the night before, con-
tinued through July 23, on which afternoon Spade-
foot Toads were singing in a pool in pasture land
near stands of trees. During a temporary silence
cattle came close to the pool, only to gallop away in
alarm when the noise recommenced. Investigation
disclosed singing Spade-foots also in the woodland
pool occupied several weeks earlier, and a greater
number in woods now flooded just across the road.

Points of interest in these data are concealing
coloration in the woods, skill at hiding, recurrence in
the same pool with favorable conditions after 36 days
(see Overton, Coprta, Nos. 20 and 24), and an indi-
vidual’s remaining 15 days in one spot just under the
fallen woodland leaves. Toure) NaermES

New York, N.Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, July 24, 1917. No. 46

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

ON THE DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERS
BETWEEN MUSTELUS HENLEI AND
MUSTELUS CALIFORNICUS.

Mustelus henlet (Gill) is not commonly recog-
nized on our coast, being passed over as Mustelus
californicus which it strikingly resembles.

The fact that these two forms have been consid-
ered under separate genera, is perhaps somewhat re-
sponsible for their being confused by collectors. One
naturally looks for greater differences than those that
exist between these two, in species belonging to sep-
arate genera. Should the future, however, show that
the young of Mustelus henlei is without the so-called
placenta, tt must perforce be considered generically
different from Mustelus californicus.

The character of the teeth has been considered
of sufficient weight for referring these species to dif-
ferent genera, but the dental differences between
them are so small that a lens is necessary to distin-
guish them. The slight basal denticle in Mustelus
henlei is not present on all of the teeth, and sometimes
there is a shght blunt suggestion of this denticle in
Mustelus californicus.

The distinguishing characters between these spe-
cies is here pointed out hoping that the easy recogni-
tion and separation of the species may lead to a bet-

62 COPEIA

ter knowledge of their distribution and comparative
abundance. At present we know only that Mustelus
californicus is reported from San Francisco to the
Gulf of California, but whether both species are in-
cluded in this range, or whether Mustelus henlet is
the commoner form in the northern part of it is un-
certain.

Garman (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. XXXVI),
distinguishes Mustelus henlei and presents a very
good plate of rt, but he does not separate it very well
from Mustelus californicus.

I recently rather hastily examined Gill’s type at
the National Museum-—a young specimen nine and
a half inches in length, w ith the umbilical scar
rather fresh, and compared it with the young of Mus-
telus californicus of similar size. I concluded that
they were very doubtfully separable. Since then,
however, I have had occasion to examine all of the
adult specimens at Stanford University that I had
supposed were referrable to Mustelus californicus,
and have found both of these species represented and
rather easily separated.

In Mustelus henlei the base of the anal is even
with, or only slightly posterior to, the base of the
second dorsal. In Mustelus californicus the anal is
behind the second dorsal, a distance nearly or quite
equal to the long diameter of the eye.

In Mustelus henlet the dorsal is more ante-
riorly placed. The distance from its origin to the
last gill opening is equal to the length of the snout,
while in Mustelus californicus this distance is equal
to two-thirds or three-fourths of the length of the
head.

In Mustelus henlei the tips of the pectorals when
laid close to the body reach at least to opposite the
middle of the dorsal base, while in Mustelus californi-
cus they scarcely reach to under the anterior fourth
of the dorsal base.

GOP ETA 63

In Mustelus henlei the sides of the mandible are
shghtly convex; in Mustelus californicus they are
concave.

One may appreciate with the naked eye that the
teeth of Mustelus henlei are somewhat sharper. With
the aid of a lens, a slight basal cup may be seen on

each side of most of the middle upper teeth, and on

the outer side of the lateral upper teeth. These are
scarcely developed on the lower teeth. In Mustelus
californicus the teeth are smooth, blunt, and not at
all cusped.

In Mustelus henlei each scale on the side of the
body has a projecting spine at the tip, while at each
side of it is a small basal spine. That is, the scale
is tricuspid. In Mustelus californicus the edge of the
scale is entire. A strong lens is necessary to show
these characters.

Mustelus lunulatus, with which Mustelus cali-
fornicus intermingles along the Lower California
coast, has the fins much as in Mustelus henlei, and
the teeth and mandible contour as in Mustelus cali-
fornicus. It may be known from them at once by
the lower lobe of the caudal projecting in a rather
sharp angle. In the other two species the posterior
edge of the caudal below the notch is regularly con-
cave without the lower lobe being produced.

My material was:

Musiclus henlei. ‘Three specimens from San
Francisco, 15 to 26 inches long.

Mustelus californicus. Six specimens from 2%
to 32 inches long. Four of them from San Diego,
one from ‘nsenada, Lower California, and one from
Magdalena Bay, L. C.

Mustelus lunulatus. Three specimens from 19
to 25 inches in length. One from Mazatlan, Mexico,
and two from Panama.

Epwin CHAPIN STARKS,
Stanford University, Cal.

64 COPEIA

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF LE-
HIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

We offer the following list with localities at
which we met with the various species during the past
seven years or so. No special attempt was made to
gather all the material we encountered, and unfor-
tunately in the case of most well-known or common
species, particular localities were seldom recorded.
Doubtless several other forms will be discovered
eventually within our limits.

A few records have appeared in several of the
State Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture by
the former State Zoologist, H. A. Surface, such spe-
cies being indicated below by the asterisk.

The rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus Linnaeus,
does not appear in any of the books with reference
to Lehigh County, though formerly it was abundant.

Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw). Mountain-
ville.

Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Green). Moun-
tainville.

Hemidactylium scutatum ‘Tschudi. Summit
Lawn.

Plethodon erythronotus (Green). Allentown,
Mountainville, Slatedale, Laury’s.

Plethodon glutinosus (Green). Summit Lawn.

*Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Green). Allen-
town, Aineyville, Summit Lawn.

*Spelerpes bislineatus (Green). Allentown,
Aineyville, Summit Lawn, Slatedale.

Spelerpes longicauda (Green). Allentown.

*S pelerpes ruber (Daudin). Allentown, Ainey-
ville, Summit Lawn, Vera Cruz.

*Desmognathus fusca (Rafinesque). Allen-
town, Aineyville, Summit Lawn, EKmaus, Slatedale.

Diemictylus viridescens (Rafinesque). Allen-
town, Mountainville, Kmaus, Slatedale.

COP ETA 65

Bufo americanus Holbrook. Allentown, Lan-
ark, Emmaus, Slatedale, New Tripoli.

Acris gryllus crepitans (Baird). Hosensack.
Hyla_ pickeringit (Holbrook). Allentown,
Mountainville, Slatedale.

*H[yla versicolor Le Conte. Allentown, Moun-
tainville, Lanark.

Rana pipiens Schreber. County Home, Coop-
ersburg.

Rana catesbiana Shaw. Aineyville, ‘“Mountain-
ville, Lanark, Slatedale.

Rana clamata Daudin. Mountainville, Lanark.

Rana palustris Le Conte. Allentown, Ainey-
ville, Lanark, Emaus.

Rana sylvatica Le Conte. Aineyville, Emaus,
Lehigh Gap, New Tripoli.

*Natrixv sipedon (Linnaeus). Allentown, Lan-
ark, Guthsville.

Elaphe obsoletus (Say). Friedensville, Lanark.

Storeia dekayit (Holbrook). Allentown.

Liopeltis vernalis (Harlan). Slatedale.

*Diadophis punctatus (Linnaeus). Slatedale.

*Coluber constrictor Linnaeus. — Rittersville,
Lanark.

Thamnophis sirtalis (Linnaeus). Allentown,
Lanark.

*Lampropeltis doliatus triangulus (Daudin).
Aineyville, Shimerville.

Aghkistrodon contortriv (Linnaeus). Allentown.

Chelydra serpentina (Uinnaeus). County
Home, Lanark.

Kinosternon pensylvanicum (Gmelin). Guths-
ville.

Sternothoecrus odoratus (Latreille). Allentown,
Lanark, Limeport, Hosensack.

66 COPEIA

Chrysemys picta (Schneider). County Home,
Lanark.

Clemmys muhlenbergu (Schoepff). Kmaus,
Macungie.

Clemmys insculpta (Ie Conte). Mountainville,
Macungie, Lehigh Gap.

Clemmys guttata (Schneider). Allentown,
Lanark, Hosensack, Lehigh Gap, New Tripoli.

Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus). Mountainville,
Shimerville, New Tripoli.

E. S. anp W. I. Matrern,
Allentown, Pa.

STRAY NOTES ON TERRAPENE
‘CAROLINA.

Dr. F. A. Lucas of the American Museum of
Natural History has called the writer’s attention to
an account by Edmund G. Koch, Williamsport, Pa.,
in Forest and Stream for August 8, 1907, p. 170, of
a Box Turtle marked in 1866, 76, 90 and still living
in 1907, proving for that individual a length of life
over 41 years. Probably, this is exceptional longev-
ity for the species in its natural state. Last summer
(1916), an old turtle came under the writer’s obser-
vation at Mastic, Long Island, which had been ini-
tialed and dated 84, 96 and 99. This would give
the turtle an age of over 32 years. It was obviously
much older than the ordinary run of full grown tur-
tles, its shell being smooth, the growth-rings on the
scales which are generally noticeable, practically ob-
literated by wear. It was small for an adult, the
plastron 454 inches long. Excellent photographs of
this specimen are on file in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York. The writer has seen
another old Box Turtle of moderate size (plastron
5% inches), taken at Mastic, 1914, marked W. F.
92, which would give it an age of at least 22 years.
Mr. William Flowd of Mastic whose initials also ac-

COPEIA 67

company the 84 on the 32-year turtle, marked a num-
ber of them at that period, and agrees that there is
every reason to believe in the authenticity of the dat-
ing on both. Another pretty surely authentic one ta-
en | recently, July 1, 1917, was marked C. R. | Charles
Ross] 04, making it over 18 years old. This last had
the growth-rings on the scales about half obliterated.
It evidently had not grown since marked, and was a
small individual with the plastron 434 inches.

The Box Turtle is numerous at Mastic, and dur-
ing the past three or four years a number have been
marked with the idea that the ability to recognize
individuals might bring out interesting points con-
cerning growth or habits. Very few have been found
a second time.

One which was picked up July 15, 1916, per-
haps one-half mile from the house, and liberated at
the house on the following day, was found again on
June 9, 1917, near its original locality.

One found and liberated near the house on July
9, 1916, was found in the same locality on July 5,
LO:

On June 18, 1916, one was taken on a bay
meadow about one mile from the house, an unusually
wet locality for the species, and liberated at the house.
September 4th of the same year, it was found swim-
ming along the bay side of the same meadow close
under the bank.

Perhaps some reader of Coprt1a can furnish fur-
ther information as to whether individual Box 'Tur-
tles have definite narrow territories which they fre-
quent and to which they will return. The above
instances are so few that they may be due to coinci-
dence. The Forest and Stream article already re-
ferred to speaks of the faithfulness of an old turtle
to one narrow locality.

As regards this species’ habit of eating mush-
rooms, Latham says (Coprra No. 34), that at Orient
Russula obscurus is devoured almost exclusively.

‘

68 COPEIA

On June 25, 1916, a Box Turtle was taken at the
edge of a Mastic wood road beside a large Boletus
scaber of which it had eaten a considerable portion
of the side. This particular Boletus is said to be an
excellent table species. ~

Fifty-three more or less full-grown Box Turtles

which have beén measured at Mastic had plastron
length.

4% to 4% inches ........ pints eae 2
434 “ AH LY BT, ee 10
5 =, BUS oye Ts atop) bee 10
54 “ 5x ANY (<2 beeen eee, 15
Bio) re: | I - eke e 1g
54“ 5R SO! © ck SATs Ae eee 3

J.T. NicHous,
New York, N. Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnors, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, August 24, 1917. No. 47

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

DESTRUCTION OF LOG PERCH EGGS
BY SUCKERS.

While collecting eggs of the log perch, Percina
caprodes, (Rafinesque), at Douglas Lake, Michigan,
during the second week of July, schools of suckers,
Catostomus commersonu (Lacepede), were observed
raiding the spawning grounds of the log perch. ‘These
suckers quietly entered the schools of log perch which
were spawning in the shallow water near shore, and
crowded the spawning fish aside to eat their recently
laid eggs. ‘The suckers were shy and retired to deep
water when disturbed, returning again to the spawn-
ing grounds as soon as opportunity offered. They
were seen in and near the schools of log perch
throughout the day, for nearly two weeks.

Twenty of these suckers were captured about
9:30 A. M., while feeding among the log perch. Five
were killed at once. ‘The remaining 15 were placed
in a live-car some distance from the spawning grounds
and killed at intervals during the next 24 hours. The
entire alimentary canal of each suckers was examined
immediately after each fish was killed, and the num-
ber of log perch eggs noted. The data are tabulated
below:

70 COPEIA

No. Body length Sex Time in Eggs in Sand in

live-car ali. canal ali. canal

mm. ce.

1 290 ale 0 452 11.00
9 300 ee 0 1,243 9.00
3 290 sé 0 607 8.50.
4. 985 » <«s 0 475 6.00
5 305 female 0 — TAS 9.50
6 305 xf I thr: 30) min: 704 4.50
7 265 male 1 hr. 45 min. 1,475 7.00
8 280 a3 2 hrs. QAG 3.00
9 290 ss 3 hrs. 45 min. 649 8.00
10 280 ss 3 hrs. 45 min. 229 5.00
1] 270 Ky 4 hrs. 389 2.00
12 280 female 4 hrs. 93 2.50
13 310 male 4 hrs. 30 min. 64 0.75
14 oS se 5 hrs: 333 6.00
1s 230 < DEES: 390 2.00

Temperature of water in live-car 19° C.

From the table it may be seen that the average
number of eggs in each alimentary canal was 500, and
that two individuals each contained over 1,200 eggs.
These figures do not include the partially digested
and crushed eggs, as only whole eggs and recently-
ruptured eggs were counted. The intestinal contents
of all of the 15 suckers examined, however, included
oily masses of partially digested eggs. ‘This average
of 500 eggs per sucker is also probably lowered
through the loss of eggs crushed or digested while
the fish were in the live- -car, as but one-third of the
15 averaged were killed immediately after their cap-
ture on the spawning grounds. Aside from the eggs
of Percina caprodes, the alimentary canals of these
suckers contained little or no organic material, but
fine sand was always mixed with the eggs. ‘This fine
sand undoubtedly was swallowed with the eggs,
portion of it at least attached to them, as the eggs
of the log perch are covered with a coat of sand and
debris shortly after leaving the body of the female.
The average volume of sand in each alimentary canal
was about five times the average volume of unbroken
egos present, as one cubic centimeter of log perch
ego's contains about 440 eggs.

COPELA fl

The remaining five suckers were killed after 24
hours of isolation in the live-car. No whole eggs were
found in the alimentary canals of these fish, and only
small masses of oil and sand were present in the pos-
terior portions of the intestines. The absence of eggs
in the alimentary canals of these five fish, collected
while feeding with the other 15, considered with the
fact that the alimentary canals of the other 15 con-
tamed an average of 500 eggs each, suggests the pos-
sible consumption of at least 500 log perch eggs every
24 hours by each sucker following the schools of log
perch. ‘The actual destruction of eggs by each sucker
is probably greater, however, as the broken eggs re-
main uncounted. ‘The percentage of the total num-
ber of eggs produced by the female log perch of these
schools, destroyed by the suckers was not ascertained.
Several female log perch taken at random yielded
about 100 mature eggs each, although the ovaries of
these fish contained large numbers of inimature eggs.

While considering the destruction of the log
perch eggs by suckers it may be noted that the log
perch themselves crowd about spawning individuals
of their own species and devour the recently-laid eggs.
Ten male log perch collected with the suckers were
examined and from eight to 20 eges were found in
the stomach of each one.

M, Me Luis,
G. C. Ros,
Boulder, Colorado.

NOTES ON THE BREEDING AND INCU-
BATION PERIODS OF THE IOWA,
DARTER, ETHEOSTOMA IOWAE

JORDAN AND MEEK.

While collecting embryological material during
the spring of 1917 the eggs of the Lowa Darter,
Etheostoma iowae, were obtained, fertilized and car-
ried through the hatching period.

~I
Do

COPEIA

This darter is abundant in some of the foothill
streams near Boulder, Colorado. Males in full breed-
ing colors, with milt flowing freely when touched,
and females with mature ova which could be dis-
charged with slight pressure, were found as early as
Apr il 22 and as late as June 1, in Dry Creek, a small
stream a few miles east of Boulder. These breeding
fish were taken in water from three to four feet deep.
The temperature of the water varied from 12°C. to
15°C., and its alkalinity equaled a 1-800 normal solu-
tion of Potassium Hydroxid. ‘The darters were espe-
cially fond of pools where the bottom of the stream
was covered with a heavy slime and masses of rot-
ting vegetation, which had to be removed before the
fish could be captured. When disturbed, the darters,
which could be seen resting on top of this slime, bur-
rowed into the soft debris “by a series of quick move-
ments of the pectortal and ventral fins. This pref-
erence for the deep pools at this time seemed to be
correlated with the breeding activities of this species,
as E'theostoma iowae was found usually under peb-
bles in swiftly running water and in shallow riffles
during the fall, winter and early spring.

The incubation period of the eggs of Htheostoma
iowae kept in running water at 130C. to 160C. in the
laboratory, was comparatively short, occupying from
18 to 26 days. The germ ring was clearly visible by
the twentieth hour after fertilization, and the ma-
jority of the eggs of one large series hatched within
30 minutes of each other on athe twenty-fourth day.
The newly-hatched darter was 3.4 millimeters in

length.
= BERTRAM B. JAFFA,

Boulder, Colorado.

THE BREEDING HABITS OF THE VIVI-
PARUS PERCH, CY MATOGASTER:

The family Embiotocidae includes a number of
interesting percoid fishes. ‘They have all developed

GCOPEIA 73

viviparity to a high degree of perfection, the young
being born in an almost adult condition. Very little
has been written of their habits, and apparently
nothing at all of their copulation. So it was with
much satifsaction that I observed, under very favor-
able circumstances, the breeding habits of Cymato-
gaster aggregatus. 'The date of the observation was
July 5, 1916; the locality was in the shallow channel
forming the outlet and inlet of an estero near Goleta
in Santa Barbara County, California.

Attention was first directed to a slight disturb-
ance about twenty feet offshore, where two “Shiners”’
were swimming with their backs just out of the water.
Very soon the pair were joined by about 6 others,
which, judging from their small size, were likely
males. The original pair swam slowly towards shore,
their caudal regions in close proximity. The largest
of the supernumerary fishes immediately preceded
the pair, while the others followed a short distance
behind. Occasionally the male turned partly over
onto his side. After the fishes had proceeded thus
shoreward about 6 feet, there ensued a commotion,
of which the details were not observed, and then all
but the first pair swiftly made for deeper water off-
shore.

The pair, now alone, then proceeded against the
tide in a semi-circular course of about five feet, fre-
quently pausing while the male, turning upon his
side, applied his anal region to that of his mate.
Finally reaching the shelter of a stone in about a foot
of water, the pair halted and copulation ensued.
With their heads in the same direction and their anal
regions in contact, the pair remained quite motion-
less for a few seconds, seeming to balance in the water.
The male then turned over to a nearly horizontal
position, the female much less. For several seconds
the male moved rather slowly about half an inch back
and forth, paused, then resumed the vibratory move-

74 COPEIA

ment for a few seconds, and finally darted off, with-
out warning into deeper water.

The female remained quite motionless in the
shelter of the stone, and was readily captured in a
seme. Its oviduct was loosely extruded for about 5
mm., and from it there projected the tail of the sin-
gle remaining young. ‘This young fish was about of
the same size as numerous others seined nearby, most
abundantly over the bottom where strewn by kelp
washed in by the tide.

This observation confirms other evidence that
the period between copulation and the bearing of the
young is one year.

The life color of this breeding female may be
of interest. ‘The gold color appears in the usual two
bars across the middle of the br illiantly silver sides,
which are tinged with gold posteriorly; there is also
a smaller bar before these, and a trace of one along
the margin of the branchial aperture. There is a
blotch before the pectoral fin, and another small
blotch which is located behind and below the pectoral,
and is followed by a streak extending nearly across
the trunk.

Cart L. Husss,
Chicago, Ill.

NOTES ON THREE COMMON NEW
JERSEY TURTLES.

These notes are taken essentially word for word
from my notebook.

Mating of Bow Turtles and of Wood Turtles.
I have twice found turtles apparently either mating
or just after or about to begin mating, though on
neither occasion could I see any connection other than
that one was sitting squarely on the other’s back.
Evidently, however, it was neither time a case of
casually sprawling over each other like Painted Tur-
tles on a crowded sunning-log. The Box ‘Turtles

GOPETA fie)

(Terrapene carolina), were on land in the woods
bordering the bank of Crosswicks Creek below Cross-
wicks, Burlington County, May 9, 1915. I noted
particularly that the plastrons of both were decidedly
concave and to the same degree. The Wood Turtles
(Clemmys insculpta) , were resting on the bottom of
a little brook in the Washington V alley above North
Plainfield, Somerset County, May 14, 1916. The
brook at that point flows through open fields more
or less bushy. ‘The turtles made off when disturbed,
one going up stream and one down.

Kgg-Laying of a Painted Turtle. On July 4,
1916, a I found a Chrysemis picta at Runyon, Mid-
dlesex County, just within the frings of short grass,
Arenaria, etc., on the far side (from the pond) of
an open space in the woods on the north side. She
had dug a hole at least four inches deep (perhaps
much more), and was laying eggs. I saw her lay
three, at brief intervals. She would poke each one
down among the others and pack it in with one or
the other hind foot. After laying the last, she shov-
eled the sand back over them with her hind feet
(which, normally so far apart, were brought to meet
and even overlap), stamping and pushing it down,
awkwardly, but so painstakingly and efficiently that
when she had finished the spot was indistinguishable.
The hole was less wide than deep, and the top eggs
were under about an inch or two of sand. During
the whole operation, the turtle’s head (about half
out), and body remained practically motionless, and
I believe that she never saw her eggs, unless while I
was away briefly she turned around expressly to look
at them. All I have described (took place between
five and six in the afternoon), she did while I stood
close over her where she must have seen me. The
animal had come about 120 yards from the pond, first
through dense bushy growth (Chamaedaphne, ete.),
then all the way across the open space where her
track, fairly straight, was plainly visible. After cov-

76 COPEIA

ering her eggs she sat quiet, apparently resting before
starting the long walk back to the pond.

CHARLES H. RocErs,
New York, N.Y.

POISONOUS SNAKES IN THE JUNGLE.

It is quiet commonly maintained that poisonous
snakes are very abundant in the tropics. After ex-
periencing several months intensive collecting in
Central American jungles, and after discussing the
matter with other collectors who have likewise worked
in the tropics, it is the writer’s belief that poisonous
snakes are not nearly so common as is generally sup-
posed. ‘The species are fairly well represented, but
the actual number of specimens is comparatively less
than in the case of the harmless forms. We employed
natives to collect for us and few, if any, brought in
any poisonous examples. ‘They maintained that the
venomous snakes were super-abundant and consid-
ered all annulated snakes (Polydontophis annulatus,
Coronella micropholis, Urotheca elapoides, Oayr-
hopus sps., and others), to be coral snakes, and all
darkly colored, spotted snakes (Xenodon, Leptodira,
Petalognathus, etc.) , to be species of Lachesis. Many
times were we given perfectly harmless forms which
were considered by the natives to be either Elapine
or Crotaline species. Hence, their usual statement
of poisonous snakes being very abundant.

It is therefor advisable that the collector going
into the usual tropical jungles should not entertain
too high expectations in his quest for a large percent-
age of poisonous snakes, for he is very liable to have

his hopes suddenly shattered.
CLARENCE R. HAtrer,
New York, N. Y.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, September 24, 1917. No. 48

_— ~- =

= > Mest So SCOT

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

CERTAIN MARINE TROPICAL FISHES
AS FOOD.

By J. T. Nicuots’ anp L. L. Mowsray.’

The senior writer made a visit to Porto Rico in 1914, in
the course of a scientific survey of the island conducted by the
New York Academy of Sciences in co-operation with the insular
government. This visit convinced him that the fisheries resources
of the island are by no means utilized to the extent of which
they are capable. Compared with those he was familiar with
elsewhere, in Cuba, Bermudas, at Key West, and in the Hawaiian
Islands, they are little developed. Porto Rican fisheries will
doubtless expand with time, mostly along those lines where a
beginning has already been made. Whereas, the notes herewith
brought together may have little economic value for Porto Rico,
they have been assembled for such value or interest as they may
have there.

The junior writer has the greatest familiarity with the
capture and utilization of tropical fishes, especially in the Ber-
mudas, and has furnished most of the data on that subject;
whereas, the senior writer, having greater facilities for consult-
ing the literature, is, in general, responsible for references and
the remainder of this paper. Both writers have studied tropical
marine fishes in various waters since their first meeting in Ber-
muda, fourteen years ago. The fish fauna of Bermuda bears a
rather close resemblance to that of Porto Rico, and Porto Rico
ean doubtless learn from Bermuda things of value in developing
its fisheries.

*Ot The American Museum of Natural History, New York.
*Of the New York Aquarium.

78 COPETA

Ground Sharks (Carcharhinus).

These sharks are better food than'is generally believed.
The U. S. Bureau of Fisheries in Washington has recently been
interested in introducing their hides to the market for use as
leather, and can furnish interesting information on that subject.

In Bermuda, a hash is made from small ground sharks
which is much appreciated by all classes. After the head, vis-
cera, and fins have been removed, the shark is cut into chunks
and boiled. Then, the water is drained off, the skin and bones
removed, and the meat squeezed into a fine hash. The liver is
boiled separately to obtain the oil. Chopped parsley, sage, and
thyme are mixed with the meat and sufficient of the liver oil
to prevent its burning when stirred over an even fire (about a
gill of oil for 10 lbs. of meat), until medium dry. It is then
served with boiled sweet potatoes. If the shark is in good con-
dition, the liver is whitish or’pinkish, and such individuals are
selected for the table, those witli small brown livers are rejected
as not in such good condition, and because the liver will not fur-
nish sufficient oil. Pork is sometimes used as a substitute for
the liver oil, but is not as good.

These Bermuda sharks which average eight or ten Ibs. in
weight, are caught for the market in large quantities off shore
in June, July, and August with hand lines, and sell for 12 cents
apiece, dressed—which is, of course, much more reasonable than
other kinds of fish.

The Edged Shark, Carcharhinus limbatus, “Caconetta,” is
one of the commonest species in Porto Rico. It is five feet or
more in length when full grown, has the teeth in the upper jaw
rather narrow, similar to those in the lower. Its color is grayish,
the fins boldly tipped with black. Concerning it, Evermann and
Marsh in “Fishes of Porto Rico” say. “Used as food by the very
poor.” One of the writers has eaten a steak from a freshly
caught specimen in Florida, fried in graham flower, and found
it decidedly palatable, and not at all tough. The meat is beau-
tifully white.

The colored population in the South relish shark as food,
otherwise it is little eaten in the United States.

According to Dr. L. Hussakof, shark is extensively mar-
keted in Naples, where it is served in the restaurants.

Hammer-head Shark. (Sphyrna zygaena)
~Cornudar-

This shark which reaches a length of 15 feet or more is
cenerally common in tropical seas. It is considered edible in the

COPETA 79

Hawaiian Islands, where it is the shark most frequently seen
in the markets (Cobb, Bull. XXIII, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
1903). Francis Day in “The Fishes of Malabar,” India, (1865),
says: “Its flesh is considered very nourishing and is extensively
salted.”

Saw-fish (Pristis), “Pez Sierra”.
We do not know of the saw-fish being utilized in America.
In Malabar, India, according to Day (Fishes of Malabar, 1865):
“The flesh is as much esteemed as that of the sharks. The fins
are prepared and sent to China; oil is extracted from the livers,
whilst the skins are useful for sword belts or for smoothing
down wood.”

Whip-ray (Aetobatis narinari). “Obispo.”
“Chucho.”

Day in “The Fishes of Malabar,” India, (1865), says of
this species: “Eaten by the natives. Is captured to upwards
of six feet in width and the flesh is salted.”

Tarpon (Tarpon atlanticus).

Though in general sought exclusively for sport, the tarpon
is eaten in some parts of Florida.

Needle-fish (T'ylosurus), “Agujon”.

Various species of Needle-fish are found in all seas, but
are most abundant in the tropics. The larger species have green
bones, which sometimes cause them to be avoided, although they
are good food. ‘The European form is commonly exposed for
sale in the Copenhagen market. A large kind which occurs in the
Hawaiian Islands is a foodfish of importance. Bermuda Needle-
fish are caught in seines, or sometimes on light hand lines with
a float, and often eaten fried.

Half-beak (Hemirhamphus brasiliensis), “Balaju”.

In Malabar, India, the roe of a related species is highly
prized by Europeans for curry (Day, “Fishes of Malabar,”
1865). :

Mullet (Mugil), “Liza’.

In Bermuda, the mullet is commonly served in a stew or
chowder with potatoes and cubes of pork. They are taken in

80 CORETA

greatest abundance in October and November, at which time,
they are with roe, and the roes are prepared in the following
manner: Several are spread upon a white pine board about two
feet long and ten inches wide with sufficient space between them
to allow for spreading. <A similar board is placed upon them,
and as they dry and harden, the weight on the upper board is
gradually increased so as not to break the membrane in which
the eggs are contained. It takes two or three days to press
the roes properly. After pressing they are hung up to dry in
the sun. They dry to a leathery consistency and a rich golden
brown color, and will keep indefinitely. Roes thus prepared
sell for 60 cents to a dollar a pound.

Before being eaten, this dried mullet roe is boiled for a
few minutes or steamed, and served with melted butter and a
little lemon. This is a very rich dish and considered a great
delicacy.

In the Hawaiian Islands, the mullet is an important food
fish, and since legendary times there, the market supply has
been augmented and conserved by fish ponds which are de-
~seribed fully in “The Commercial Fisheries’ of the Hawaiian
Islands,” by John S. Cobb, Bull. XXIII, U. S. Bureau of Fish-
eries, 1908, p. 746. To quote from that article: “The ponds
are found principally in the bays indenting the shores of the
islands, the common method of construction having been to build
a wall of lava rock across the narrowest part of the entrance
to a small bay or bight of land and use the inclosed space for
the pond * * * In the sea ponds, the walls are about 5 feet in
width and are built somewhat loosely, in order that the water
may percolate freely * * * The sea ponds generally have sluice
gates which can be raised or lowered, or else which open and
close like a door * * *'! The gate is opened when the tide is
coming in and closed when it turns. There is usually a small
runway, built of two parallel rows of loosely piled stones, from
the gate to about 10 feet into the pond. Since the fish congre-
gate in this runway as the tide is going out, it is very easy to
dip out the supply needed for market. Seines and gill nets are
also used in taking fish from the ponds, a method which is easy,
owing to the shallowness of the ponds. Besides, the fish which
come in through the open gates at certain seasons of the year,
the owner usually has men engaged in catching young ama-ama
[mullet] in the open sea and bays, and transporting them alive
to these enclosures, where they are kept until they attain a
marketable size, and longer, frequently, if the prices quoted in
the market are not satisfactory. It costs almost nothing to keep
them as they find their own food in the sea ponds. It is sup-
posed that they eat a fine moss which is quite common there.”

COPEIA 81

Cutlass Fish (T'richiurus lepturus), “Machete”.

Related species of cutlass fishes are eaten in Malabar, In-
dia, (Day, “Fishes of Malabar,” 1865).

Queen Trigger Fish (Balistes vetula).
This species is skinned and eaten stewed in Bermuda, where
it goes by the name of Queen Turbot, and the skin is used for
scrubbing.

Trunk Fish (Lactophrys), “Chapin”. “Toro.”
In Bermuda, these fishes are baked in the shell after the
viscera have been removed and the fish stuffed as one would stuff
a chicken. They are then eaten from the shell with a small
fork.

Swell Fishes (T'etraodontidae), “Tambor.”
“Tamboril.”

These fishes are not fit for food, many of them being deadly
poisonous, and the poison is not destroyed by cooking. The
muscle of some, if not all, may be eaten, if the viscera, and es-
pecially the roe and liver are carefully removed, but the gain
is in no way worth the risk. Bermuda fishermen claim that if
offered to a cat they will be eaten and the cat will die or at
least be made very ill.

On Poisonous Fish and Fish Poisoning.

Various tropical fishes have the reputation of being at times
poisonous. We quote below at length remarks on this subject
by L. L. Mowbray in the New York Zoological Society Bulletin,
Nov., 1916, pages 1422-1423:

“Much has been said and written about the poisonous fishes
of tropical and sub-tropical seas. It is a known fact that among
people eating the same species at thé same time, even caught
in the same locality, some have been poisoned, while others have
not. Among fishes eaten by man, the species considered most
likely to be dangerous as food during the season from May to
October, are the barracuda, two species of kingfish, three spe-
cies of jack, red rockfish, and tiger rockfish.

“The barracuda (Sphyraena picuda), is a pike-like fish
inhabiting both shallow and deep water, and is often seen hiding
behind the Gorgonias, waiting for its prey.

82 COPEIA

“The mulleto kingfish (Scomberomorus regalis), and the
common kingfish (S. cavalla), are swift and active, and are
among the best of food fishes.

“The jacks (Caranx hippos, C. ruber, and C. crysos), are
swift-swimming surface fishes, usually traveling in large schools.
Their food consists of the anchovy, pilcher, hog mouth fry, and
squid and crabs that live among the Gulf-weed.

“The red rockfish (Mycteroperca venenosa apua), and the
tiger rockfish or gag (M. tigris), live on rocky coral bottoms and
often in very deep water. Their food consists of small bottom
fishes and crustacea. Both species are captured by hand lines
and in traps.

“All of these fishes are carnivorous, preying upon various
species of fishes and invertebrates. There is no evidence what-
ever that they feed at any season upon forms which would ren-
der their flesh unwholesome.

“While in the Turk Islands I questioned many fishermen
concerning the fishes that were poisonous, the effects of the
poison, and at what seasons the fish were most dangerous. With-
out exception their reports tallied. All agreed that there were
two forms of the disease; that the fish from the north side of
the Islands were the most dangerous, those from the south side
not being so likely to prove poisonous. This seems incredible,
as the island of Grand Turk, most densely populated of this
group of islands, is only one and a half miles wide, by six miles
long, and lies in trade winds and the Bahama current, which
move all surface food at a considerable rate to the westward.
I consulted Dr. Geogaghan, then the Medical Officer of the
Colony, who kindly gave me a description of the symptoms,
which he had personally experienced in both forms of the
disease.

“Dr. Geogaghan said: “To my knowledge the common poi-
sonous fish are barracuda, jack and mulleto kingfish. In certain
places, for some reason or other, the barracuda is more likely
to be poisonous than if caught elsewhere.

““There are two distinct kinds of poisoning from these
fishes. The ordinary type is similar to ptomaine, being in the
nature of a simple gastroenteritis of an irritative sort. It is
characterized by acute spasmodic pain in the stomach, diarrhoea,
and vomiting, coming on from ten to twenty hours after eating
the fish, and subsiding readily under treatment. There is ocea-
sionally headache, usually fever (101 to 102 degrees F.), and a
rapid pulse (90 to 100). Generally speaking, it is an acute
gastroenteritis.

““The other form is in the nature of a toxemia. I have
never seen a case following on the eating of jack, but cannot

COPEIA 83

be certain on this point. The symptoms are slow to subside,
sometimes lasting for months. It starts from two to six days
after eating the fish, very seldom less than two, and usually
three or four. There is repeated pain of a dull resistant type
over the region of the pancreas; constipation; slow aching pains
in the joints, especially in the knees and back, without any
physical signs; pain behind the eyes and headache, acute irri-
tation of the bladder with frequent burning and tickling sensa-
tion.

“ce

‘The joint pains are called “bone-pains” here, and are
similar to the pains of influenza, though more particularly asso-
ciated with the joints. There is an intense feeling of lassitude
and debility and subnormal temperature.

“Naturally clinical cases vary in severity. Occasionally
the two forms of poisoning are combined, one following the other.
I look on the first as a simple irritative disturbance of the in-
testine which throws off the irritant in the usual way. The
second is a real poisoning of the system. I have had both my-
self, and it was many months before I was rid of the joint-pains
of the second.’

“The Turk Island species described herein are also among
the principal food fishes of Key West and the Bermudas, except-
ing the kingfish, which is seldom taken at Bermuda, and_poi-
soning is unknown in these localities.

“After observing the conditions and the manner in which
the fish are handled, I have reached the conclusion that the rea-
son they are poisonous, in one region and not in another, is that
in Bermuda and Key West almost all fishing boats have live-
wells, and therefore usually bring their fish to market alive,
while in the Turk Islands and Bahamas the fish are killed and
allowed to remain in the sun until the shore is reached—some-
times five or six hours after they are caught.

“All of the fishes considered poisonous are of soft flesh and
rich in gastric juices, and are therefore the most likely to decay
quickly; and, when eaten in a partially decayed conditon, cause
ptomaine poisoning. Naturally, some are more poisonous than
others. Those caught in the morning are exposed to the sun’s
rays much longer, and are therefore much more decomposed.

“The fishes, when examined externally and internally, ap-
peared to be in the finest condition when caught, and I could
detect no difference between them and those of Bermuda or
Key West. I have seen specimens of Grand Turk Island with
the scales standing almost on edge through the decomposing of
the flesh, which, forming gases, expanded the fish. These fish
are frequently sold from house to house, though caught the day
before and in a half putrid condition. It is probable that if,

84 GCORMETA

when caught, the fish were eviscerated and bled,’ a case of poi-
soning would be a rarity.”

In any tropical climate, proper marketing is an essential
factor in fisheries development. We quote a cogent sentence or
two from Bulletin No. 1, of the Madras Fisheries Bureau, 1915,
pp. 212 to 215. “We must make the best use of what we now
catch before proceeding to catch yet larger masses. Of all
general foods, fish is most liable to taint, and most poisonous
when tainted. * * *

“Hence effort is now being directed in the experimentai
stations started by the Madras Government to various obvious
and simple reforms: Firstly, to the introduction of live cars and
live chests, or pens, so that fish can be brought alive to shore
and kept in good condition till required; this was a universal
custom even in temperate climates till the introduction of cheap
ice, and still is in many cases * * * Secondly, fish not kept alive
must be cleaned and washed at sea and properly stowed; this
brings them to shore with a much decreased chance of taint,
even if several hours intervene.”

1A good method of bleeding is to sever the tail while the fish
is alive, thus opening the blood vessels on either side of it.

Edited by J. T. Nicuors, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, October 4, 1917. No. 49

Published to advance the Science vf cold-blooded vertebrates

CHANGES IN NAMES OF AMERICAN
FISHES

A recent survey of the names applied to the
genera of fishes shows the necessity of a number of
changes from the names adopted by Jordan and
Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America,
1898. Among those which most concern students of
American Ichthyology are the following:

Anchoviella Fowler replaces Stolephorus Lace-
pede as the name of the great body of tropical ancho-
vies. The type of Stole phorus, as first restricted, was
not an anchovy, but a round herring of Japan.

Bagre Cuvier, by tautonomy, replaces Felichthys
and Ailurichthys for the Gaff top-sail cat-fish, Bagre
felis (L.)

Bodianus Bloch, by tautonomy, replaces Harpe
Lacepéede, while Cephalopholis Bloch & Schneider
replaces Bodianus and Enneacentrus.

Chelon Rose replaces Chaenomugil.

Corvina Cuvier stands for the group called
Pseudosciaena. Cheilotrema and Callaus may be
genera distinct from Corvina.

Clupanodon Wacepede should be restricted to
the Asiatic genus called Konosirus. The true sar-
dines (S. pilchardus of Europe, and S. cerulea of
California), belong to the genus Sardina Antapa.
Those sardines with unstriated opercle, (8. aurita
and S. anchovia-pseudohispanica) , comprise the genus
Sardinella, called Sardinia by Poey. The Scaled Sar-

86 CGOPETA

dines, maculosa, macrophthalma, ete., constitute the
genus Harengula, well separated from Sardina and
Sar dinella by their firm flesh and adherent scales.

The type of E'theostoma should be E. blenni-
oides. The name should replace Diplesion, while the
genus called Etheostoma by Jordan and Evermann
should stand as Poecilichthys. Some of the sub-
genera in this group should stand as distinct genera.

The genus called Centrarchus should stand as
Eucentrarchus Gill and the family of Sun-fishes and
Black Bass, as Micropteridae.

The name Gerres Cuvier should replace Xysta@-
ma, while the genus called Gerres by Jordan and
Evermann becomes Diapterus. 'The family stands
as Eucinostomidae as there is an earlier family Ger-
ridae, among insects.

Histrio Fischer replaces Pterophryne.

Leucichthys Dybowski replaces Argyrosomus
(preoccupied) for the Lake Herrings and Ciscoes.
Several new species of these have been described by
Jordan and Evermann, from the Great Lakes.

The Trout Perch of the Lakes should stand as
Percopsis omiscomaycus Walbaum, instead of Per-
copsis guttatus. The Lake Sturgeon as Acipenser
fulvescens Rafinesque, instead of Acipenser rubicun-
dus Le Sueur as Mr. Hubbs has noted. The Ameri-
can eel is Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur, Sept., 1817),
instead of A. chrisypa Rafinesque (Dec., 1817). The
date of rostrata is incorrectly given by Jordan &
Eivermann.

Membras Bonaparte replaces Kirtlandia.

Micrometrus Gibbons replaces Abeona.

Phycis Rose replaces Emphycus and Urophycis.

Polynemus L. replaces Polydactylus.

The generic name Catulus is preoccupied in in-
sects. The genus of sharks so named _ becomes
Scylliorhinus.

Siphostoma Rafinesque becomes again Syngna-
thus, and Lucius Rafinesque reverts to E’sox, while

COPEIA 87

Esov Rafinesque becomes again Belone Cuvier.
Glossamia pandionis becomes Xystramia pandionis.

There are no species of Leucos in America, the
species so-called being referable to Myloleucus Cope
and Hesperoleucus Snyder. ‘There are, according
to Prof. Cockerell, no true species of Leuciscus in
America or Japan. ‘The American species, so-
called, stand for the present as Richardsonius Gerard,
though some of the included sections (Clinostomus,
Phoainus, Hemitremia, Siboma), may prove to be
of generic value. Cheilonemus Baird replaces Leu-
cosomus, preoccupied. Cremnobates Giunther re-
places Auchenopterus, preoccupied. Cynicoglossus
Bonaparte replaces Microstomus, preoccupied. Hu-
dulus Fowler replaces Dules. E’vermannellus Fow-
ler replaces Odontostomus. Haloporphyrus Ginther
replaces Lepidion. Notoscopelus Giinther replaces
Macrostoma. Quassilabia Jordan and Brayton re-
places Lagochilus. Scaphirhynchops Gill replaces
Scaphirhynchus. Stenesthes Jordan replaces Steno-
tomus, preoccupied. ‘The Scup becomes thus Sten-
esthes chrysops. Xiphister Jordan and Gilbert re-
places Yiphidion.

Carcharhinus commersoni Blainville should
probably stand, instead of C. lamia. Isurus tigris
(Atwood) replaces Isurus dekayi, Isurus owyrhyn-
chus Fiuropean species not yet known from our
coast. Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre), has priority over
Lamna cornubica (Gmelin). Mustelus Valmont,
1764, or of Linck (1790), must stand for the smooth
“Dog Sharks,” which may for the present, pending
investigation be left in one genus. Mustelus Valmont
is equivalent to Cynias Gill, Mustelus Linck to
Pleuracromylon. ‘The species are Mustelus asterias
(Valmont) or Cynias canis (Mitchill) and Mustelus
or Pleuracromylon mustelus (1..)

The name Raja diaphanes Mitchill replaces
Raja ocellata (preoccupied) Raja scabrata Garman
replaces Raja radiata (not found in America) and

88 COPEIA

Raja stabuliforis Garman replaces Raja laevis, re-
garded as preoccupied. Raja granulata Gill is a
valid species.

The name Mobula replaces Aodon, unidentifi-
able.

The group of suckers called Hypentelium con-
stitutes a valid genus. The species of this group
called Catostomus rhothacus by Dr. 'Thoburn seems
to constitute a new genus, which we may name Tho-
burnia Jordan and Snyder, in honor of Wilbur 'Tho-
burn, professor of bionomics in Stanford University,
a young man whose life came to an untimely end
and who is remembered by his students not only as a
gifted naturalist, but as a powerful moral influence
in the lives of all associated. with him. Thoburnia
is distinguishable from Hypentelium by the very
small head, the skull not concave between the eyes.

X yrauchen texanus ( Abbott) replaces X. cypho.

Among the Hexagrammos-like fishes, several
distinct families must be recognized each with but a
genus or two. ‘These are Anoplopomatidae, Erilepi-
dae, Hexagrammidae, Ophiodontidae, Zaniolepidae
and Oxylebiidae. LHrilepis zonifer grows to a large
size, upwards of a hundred pounds in Japan and in
Alaska, where it is occasionally taken. ‘The black
bars disappear with age. ‘The “Fat Priest” of Japan,
Ebisus sagamius Jordan and Snyder, is the adult of
this species, of which the young was called Hrilepis
zonifer. Zaniolepis frenatus Kigenmann is generi-
cally different from Zaniolepis lati pinnis, having the
head much larger and more strongly armed, the su-
praorbital cirrus large, and the second dorsal spine
not specially elevated, shorter than the second and
shorter than head. This species may be made the
type of a new genus, Xantocles. Zaniolepis from
vanion, a wool card or comb and lepis scale, should
have been spelled with an initial X.

Under the ruling of the International Commis-
sion of Zoological Nomenclature, the generic names

‘COPEIA 89

of Gronow (1763), with polynomial species have
been accepted. This ruling would also apparently
validate the generic names revived from Klein in the
dictionary called the “Gesellschaft Schauplatz,” 1775-
1781. Certain names of Valmont de Bomare, 1768,
may be eligible and certain subgeneric names in Ara-
bic of Forskal, 1775. If these should be adopted
Amia Gronow would replace A pogon. Amiatus Ra-
finesque would replace Amia L. (1766). Brama
Klein would replace Abramis and Lepodus Rafin-
esque Brama Schneider for the Sea Bream. Callyo-
don Gronow would replace Scarus. Cestracion Klein
replaces Sphyrna. Galeus Valmont or Cynocephalus
Klein replaces Prionace. Cyclogaster Gronow re-
places Liparis. . Enchelyopus Gronow, Zoarces.
Hepatus Gronow, replaces Teuthis LL. Dasybatus
Klein replaces Dasyatis. Rhina Klem supersedes
Squatina. Rhombus Klein replaces Bothus, while
Peprilus Cuvier, replaces Rhombus Lacepede for the
genus of Harvest-fishes. Poronotus and Palometa
are probably both distinct from Rhombus.

The Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpinus Bonna-
terre, A. vulpes Gmelin), was named Vulpecula ma-
rina by Valmont in 1768. Garman adopts this name
but it may not be officially considered eligible.

It is possible that these generic names may not
be finally accepted, and it will be safe not to use any
of them not validated by acceptance of later authors,
until their eligibility is finally determined. ‘The au-
thors concerned are mainly Gronow, Klein, Valmont
de Bomare and Patrick Browne.

Davin Starr JORDAN,
Stanford University, Cal.

HUNTING LIZARDS WITH A “BEAN-
SHOOTER.”

The writer has before him a shipment of rep-
tiles from the West, including a really choice lot of

90 COPEIA

lizards—nearly every one of them captured by meatis
of a beanshooter. The recollection evokes a gleeful
chuckle. It seems worth telling.

Freely admitting considerable experience with
this boy’s weapon in days gone by, credit for its res-
urrection and practical adoption must be given to my
friend, Mr. William T. Davis, the naturalist of Stat-
en Island. At one of the entomological meetings he
exhibited his beanshooter together with charges of
fine shot. He then told of how he had laid low the
dazzling dragon-fly as it sailed over the pond and had
brought abruptly to an end the noisome song of the
Cicada in branches high. It was a thrilling account
——full of the element of sport.

On a trip to southern Utah this summer my
equipment included a beanshooter, also a supply of
No. 4 and 8 shot. The beanshooter was made the
same as I used as a boy: a stout, forked handle cut
from a privet hedge, two rubber bands 5” long x %”
wide, a soft. square piece of leather, folded, trimmed
and sewed at the bottom so that it formed a shallow,
rounded pocket, and the whole tied together with
shoestring. In execution this weapon proved so ef-
fective that I employed it to the exclusion of all other
methods whenever the chances of capturing a speci-
men by hand seemed in doubt. My procedure would
be as follows: loading the flipper with 30 to 40 of
No. 8 shot or with 20 to 30 of No: 4, according to size
of the lizard in sight, I approached with caution,
avoiding dry sticks and loose stones, and, when with-
in 10 to 15 feet, I would shoot, always aiming at the
head. The shot produced temporary stunning, some-
times accompanied by a slight flow of blood, but
rarely by mutilation. No time could be lost in pick-
ing up specimens for they often revived before they
could be placed in a bag. At 10 feet I felt almost
sure of my game; at 15 feet I could count on bagging
4 out of 5.

COPEIA 9]

Except when the lizards were startled, I found
little difficulty in getting within shooting distance of
even the speediest of them. This I ascribe to their
bump of curiosity, developed apparently to a high
degree. ‘Thus, on another occasion, I recall capturing
with a net a number of Crotaphytus while their at-
tention was fixed upon the antics-—a sort of war
dance—performed by a companion. The material be-
fore me is represented largely by species of Calli-
saurus, Crotaphytus, Uta, Sceloporus, Cnemido-
phorus, ete.

The small bore shotgun or pistol, while a reli-
able weapon, has the disadvantage of causing more
or less mutilation. In a hot and dry climate badly
injured or dead specimens discolor and shrivel quick-
ly, often before they can be brought to camp. Best
suited for every purpose of study is material brought
in alive. If they are not intended for osteological
preparations I have obtained the most satisfactory
results from specimens killed in formalin 4%. In this
medium reptiles retain their natural proportion and
color much better than if placed into alcohol at once.
I make no incisions, but instead use a small veterin-
ary syringe with a set of hypodermic needles. This
leaves no outward marks where injections have been
made. An injection through the vent usually suffices
for lizards. Snakes require additional injections be-
low the ventral scales. Collapsed regions are easily
restored by means of the syringe during the process
of curing. After 3 to 4 hours specimens may be
transferred to aleohol 70% or, if intended for color
study at a future date, to formalin 2%.

Gro. P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N.Y.

HABITS OF A YOUNG BOX TORTOISE.

The Box Tortoise (Terrapene carolina), is al-
most entirely terestrial in its habits, although excep-
tions have been recorded recently by contributors to

92 COPEIA

CopriA. As the young of this species are rarely dis-
covered, the actions of one found by the writer have
been watched with interest. This turtle was picked
up on a sandy country road in June. It had a eara-
pace length of 50 mm. and weighed %4 oz. Portions
of the keel were distinctly present. When placed in
its box, it at once made for the water where it re-
mains almost continually, coming out for an hour or
two on bright, hot mornings, to sun itself on some
moss. Its favorite diet consists of angle worms, which
it devours with avidity, but unlike other Emydidae
it rushes out of the water with its prey instead of
feeding in the water with head submerged. In this
habit it resembles the true land tortoises, toward
which the Box Tortoises seem to be evolving. The
aquatic life of young Box Tortoises may account for
their being so infrequently observed.
H. L. Baxrcocx,
Boston, Mass.

ANOTHER NEW JERSEY KING SNAKE.

This spring, about June 10th, upon rather a
damp windy day, Mr. Outram Bangs and I motored
from Rumson to Lakehurst, New Jersey. During a
short halt made necessary by a punctured tire we
strolled for some distance along a brook which di-
vided a large open meadow. We had gone but a
short way when we found a fine adult King Snake
[Lampropeltis getulus (1...) ] sunning on the south
side of a large log. The snake is still alive at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge.
Since Fowler does not record any specimen from just
this locality, and as the species is very rare n New
Jersey, it seems worth while to place this captive

upon record. T. Barzpour

Cambridge, Mass.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, October 26, 1917. No. 50

; ae 4

ee bese oe

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

COULTER’S WHITEFISH.

In a recent article on Coregonus coultert: (Co-
PEIA No. 45), Dr. Kendall overlooks an obscure sec-
ond record of the occurrence of the species in the
Columbia basin (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXVI,
p- 430). The specimens there referred to were col-
lected by the writer at Diamond Lake, Stevens Co.,
Wash., in June, 1894. It was observed at the time
that kingfishers were catching a slender, silvery fish
from near the surface of the lake, and by. firing at
the birds with a rifle, they were on several occasions
made to drop the fish within reach. These were
Coulter’s whitefish. None was seen in the shallow
water near shore, there was no boat at hand, and
consequently nothing more was learned of the spe-
cies. Some of these fishes, measuring 127 millimeters
in length, were about as large as the birds could well
manage. ‘These specimens and likewise some of those
taken by Dr. Kigenmann appear to be fishes of the
year, and it is possible that the adults of the species
may reach a much larger size. Indeed it is not im-
probable that the species may be a deep water form
of some food value. The Bureau of Fisheries has
lately learned of the presence of several undescribed
species of whitefish in western waters. Some of these
are good food fishes, and it is possible that their range
may be profitably extended by artificial means. An

94 COPEIA

investigation of these species has been started, and
it is no doubt worth while that it should be extended.
J. O. SNYDER,
Stanford University, Calif.

SHUFELDT’S NEW MUD MINNOW.

In the July number of Aquatic Life Dr. R. W.
Shufeldt boldly adds another synonym to Umbra
pygmea. One is obliged to read his entire article,
which is unnecessarily voluminous, to the end, where
the new name Umbra pygmea bilineata is found. As
Shufeldt neglects to select a type, a custom -almost
universal in these days among naturalists, we shall
be obliged to help him out by indicating No. 16, 896,
U. S. N. M. from “Trib. of Chesapeake Bay” as
such. Apparently this new form is suggested chiefly
on its supposed color characters. It is alleged to
differ in having but 2 wide dark lengthwise broad
bands, while in U. pygmea there are ten, a dozen, or
more, narrow dark lengthwise lines. On a previous
page, however, Shufeldt admits that “the fish changes
its coloration to a wonderful degree when placed in
alcohol and other preservative fluids,” and also that
the living fishes vary widely in color. I found that
our living mud minnow exhibits great extremes in
variety of color, not only such patterns as Shufeldt
mentions, but all sorts of intermediate designs. Also
some examples may appear nearly uniform blackish,
and others grayish or whitish, though I have not yet
found an albino. Now these varieties may even oc-
cur in the same stream, pool or mud-hole. Some of
these forms are doubtless affected by the condition
of the water, as in the cedar-stained streams of our
coastal regions fishes are always darker, or even near-
ly black.

Besides the type Dr. Shufeldt mentioned he ex-
amined many examples in the United States Nation-
al Museum from Eastern Maryland, Laurel (Md.),
Chain Bridge (D, C.), and Long Island (Lake Pat-

COPEIA 95

chogue), N. Y. From this one is inclined to consider
these as the localities for his new form, though such
are not so stated. I have examined and largely col-
lected a very large series of examples from: New
Jersey (Batsto R., Wading R., Mantua Creek, Ce-
dar Swamp Creek, Trenton, New Lisbon, Grenloch,
Friendship, Sumner, Cape May Court House, Great
Sound Creek, Porchtown, Repaupo, Coopers, Mill-
ville Lake, Sluice Creek, Burlington Island, Fishing
Creek, Elmer, Lake Hopatcong, Upper Goshen
Creek, Pancoast Run, Pitman, McPherson’s Branch,
Brookdale, Alloway, Cedarville, Shepard’s Mull,
Clementon, Green Creek); Pennsylvania (Bristol,
Scott’s Creek, Penn Valley, Guinea Creek, 'Tully-
town Brook, Common Creek, 'Tinicum Island,
Moores, Chester, Bridgewater, Torresdale, Holmes-
burg, Laurel Bend, David’s Well, Rocky Woods,
Emilie, Oxford Valley, Langhorne, Glen Lake,
Woodbourne, Philadelphia, Schuykill R.) ; Dela-
ware (Rehoboth, Bellevue Creek, Bombay Hook,
Neweastle, Delaware City, Brown’s Branch, Laurel,
Lewes) ; Maryland (Bacon Hill, Big Bohemia Creek,
Elk Neck, Aydelotte Branch, Dike Creek) ; Virginia
(Locustville Branch and lower James River). My
examples show the 2 or 8 simple dorsal rays and 12
or 13 branched, rarely 14, and the anal with 4 simple
rays and 6 or 7 branched, rarely 5 or 8. ‘The scales
vary 28 to 35 in a median lateral series to the caudal
base, with 3 to 5 more on the latter. Transversely
are 12 to 15 scales between the dorsal and ventral
origins, and before the dorsal 23 to 80. The propor-
tions of the head, body-depth, ete., vary greatly, but
chiefly with age. The eye was found contained 3-2/5
to 5 times in the head, and the young of course with
it larger than the adult. There is absolutely nothing
in Shufeldt’s exposition of the structural characters
not covered by my series.

My copied figure, from Jordan and Evermann,
is 7 inches long “which is much larger than the fish

96 COPEIA

ever grows to be” according to Shufeldt. Now this
statement needs further verification, as I have seen
and examined an occasional example 6 inches long,
and it is quite possible one may even exceed 7 inches.
In my experience the average size is from 3 to 4
inches. Further Shufeldt says of the figure, “it gives
38 scales instead of 35, and 12 dorsal rays instead of
13; it has too many anal rays.” This is entirely mis-
leading, and the artist who made the figure was prob-
ably accurate. In truth the figure shows 8 simple
and 10 branched dorsal rays and 2 simple and 6
branched anal rays. One also gathers a false impres-
sion that the seales would be 35, but I find variants
with 40, and do not doubt they may even exceed this.
These notes were made with the idea of placing
before ichthyologists an obscure account of a sup-
posed new form of one of our well-known fishes, as
it appears upon comparison with some of the facts
as brought out with adequate material.
Henry W. Fow ter,
Philadelphia, Pa.

SYSTEMATIC NOTE ON LOWER CALI-
FORNIA LIZARDS.

A collection of reptiles, made in Lower Califor-
nia in 1911 by an expedition under the auspices of the
American Museum of Natural History and the
United States Bureau of Fisheries (Charles H.
Townsend, leader, on the U. S. S. Albatross), re-
veals some interesting records for this peninsula.
Among these Crotaphytus copeiu Yarrow, 1882
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 441), has not been
considered valid, Cope, Van Denburgh and Ruthven
all relegating it to the synonymy of Crota phytus wis-
lizenii Baird and Gerard. Stejneger has not ex-
pressed an opinion regarding its status, the only men-
tion being a noncommittal sentence in his differen-
tiation of the new short-headed species of the Pacific
Region, Crotaphytus silus (N. A. Fauna, No. 3, p.

COPEIA 97

105) : “Nor is it [C. silus] the same as C. copeii Yar-
row, from which the new form [C. silus] differs in
the same manner as it does from C. wislizeni,’—
that is, in being short-headed, while both C. copei
and C. wislizenii are long-headed. Crotaphytus speci-
mens in the American Museum collections from 'Ti-
buron Island in the Gulf of California, and Cerros
Island on the Pacific side, are distinctly C. copeii,
agreeing with Yarrow’s type from La Paz (a single
specimen, No. 12668 in the U. S. Nat. Mus.) in be-
ing a longer and relatively larger-headed form than
any other | species of the Crotaph ytus wislizenii group
known.

A second good species which has been supposed
not valid is Callisaurus crinitus Cope, 1888 (Amer.
Nat., Vol. 30, p. 1049). Cope described this from
a single specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus. 14895, type lo-
cality Ballenas Bay in central Lower California on
the Pacific side. The American Museum collections
contain one full-grown specimen from Abreojos
Point, the northern point of Ballenas Bay, and seven
full-grown specimens from San Bartolome Bay on
the Pacific side, one hundred miles north of the type
locality. Callisaurus crinitus is large in size like C.
ventralis, and is peculiar in possessing prominent
digital fringes, structurally like those in Uma notata
Baird. These fringes give an additional indication of
close relationship between the two genera. It was
Cope’s opinion when he first described C. crinitus
that its discovery made a union of Uma and Calli-
saurus necessary. It is true that these fringes on the
toes were perhaps the strongest single character dif-
ferentiating Uma and Callisaurus, but the sum total
of differences still remains too great to admit of the
union.

Among interesting records in the American
Museum material from the Cape Region is Calli-
saurus draconoides Blainville, which has had a history
of many years’ confusion with C. ventralis and of

98 COPETA

masquerading under a trinomial, but which is so dis-
tinetly different from C. ventralis that there could
have been no intergradation for many ages past. Uta
thalassina Cope, another record from the Cape Re-
gion, is interesting because of possible differences of
opinion regarding its generic rank (Petrosaurus, new
genus suggested by Boulenger, 1885). The discov-
ery in 1914 of Uta mearnsi Stejneger, from the sum-
mit of the Coast Range of the Mexican border, really
settled the question, as stated by Stejneger at that
time (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1894, p. 8369). When
we compare this species with the large Cape Region
form on the one hand, and with the small typical Uta
on the other, we find it a close link in size, in scutel-
lation (except for the tail), and even in color pat-
tern. Therefore, Uta thalassina must be retained
among the Utas despite the fact that the scutellation
of its tail is unlike that of any other Uta known, and
more like that of a Crotaphytus.
M. C. Dickerson,
New York, N.Y.

ANOTHER LONG ISLAND RECORD FOR
AMBYSTOMA JEFFERSONIANUM
(GREEN).

Three specimens of this salamander were found
on August 26, 1917, under old boards along the mar-
gin of a small, round pond about % mile north of the
Hither Plain Life Saving Station at Montauk. All
are young, two measuring 2%” and one 3/2” in length.
Undoubtedly they have developed from larvae of the
same season. The largest specimen is heavily marked
with bright blue spots of varying size on tail, legs
and along the sides of body and head. On the back
and underside the spots are more faint and sparse.
The ground color is blackish brown. The tail is oval,
flattened toward the point. On the smaller specimens
the spots are faint and the tail is flatter throughout
its length.

COPEIA SS)

The only other Long Island record for A. jef-
fersonianum was obtained at a point about 5 anilee
east of the present location (see Coprta No. 8).

GEORGE P. ENGELHARDT,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

A ONE-LEGGED CRICKET FROG.

On September 23, Cricket Frogs (Acris gryllus
crepitans), were found abundant along the margins
of ponds in the sand dunes between Miller, Indiana
and Lake Michigan. The tadpoles of this species
were seen in the pond, as were also a few transform-
ing individuals.

One of these Cricket Frogs (head and body 16
mm.), unfortunately not noted until after it had died
in a collecting bag, presents a malformation which
seems worthy ‘of description. The right leg is absent,
and no scar is evident to indicate its recent loss by
injury; the skin is normal in both texture and colora-
tion over the area from which the leg should spring.
The skin of the abdomen is notably wrinkled toward
the missmg member. Indeed the whole body poste-
riorly is twisted toward the right side, so that the left
leg, which is of the usual proportions, is forced into
a position in which it could fairly effectively perform
the normal function of both legs.

The pelvic region, on dissection, shows some in-
teresting features. As just mentioned it is curved
toward the right. There is absolutely no trace of a
right femur, nor even of the acetabulum and labrum
cartilagineum, which are normally well developed in
this species. The right face of the pelvis is smooth,
and the right arm of the ilium is weak and cartilagin-
ous. The dextral sciatic plexus and nerve are also
atrophied.

Whether this monstrosity is the result of a mu-
tation, or of a very early injury can not be stated.

Cart L. Hupss,
Chicago, Ill.

100 COPEIA

NOTE ON A ONE-LEGGED FROG.

On October 12, 1915, I caught a young, one-
legged pickerel frog (Rana palustris) at the border
of a lake south of Smithtown, Long Island, N. Y.
The head and body of the specimen measured not
more than one and one-half inches, and one hind leg
(I forgot whether the right or left), was gone com-
pletely from the pelvic joint, the skin of the hip show-
ing practically no sear.

This frog lived in a vivarium with several exam-
ples of Ambystoma tigrinum, Hyla andersoni, other
amphibians, and snails, for nine months. At the time
of its capture, it had already co-ordinated its asym-
metrical organism to such an extent that it could
swim straight ahead; by April, 1916, I observed it
jumping for food so efficiently as not to suffer by
comparison with normal frogs. During the autumn,
and again in the spring, we fed it chopped earth-
worms, house-flies, etc., but for many weeks in the
winter it had practically nothing to eat. It took most
of its food from tweezers, always grasping it with
its jaws rather than capturing by projection of the
tongue. It usually accepted only four or five morsels
at one feeding.

By May, 1916, it had grown perceptibly, and
had assumed very bright coloring, the richest of “cop-
per glaze” fringing its jaws and running along the
ridges of its back. At this season it fed altogether
on crickets, which were simply set free in the viva-
rium. The frog, in spite of its lop-sided source of
propulsion, leaped with fatal precision for distances
up to 12 or 14 inches, and devoured the unfortunate
crickets at leisure. The process of swallowing a large
victim was almost snake-like in its deliberation.

In July, 1916, I freed the frog at Garden City,

Long Island. R. C. Murruy
Brooklyn, N. ¥.

Edited by J. T. Nicnots, American Museum of Natural History
PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, November 26, 1917. No. 51

1
am)

-

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

THE PINE SNAKE IN VIRGINIA.

Records for the Pine Snake, Pituwophis. melano-
leucas (Daudin), outside of Florida and New Jersey
are few and far between. In fact the only ones I
have been able to find are the one in Brimley’s North
Carolina list from Swain Co., N. C., and a specimen
in the National Museum from Blount Co., Tenn.
Both of these localities are in the Big Smoky Moun-
tains.

It is of interest then that a dead specimen about
3’ 6” long was found on August 19, on the road across
the “Spur” between Nimrod Hall and Milboro
Springs, in Bath Co., Va.

This locality is in the Alleghany Mountains and
the altitude is about 1,000 feet. The road at this
point was bordered on each side by a rather steep
slope covered with laurel and rhododendron.

This snake is fairly well known in Virginia as
the “bull snake.” It does not seem to occur outside
of the mountains as all of the many stories of this
snake, reputed to reach a length of twelve feet, have
their scene in the western tier of counties.

Emmett R. Dunn,
Northampton, Mass.

102 COPEIA

Ratio of Length, Girth and Weight in the Perch.

The accompanying table shows the length, girth
and weight ounces of 79 perch (Perca flavascens),
caught in Stony Creek Pond, Coreys, Franklin Co.,
N. Y., August, 1917. The table indicates that the

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COPEIA 103

variation in weight of perch of the same length 1s
never more than one ounce. Also a rough approxi-
mation of the weight ounces may be obtained in this
species by multiplying the girth squared by the length
inches and dividing by 50. ©, W. Mrap,

New York, N.Y.

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104 COPEIA

LEAPING OF A HEMIRAMPHID.

The synentognathous fishes comprise various
elongated marine forms, and the remarkable flying
fishes which make long excursions through the air
supported by their greatly enlarged pectoral fins. It
is interesting that the habit of leaping in the air is
common throughout the group and therefore, may
reasonably be supposed to have been possessed by the
ancestors of the flying fishes before the fin develop-
ment which has made it pre-eminent among these. *
Or in other words, habit has preceded correlated
structure in this case. ‘The half-beaks are the mod-
ern synentognathi which apparently approach most
closely to the ancestors of the flying fish.

On April 1, off Sandy Key near Cape Sable,
Florida, there was an unusually favorable opportun-
ity for the writer to watch the leap of a half-beak
and a short quotation from his field notes of that
date seems worth recording: “A Half-beak (prob-
ably Hemiramphus) of perhaps 9 in., skipped over
the surface down wind with great speed. Initially
it may have been more or less on its side, but towards
the end of the leap (which probably exceeded 30
yards) it was right side up, its little anterior pector-
als extended at right angles, and it appeared to main-
tain its impetus by skulling with the tail at intervals
as it touched the surface.” A surprisingly flying-
fish-like performang€.

J. T. NicHots,
New York, N.Y.
* See Correia, 1915, No. 19, p. 12-13.

COPEIA 105

THE JUMPING ABILITY OF PLETHO-
DON AND ITS POSSIBLE BEARING
UPON THE ORIGIN OF SALTA-
TION IN THE ANCESTORS
OF THE ANURA.

On the evening of August 18, 1917, at Snow-
ville, N. H., I picked up a gray-backed Plethodon
cinereus 71 mm. in total length. It was caught cross-
ing a sandy road just before dusk. While I held it
on one open hand, it surprised me by jumping to
the sleeve of my other arm. I experimented further
by holding my open right hand at varying distances
from the salamander on the left hand. In its efforts
to escape, the creature always scurried straight ahead,
in the direction in which it had been pointed, and
when it reached the edge of my palm, it leaped across
the open space to the other hand, repeatedly clearing
a distance of fully twice its length. In this manner I
kept it jumping rapidly for perhaps two dozen times
before it became sufficiently fatigued to quiet down.

The fact that this salamander is a leaper may
possibly be known, but I had never before observed
it. I had always considered the terrestrial urodeles
as exclusively creeping animals, probably because I
had hitherto found them chiefly in the daytime, dur-
ing their inactive hours. This Plethodon was just
starting out on its nocturnal wanderings, and was
no doubt at its liveliest. I now understand how mem-
bers of the species cross deep ruts in roads, and how
they surmount such obstacles as logs and fallen
boughs in the boggy woods that they inhabit. The
discovery also throws light on the way that they cap-
ture Bibionid flies, winged ants, Collembola, and
other active insects, remains of which I have found
in the stomachs of Plethodon cinereus, taken under
dead logs in the early morning. I had often won-
dered how a sluggish salamander—a lowly creature
which I had supposed to move like a stranded mud-
puppy—could feed upon flying or jumping insects.

106 COPEIA

I now infer that it lies in wait and leaps at its prey
hike a cat at a sparrow.

When I look at the diminutive legs of this sala-
mander—legs hardly thicker than a pin, and devoid
of modernized, condylarthrous joints—I marvel that
they should be able to propel the squat, snaky body
for a distance of twice its length through the air. It
seems mechanically incredible, even though the salta-
tory impulse doubtless come;more from the myocom-
mata rather than from the minute muscles of the
limbs.

With all of this in mind, why could not some
of the temnospondylous Stegocephalians, such as the
Permian Cacops, or Dissorophus, or the African
Triassic Brachyops, have begun the jumping habit?
And may not the ancestors of the frogs and toads
have been excellent leapers even before they lost their
loose-hung bodies and permanent tails? None of
them, surely, had less of a “jumping build” than
Plethodon. Y¥urthermore, if the direct, as well as
the collateral ancestors of the Anura were large crea-
tures, it is easy to believe that decrease in size and
weight would be a necessary concomitant to improved
saltatory power during the tailed epoch. Plethodon
approximates a crocodilian in build; if it were as
large and heavy it probably could not jump.

All kown Anura, even as far back as the Juras-
sic, are extremely modernized, and are separated by
a wide evolutionary gap from the Palaeozoic amphibi-
ans. My intention is merely to suggest that such a
form as Cacops may well have been a leaper; and
to draw an analogy between the modern urodeles, in
which the saltatory habit is doubtless an incipient
land-living development, and the primitive temnos-
pondyls, which, as recently suggested,’ may possibly
be the forbears of the leaping frogs and toads.

R. C. Murrey,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

1Gregory, W. K., The American Naturalist, Vol. 51, 1917, p. 317.

COPEIA 107

NOTES ON THE BREEDING OF THE
AMERICAN TOAD.

I had the opportunity on June 5, 1917, to ob-
serve the breeding of the American Toad. The place
was a small artificial pool, about four by six feet.
A steady rain fell throughout the evening. Mr.
Richard G. Turner and I first approached the sing-
ing male at 9:00 P. M. It was quite dark at the
time. At first we could not advance towards the toad
within thirty feet without the trill’s instantly ceasing.
We used the most stealthy manner of approach.
Then we tried hiding behind a tree, but the first step
would be detected and the trill stopped at once until
we withdrew. About ten o’clock we discovered that
our steps were not followed by silence, and to our
amazement we walked up to the pool and threw on
a small electric search light, all the while the trill
continuing. The male was sitting on the edge of the
pool, the throat membrane fully extended and the
trill throbbing in our ears. Five feet away was the
large female rapidly hopping towards the male.
From this time on, the toads seemed to take no no-
tice of our motions. Indeed, again and again we
reached down and touched or tightly held the inflated
membrane as the male sang. Even this made no dif-
ference to the toad.

The performance that went on was repeated as
long as we stayed. It was as follows: When the
male began to trill, the effect on the female was in-
stantaneous. Whether she was in the water or on
the land, she would make frantic efforts to reach the
male. But the second the trill stopped she was all
indifference, and often in a few moments would hop
off in another direction. But as the trills came every
few minutes, she would finally in one of her drives
reach the male while he was in the midst of a trill.
He would not seem to notice her until she was within
an inch of him; then he would scramble on her back,

108 COPEIA

and sometimes there finish the trill. If on land, the
female would at once start for the water. A few
moments after reaching the water, the male would
lose his hold and be tossed off. ‘Then the perform-
ance would start all over again, the male usually
climbing first out of the water. He would take ab-
solutely no notice of the female if he was not trilling
when she was placed next to him. Thus, the interest-
ing feature was that the trill is the apparent stimu-
lus for both sexes. We left the pool about eleven
o'clock, but the trills were heard far into the night.

We did not actually see the operation of spawn-
ing, but a little later hundreds of tiny tadpoles were
observed in the pool.

Gorpon Borr WELLMAN,
Malden, Mass.

Edited by J. T. Nicuo_ts, American Museum of Natural History

PRICE FIVE CENTS

New York, December, 1917.

.
pare
—

ae)

Published to advance the Science of cold-blooded vertebrates

INDEX 1913 to 1917

Abeona, 17, p. 86.
abildgaardi, Sparisoma, 17, p. 24.
Ablennes, 15, p. 13; 16, p. 28.
Abramis, 17, p. 89.
enysoleucas, 1, 11; 15, p. 28 16, p.
12, 41, 79.
Abudefduf mauritii, 17, p. 4.
Acantharchus pomotis, 10.
acanthias, Squalus, 16, p. 36, 41, 65;
Wis (Oe 7 BEY.
Acanthodactylus boskianus, 8.
Acanthurus, 16, p. 26.
Achirus fasciatus, 16, p. 12, 42.
lineatus, 15, p. 50.
Acipenser fulvescens, 17, p. 48, 86.
rubicundus, 17, p. 48, 86.
sturio, 2; 16, p. 41; 17, p. 18.
ANCHISy Sy lliisy Shel In 15s Pals. 2s
gryllus crepitans, 4, 7, 15, (he wy ates
52, 63; 16, p. 22, 49; 17, p. 14, 39,
65, 99.
adscensionis, Epinephelus, 17, p. 23.
Holocentrus, 17, p. 23.
adspersus, Tautogolabrus, 16, p. 42.
aeglifinus, Melanogrammus, 15.
aeneus, Myoxocephalus, 16, p. 40, 42;
ee D ieee
aepyptera, Lampetra, 15, p. 1.
aesopus, Rana, 3, 5.
aestivalis, Pomolobus, 13.
aestivus, Cyclophis, 11; 15, p. 6.
Aetobatus narinari, 16, je XS If toy, ACh
affinis, Gambusia, 16, bree AIS
africanus, Caranx, 17, p. 53.
Agama colonorum, 17, p. 53.
flavimaculata, 8.
pallida, 8.
aggregatus, Cymatogaster, 17, DIAS:
Agkistrodon contortrix, 2, 110) 163" 15,
DaGs O7snOor. 17s Ds 65:
Agonostomus monticola, US;ep. 90!
Ailurichthys, 17, p. 85.
albifrons, Sternarchus, 15.
Albula, 16, p. 26.
vulpes, 15; p. 50, 59.
Alburnus, 16, p. 28.
alcyon, Ceryle, 15, p. 27.
Alestes baremose, 8.
Alfaro cultratum, 13.
alleganiensis, Cryptobranchus, 15, p.
38, 51.

Alligator mississippiensis, 17.
Alopias vulpinus, 16, p. 36; 17, p. 89.
Alosa sapidissima, 16, p. 12, 41.
Alphestes lightfooti, 15, p. 50.
altus, Pseudopriacanthus, 15, p. 44.
Alutera schoepfii, 2, 13; 16, p. 11, 42.
Alytes obstetricans, 15, p. 54.
amabalis, Diadophis, 15; 17, p. 43.
Ambloplites rupestris, 5, 13.
Ambystoma jeffersonianum, 8, 13, 14;
17, p: 64, 98.
microstomum, 11.
opacum, 8, 13; 16, p. 23, 88; 17, p.
24, 28. 40.
punctatum, 8, 135 15, p. 383 16) p:
35, 493 17, p. 40, 64.
tigrinum, 8, 12; 15, p. 30; 16, p. 20,
32, 48, 88; 17, p. 24, 41, 100.
tigrinum californiense, 15, p. 56.
Ameiurus catus, 1, 5; 17, p. 32.
melas; 17, p))34.
meQeUlicE, IS Ny) Soy, Sale
NeHulOSsuseels woe 5) pen Oils 1O spe lis
413 17, ps 34.
americana Morone 2, 5; 15, p. 42; 16,
p. 12, 42.
Pipa, 17, p. 49.
americanus, Bufo, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p.
D5 ey SS Sa bo, O82 IG ie, (749
V/5 De VAR I65., 1107,
ESox, 105) 16; p. 12,041), 55.79:
Hemitripterus, 16, p. 11.
Menticirrhus, 9.
Pseudopleuronectes, 16, p. 42.
/aXosbtely Ich a, oye aly Gay ech),
Amiatus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.
calvus, 16, p. 54, 79.
amoenus, Carphophis, 17;
Notropis, 8, 13.
Ampithoe, 11.
ampullaceum, Distomum, 6.
analogus, Kyphosus, 17, p. 4.
analostanus, Notropis, 1; 17, p. 36.
Anchoviella, 17, p. 85.
argyrophanus, 3.
brownii, 15, p. 50.
clupeoides, 15, p. 50.
mitchilli, 2; 15, p. 44; 16, p. 12, 39;
ys S50}, ales}
ancylodon, Sagenichthys, 17, p. 4.

LS peGe

a
—s

andersoni, Hyla, 16, p. 5, 68; 17, p.
100

Anguilla anguilla, 8
chrisypa, 17, p. 86.
TOStratay Wi, 2s. 95) Lois dos ps 0h 16,
Depl2s Sos 79s i Dams Oe
anguillaris, Zoarces, 16, p. 9, 42.
Anisotremus dovii, 17, p. 3.
interruptus, 17, p. 3.
Pacinicih ad 75. ps o-
surinamensis, 15, p. 50.
annularis, Tarentola, 8.
annulatus, Polydontophis, 17, p. 73.
Spheroides, 17, p. 4.
anomalum, Campostoma, 15, p. 51; 16,
Da 79:
Anoplopomatidae, 17, p. 88.
Antennarius, 16, p. 26.
anus, Loricaria, 17, p. 4.
Aodon, 17, p. 88.
Aphredoderus sayanus, 16, p. 12, 42,
55 79.
Aplodactylus punctatus, 16, p. 64.
Apocryptes borneensis, 16, p. 64.
apodus, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50.
Apogon, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 47, 89.
dovii, 17, p. 3.
Apogonichthys, 17, p. 47.
Aprionodon isodon, 16, p. 36.
Apristurus profundorum, 16, p. 36.
arcuatus, Pomacanthus, 15, p. 24; 17,
p. 24.
arenicolor, Hyla, 17, p. 5.
areolata, Rana, 11.
argentiventris, Neomaenis, 17, p. 3.
argyrophanus, Anchoviella, 3.
Argyrosomus, 17, p. 86.
Ascaphus truei, 17, p. 13.
Aspro, 16, p. 26.
Astroscopus guttatus, 16, p. 42.
Atherina, 16, p. 47.
Atherinops insularum, 17, p. 38.
atlanticus, Tarpon, 15, p. 59; 16, p. 3,
CAS) aly fos ast), 7Ach
atromaculatus, Semotilus, 13; 15, p. 51;
16, p. 79.
atronasus, Rhinichthys, 13; 15, p. 51;
ih, job BASE
attenuatus, Batrachoseps, 15, p. 62.
atun, Thyrsites, 16, p. 64
Auchenopterus, 17, p. 87.
Aurata, 16, p. 28.
auratus, Carassius, 8;
p. 41, 64.
Mullus, 16, p. 42.
auritus, Wepomis, 1,95.) 11) isi) 165) p:
1254250565802) 175 py 56:
Siluranadon, 8.
aurofrenatum, Sparisoma, 17, p. 24.
aurolineatum, Bathystoma, 17, p. 23.
auropunctatus, Cryptotomus, 14.
Autodax lugubris, 15, p. 62.
Awaous taiasica, 15, p. 50.
Babcock He -.elosp OU. 9S elvan pe
32,52, 92:
Bagre, 17, p. 85.
bahianus, Hepatus, 15, p. 50.
baileyi, Crotaphytus, 1, 5.
_ Bairdiella chrysura, 2, 13;
16, pl2a4 2:
ensifera, 17, -p. 4.
ronchus, 15, p. 50.
bajad, Porcus, 8.
balaenops, Sternarchella, 15.
Balistes, carolinensis, 16, p. 11, 42;
Wi, i, 2s

NEY 3 Aig el

15, p. 44;

COPEIA

naufragium, 17, p. 4.
vetula, 17, p. 1, 24, 81.
Balistidae, 3.
Barbour... L0se LO, aperaaeld pao ces
Barbus, bynni, 8.
baromose, Alestes, 8.
barracuda, Sphyraena, 6, 17, p. 81.
bartholomaei, Caranx, 14.
Bathystoma aurolineatum, 17, p. 23.
striatum, 17, p. 23.
Batrachoseps attenuatus, 15, p. 62.
bellii, Chrysemys, 17, p. 40.
Belones 165 ps 275 17 pod.
beryllina cerea, Menidia, 2.
beryllinus, Cryptotomus, 14.
bifrenatus, Notropis, 11.
bilinearis, Merluccius, 13; 15, p. 43,
450 16.sps 42 eli epawee.
binoculata, Raja, 16, p. 87.
bipinnulatus, Elagatis, 6.
birostris, Manta, 16, p.. 87.
bi-seriatus, Sceloporus, 15, p. 10.
bislineatus, Spelerpes, 2, 4, 13, 16;
15, op sl5n 29. OSanoll m4 mOsieLOs
Dp. 223 175 ps 14) 64:
blacodes, ‘Genypterus, 16, p. 65; 17,
Di:
blandingi, Emydoidea, 16, p. 59.
Blepharis crinitus, 15, p. 50.
boddaerti, Boleophthalmus, 16, p. 2.
Bodianus, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 85.
Boleichthys fusiformis, 16, p. 56, 80.
Boleopthalmus boddaerti, 16, p. 2.
Boleosoma nigrum, 15, p. 51.
nigrum olmstedi, 1, 5, 13; 16, p. 12,
BO Wie DeoO:
Bombinator pachypus, 15, p. 54.
bonapartii, Sternarchus, 15.
bonariensis, Menidia, 17, p. 4.
Bonasa umbellus, 16, p. 8.
bonasus, Rhinoptera, 16, p. 11, 41.
borealis, Sphyraena, 3; 15, p. 44; 16,
Dp: Sos lzaLpS 19:
borneensis, Apocryptes, 16, p. 2.
bosci, Gobiosoma, 16, p. 40; 17, p. 39.
boskianus, Acanthodactylus, 8.
Bothus, 17, p. 89.
Bovichthus diacanthus, 16, p. 65.
Boyle, H. S., 7, 9.
Brachydeuterus corvinaeformis, 15, p.

leuciscus, 17, p. 3.
Brachyops, 17, p. 106.
brachyrhynchos, Corvus, 17, p. 58.
Brama, 17, p. 89.
Branchippus vernalis, 16, p. 48.
branicki, Pomadasis, 17, p. 4.
brasiliensis, Hemiramphus, 17, p. 23,

79, 104.

Mugil, 17, p. 4.

Narcine, 16, p. 46.

Paralichthys, 17, p. 5.

Percophis, 17, p. 5.

Phycis, 17, p. 5.
brevidens, Salminus, 17, p. 4.
brevimanus, Diapterus, 17, p. 4.
brevirostris, Cololabis, 16, -p. 80.

Hypopomus, 15.
Brevoortia tyrannus, 2, 3, 13; 15, p.

21je4l, 43 16s p. 415 Weep adc:

brownii, Anchoviella, 15, p. 50.
Bryant.ebe C.osspesace
Bubo virginianus, 16, p. 2.
bucanella, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50.
Buccone praedatoria, 17, p. 4.

COPREIA lll

Bufo americanus, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p.
Sp at Sle 894 BS, O38 iC jo) Gye
UD la 65. lO7Ze

FOWLenie ois 15) py oSy) o4e
lentiginosus, 3, 9.
marinus, 16, p. 13, 43.
punctatus, 17, p. 5.
quercicus, 3, 9.

viridis, 15, p. 54.

butleri, Thamnophis, 15.

bynni, Barbus, 8.

Cacops; 175) ps 106:

caerulea, Sardinella, 17, p. 38.

caeruleus, Callyodon, 17, p. 24.

Calamus calamus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 23.

kendalli, 17, p. 23.
californicus, Mustelus, 17, p. 61.
callarias, Gadus, 13; 16, p. 42.
Callaus, 17, p. 85.
Callisaurus, 17, p. 91, 97.
crinitus, 17, p. 97.
draconoides, 17, p. 97.
ventralis, 17, p. 97.
Callorhynchus callorhynchus, 16, p. 44.
Callyodon, 17, p. 89.
caeruleus, 17, p. 24.
taeiopterus, 17, p. 24.
vetula, 17, p. 24.
calvus, Amiatus, 16, p. 54, 79.
Cambarus, 15, p. 28.
Camp, Ca ele apala.
Campostoma anomalum, 15, p. 51; 16,
p. 79.
canadus, Rachycentron, 2; 16, p. 42.
canis, Mustelus, 15, p. 43; 16, p. 12,
Aone epee dye
caprodes, Percina, 17, p. 69.
Caranx africanus 17, p. 53.
bartholomaei, 14.
Cayo, 25 Ugh iS, os GHlS alyiS jon GE
hippos, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 3, 20, 82.
latisss l4e Sep. oO eli, ps aoe
pisquetus, 15, p. 50.
ruber, 17, p. 82.
carapo, Gymnotus, 15.
Carapus, 16, p. 28.
Carassius auratus, 8; 15, p. 28; 16, p.
41, :
Carcharhinus, 17, p. 78.
commersonii, 16, p. 69, 72, 81, 87.
Lamia Live) Deo.
limbatus, 16, p. 69, 80; 17, p. 78.
milberti, 2, 13; 16, p. 36, 41, 69, 72.
obscurus, 16, p. 36, 41.

Carcharias, 16, p. 28.
littoralishe 1 Si) eLOwi pl SOs 4lymOols li7s

me we

carcharias, Carcharodon, 16, p. 36, 86.

Carcharodon carcharias, 16, p. 36, 86.

@arettaycarettay 2.) os) 4) lO) eps 5715) Ly.
Dao05

carolina, Terrapene, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16;

1G, oy, 74 on CO, (S18 IG, yn CID
GOS 655 175 pe 15, 155665 66, 74)
91.
carolinense, Engystoma, 3, 9.
carolinensis, Balistes, 16, p. 11, 42;
Nils \Q, 2A

Sitta, 16, p. 78.
carolinus, Prionotus, 1, 13; 16, p. 42;
Leap. 22;
Trachinotus, 2, 13; 15, p. 44; 16, p.
11; 17; p. 20.
Carphophis amoenus, 17; 16, p. 6.
carpio, Cyprinus, 1, 5; 16, p. 12, 55,
62, 79.

cataractae, Rhinichthys, 11, 13.
catenifer, Pituophis, 15; 15, p. 10; 16
p. 74, 91.
catesbiana, Rana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11, 16,
NOS 5, Dy By sO, 2¥/, Gil, 637,
Delon 6o-
Catonotus, 16, p. 25.
flabellare, 15, p. 61.
Catostomidae, 15, p. 28.
Catostomus, 6.
commersonii, 1, 5, 11; 15, p. 51; 16,
Dele 4 ae Ol mili emis eS ON OO:
rhothoecus, 17, p. 88.
Catulus, 17, p. 86.
catus, Ameiurus, 1, 5; 17, p. 32.
Caulolatilus, 16, p. 27.
chrysops, 15, p. 50.
ee eos: MES joe, SOS aly
p. 81.
Centrarchidae, 15, p. 28.
Centrarchus, 17, p. 86.
ceutire concentrica, Malaclemmys, 16,
p. 39%
Centropomus cuvieri, 15, p. 50.
ensiferus, 15, p. 50.
nigrescens, 17, p. 3.
parallelus, 15, p. 50.
robalito, 17, p. 3.
Centropristes striatus, 2, 13, 15, p. 42;
LOM pel AaZee ee pare le
Centroscyllium fabricii, 16, p. 36.
centroura, Dasyatis, 16, p. 41.
cepedianum, Dorosoma, 8, 16, p. 12,
41

Cephalopholis, 17, p. 85.
fulvus, 15, p. 50.
fulvus onatalibi, 15, p. 50.
cephalus, Mugil, 16, p. 62, 64.
Cerastes cerastes, 8.
Ceratichthys, 16, p. 26.
Ceryle alcyon, 15, p. 27.
Cestracion, 17, p. 89.
@etacea, 154 )p2 20!
Cetorhinus maximus, 15, p. 21, 25; 16,
p. :
Chaenobryttus gulosus, 7, 9; 16, p.
56, 80.
Chaenomugil, 17, p. 85.
Chaetodipterus faber, 15, p. 50; 16, p.
ile if, ey Bile
zonatus, 17, p. 4.
chaetodon, Mesogonistius, 16, p. 56, 80.
Chateodon ocellatus, 15, p. 44.
Chamaeleo dilepis, 17, p. 53.
Characinidae, 15, p. 58.
Charina, 15, p. 64.
Cheilodipterus, 16, p. 26.
Cheilonemus, 17, p. 87.
Cheilotrema, 17, p. 85.
Chelon, 17, p. 85.
Chelonia mydas, 16, p. 58.
Chelydra emarginata, 1, 6.
lacertina, 1, 6.
serpentina, Wo 2, (4,6, 11, 12, 16;
WG joe. i, ZO), Ge" 1, jo, Ste ftele
WS oe Miss (35),
chilensis, Sarda, 16, p. 64.
Scylliorhinus, 16, p. 64.
Sebastodes, 16, p. 64.
Chilodactylus macropterus, 17, p. 5.
Chilomycterus schoepfi, 2; 15, p. 42,
AAO; Dade.
Chloretone, 15, p. 63.
Chologaster cornutus, 16, p. 55.
Chorophilus nigritus, 3, 11; 15, p. 22;
75) Ds 9.

iv COPEIA

occidentalis, 3; 15, p. 22.
ocularis, 3; 15, p. 23.
chrisypa, Anguilla, 17, p. 86.
Chrysemys bellii, 17, p. 40.
Chrysophyrs, 16, p. 28.
chrysops, Caulolatilus, 15, p. 50.
Stenesthes: ISR LOM ps VLR 42 eae:
12
chrysopterus, Orthopristis, 2, 13; 15,
oh eee IE joy BRR a pon AALS Sieh
chrysura, Bairdiella, 2, 13; 15, p. 44;
16s ps 25 42°
chrysurus, Ocyurus, 17; 17, p. 23.
chussyebhyciss ies, loro, spac on
16, p. 42.
cinerea, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 4, 55.
cinereum, Xystaema, 17, p. 4.
cinereus, Plethodon, 17, p. 105.
cinereus erythronotus, Plethodon, 2, 4,
LOTS Mos IoD. Sosa Op acer
17, p. 14, 64.
cirratum, Ginglymostoma, 16, p. 36.
Citharichthys spilopterus, 15, p. 50.
citrea, Protonotaria, 16, p. 78.
clamatany Rana, 2555.55 len Ge 55. p:
Be Hey et 40/5 Sle Ge oi, Soa) 8
16, p. 22, 35, 48; 17, p. 15, 65.
Clarias lazera, 8.
Claricola, 16, p. 26.
Clark, A. H., 16, p. 14.
clarkii, Sceloporus, 17, p. 5.
Clemmys guttatus, 4, 12, 16; 15, p. 40;
16) -p 595 7a p15, 65:
un culpes, AV aly Se Se, fo, USS GS
4.
marmorata, 15, p. 11.
muhlenbergii, 4, 16; 17, p. 32, 65.
Cliola, 16, p. 26.
Clupanadan, 17, p. 85.
Clupea harengus, 15, p. 41; 16, p. 39.
clupeoides, Anchoviella, 15, p. 50.
Cnemidophorus, 17, p. 5, 91.
sexlineatus, 15, p. 6.
coerulea, Ethmidium, 16, p. 64.
coeruleus, Hepatus, 17, p. 24.
Colesy eRe ales 14m lei op oe 4+9-anG;
Dols 47.
Cohasei5. peo:
colias, Scomber, 11, 17, p. 19.
collaris, Crotaphytus, 1.
Collecting, 16, p. 15, 17, p. 89.
Collydon, 16, p. 26.
Cololabis brevirostris, 16, p. 80.
colonorum, Agama, 17, p. 53.
Colpochelys kempi, 17, p. 50.
Coluber diadema, 8.
florulentis, 8.
commersonii, Carcharhinus, 16, p. 69,
Tian (Oly Sie
@atostomus sy oe le-mloen pamoles OF
Dy 415, 54: 7927 ps o0s69:
conceptionis, Isacia, 16, p. 64.
concolor, Nexilarius, 17, p. 4.
confluentus, Crotalus, 12.
Conger, 16, p. 28.
conger, Leptocephalus, 15, p. 43; 16,
p. 42.
constrictor, Zamenis, 4, 11, 16, 17; 15,
p. 6; 405 45, 635 175 p. 15,165:
constrictor flaviventris, Zamenis, 15.
contortrix, Agkistrodon, 2, 10, 16; 15,
pues o/s Il7/s jo9 (EE
copeii, Crotaphytus, 17, p. 96.
Coregonus coulteri, 17, p. 54, 93.
labradoricus, 17, p. 45.
coriacea, Dermochelys, 16, p. 57.
cornubica, ILamna, 17, p. 87.
coxnutur, Phrynosoma, 16, p. 81; 17,
Dod

cornutus, Chologaster, 16, p. 55.

Niotcepiss) 3) 165 pamli2n ces aaa
7, Dp. 36:

coroides, Umbrina, 15, p. 50.

Coronella micropholis, 17, p. 76.

corporalis, Semotilus, 1, 13; 16, p. 28.

coruscans, Pseudoplatystoma, 17, p. 4.

Corvina, 17, p. 85.

convinaeiormale, Brachydeuterus, 15, p.

Corvula subaequalis, 15, p. 50.
Corvus brachyrhynchos, 17, p. 58.
ossifragus, 17, p. 58.
Coryphaena hippurus, 6; 16, p. 11.
Cottus gracilis, 15, p. 51.
coubie, Labeo, 8.
coulteri, Coregonus, 17, p. 54, 93.
Grandall bs Silor
Cremnobates, 17, p. 87.
crinitus, Blepharis, 15, p. 50.
Callisaurus, 17, p. 97.
Crocodilus niloticus, 17, p. 53.
cromis, Pogonias, 15, p. 44; 16, p. 12,
APS ais G0), Sh.
Crotalus confluentus, 11.
horriduss 25 OS L755 pan6sl Osos
17, p. 64.
oregonus, 14, 15; 15, p. 48. .
Crotaphytus, 17, p. 5, 91.
baileyi, 1, 5, 12.
collaris, 1.
copeii, 17, p. 96.
silus, 17, p. 96.
wislizenii, 5, 12; 17, p. 96.
crumenopthalmus, Trachurops, 3; 15,
rs BOS al jo She)
crusma, Chromis, 16, p. 64.
Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, 15, p.
Cryptotomus auropunctatus, 14.
beryllinus, 14.
dentiens, 14.
retractus, 14.
roseus, 14.
ustus, 14.
crysoleucas, Abramis, 1,
16, p. 12, 41, 79.
crysos, Caranx, Py er aly qoy CHES 5Uy/.

LU OLS pawece

Ctenops vittatus, 4.
cultratum, Alfaro, 13.
Culver Da Ea lop. as7:
curema, Mugil; 3; 15, p. 505 16; p:
Al Sep iD!
cuvieri, Centropomus, 15, p. 50.
cyanella, Lepomis, 7.
Cyclogaster, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.
Cyclophis aestivus, 11; 15, p. 6.
Cyclopterus lumpus, 13, 13; 16, p. 39.
Cymatogaster, 16, p. 26.
aggregatus, 17, p. 73.
Cynias, 17, p. 87.
Cynicoglossus, 17, p. 87.
Cynocephalus, 17, p. 89.
Cynoscion macdonaldi, 16, p. 85.
nebulosus, 2.
nothus, 16, p. 30.
regalis, 2, Ui 16ep., W25530, 42a,
Dp. 2l.
reticulatus, 16, p. 85.
Striatus, U7, ps4:
cypho, Xyrauchen, 17, p. 88.
Cyprinidae, 15, p. 20, 58.
Cyprinodon macularius, 16, p. 62.
mydrus, 17, p. 39.
vatiegatus, 23 16, p- 415 17, p: 39:
Cyprinus Carpio, ed) ois 65) ps a2, oD;
6

Cypselurus, NS oy AL

COPEIA

Cypsilurus, 16, p. 27.

nigricans, 16, p. 10.
dactylopterus, Helicolenus, 17, p. 5.
Damesella, 16, p. 27.
darwini, Sebastodes, 16, p. 64.
Dasyatis, 17, p. 89
Dasyatis centroura, 16, p. 41.

Say aie lose pe. le
Dasybatus, 17, p. 89.
DaviSem Weel Sy peaeentianps 30:
Peco pierds punctatus, 16, p. 39; 17, p.

Dee keine, 1 1Ban Sh Si, Bh alse ANS, Gey JS
2A oss 16 py 24s live ps 245 50!
Dekaya, 16, p. 27.
dekayi, Isurus, 17, p. 87.
Storentas 46s 17-0 155 ps 63 175) p:
Se Oor
Delphinidae, 15, p. 21.
Dendraspis jamesonii, 17, p. 53.
Nagatabee ile joy, Syst
dentatus, Paralichthys, 1, 2, 13; 16, p.
12 A2 ie cps 23s
dentex, Odontoscion, 15, p. 50.
dentiens, Cryptotomus, 14.
Dermatolepis punctatus, 17, p. 3.
Dermochelys coriacea, 16, p. 57.
Desmognathus fusca, 2, 4, 13, 16; 15,
is ere, Sl, OSS Go, BAS alc; go, lel
64.
diacanthus, Bovichthus, 16, p. 65.
Diadema, 15, p. 33.
diadema, Coluber, 8.
Diadophis amabalis, 15; 17, p. 43.
PUuNctaciSwliAGeel oo DAOnt Ole) Oo le
Do Ho Ubi, by
diaphanes, skayago) los 15 patos) 6;
joy US ae ay /S po, Va
diaphanus, Fundulus, 2, 13; 16, p. 12,
AVS17 5 (pe oO:
Diapterus, 17, p. 86.
brevimanus, 17, p. 4.
olisthostomus, 15, p. 50.
plumieri, 15, p. :
rhombeus, 15, p. 50.
Dickerson, M. C., 17, p. 98.
Diemictylus viridescens, 2, 10, 13, 14;
5}, Fo), Sy LA ay), ie Gb
viridescens miniatus, 13.
dilepis, Chamaeleo, 17, p. 53.
Diodon histrix, 15, p. 11.
Diplesion, 16, p. 25; 17, p. 86.
Dissorophus, 17, p. 106.
Distomum ampullaceum, 6.
Ditmarse ike ., 10%
Dixonina nemoptera, 15, p. 50.
doliatus, Lampropeltis, 15, p. 40.
doliatus triangulus, Lampropeltis, 16,
178 WG jo, BA, are TW7G jon) Se
dolomieu, Micropterus, 1, 5, 13; 16,
p. 42.
dominicensis, Synodus, 15, p. 50.
Doras granulosis, 17, p. 4.
Dormitator maculatus, 17, p. 4.
dormitatot, Philypnus, 15, p. 50.
Dorn RA 4 l6sepe 20s
Dorosoma cepedianum, 8; 16, p. 12,
41.
Doryrhamphus lineatus, 15, p. 50.
dovii, Anisotremus, 17, p. 3
Apogon, 17, p. 3.
Fundulus, 17, p. 3.
draconoides, Callisaurus, 17, p. 97.
Dryobates pubescens, 16, p. 78.
dumeril, Squatina, 16, p. 36.
Disha, 1, We iS TES iss 7p SRR SG
GSE 63s Doel ,pe 45, 02," LO.
duplicata, Natica, 3.
Beastimanen Gakes aioeepeelA cml ge pa dOs

Ebisus sagamius, 17, p. 88.
Echeneididae, 3.
Echeneis guaicano, 15, p. 11.
meyeKo Ke, USE Me jo 1, Soe SE Foy
42 Uist ps 39)
Echidna nocturna, 17, p. 3.
eglanteria, Raja, 2; 16, p. 9, 12, 41.
Eigenmannia troscheli, 15.
virescens, 15
eiseni, Tantilla, 15.
Elagatis bipinnulatus, 6.
Elaphe guttatus, 15, p. 6.
elapoides, Urotheca, 17, p. 76.
obsoletus, 15, p. 6, 39, 63; 17, p. 65.
Elasmopus, 11.
Elassoma, 16, p. 56.
evergladei, 16, p. 79.
electricus, Electrophorus, 15.
Malopterurus, 15, p. 58.
Electrophorus electricus, 15.
elegans, Gila, 16, p. 62.
Pseudemys, 15, p. 15.
Streatogenes, 15,
Eleginops maclovina, 16, p. 65.
Eleotris, 16, p. 26.
pisonis, 15, p. 50.
Ele Max Mes 6p: 9425 1775, p: 34,

Elops saurus, 15, p. 50, 59; 17, p. 18.
emarginata, Chelydra, 1.
Emphycus, 17, p. 86.
Emvdoidea blandingi, 16, p. 59.
Enchelyopus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.
BnselhardtGe ee 7 onl cmlGuap: (8
Afar Uley) WIL ESIE IF, joe thy easy CILey,
Engystoma carolinense, 3, 9.
Enneacanthus gloriosus, 16, p. 56, 80.
obesus, 10.
Enneacentrus, 17, p. 85.
ensifera, Bairdiella, 17, p. 4.
ensiferus, Centropomus, 15, p. 50.
Epinephelus adscensionis, 17, p. 23.
flavolimbatus, 15, p. 50.
maculosus, 15, p. 50.
niveatus, 16, p. 11.
striatus, 17, p. 23.
eques, Scartichthys, 16, p. 65.
Eretmochelys imbricata, 16, p. 58.
Erilepidae, 17, p. 88.
EFrilepis zonifer, 16, p. 29; 17, p. 9,
88

Erimyzon sucetta, 16, p. 52.

Erimyzon sucetta oblongus, 11; 15, p.
Suk TGs sp. 12h a2"

cringe cree Rayjdyeloreelomepy i2er4iss N75
p. ;

eriox, Salmo, 16, p. 28.

Eryx jaculus, 8.
thebaicus, 8.

Hsoxml5qpei2/3) los pe 27 lye SO:
americanus, 10; 16, p. 12, 41, 55, 79.
lucius, 15, p. 35.

Leticulatusneo Lopate 554 079)
Etheostoma, 16, p. 25; 17, p. 86.
Ethmidium coerulea, 16, p. 64
Etrumeus sadina, 16, p. 39; 17, p. 18.
Eucentrarchus macropterus, 16, p. 56,

Eucinostomus acl, AG, qo, SOS" AL, Soh
9

39.
harengulus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 39.
Eudulus, 17, p. 87.
Eumeces fasciatus, 15, p. 6.
Eumycterias punctatissimus, 17, p. 4.
Eupomacentrus fuscus, 15, p. 50.
otophorus, 15, p. 50.
Eupomotis gibbosus. 1, 5, 11, 11, 13;
16, p, 125 42) 80;
Eutamias, merriami, 14.

vi COPEIA

Eutropius niloticus, 8.
Eutyphis faba, 6.
evergladei, Elassoma, 16, p. 79.

Evermann, B. - 14; LS ps 8s) ss
16, p. 63, 80.

Evermannellus, Wh 30h eve

evermanni, Lepidamia, Ue pee 475

evittata, Hyla, 15, p. 38, 55.
Exocoetidae, 15, p. 12.
Exocoetus, 16, p. 27.
faba, Eutyphis, 6.
faber, Chaetodipterus, 15, p. 50;
ales yet ovs Ale
fabricii, Centroscyllium, 16; sp: 36:
falcatus, Pee sis aI}, jo. SOs
16,
fario, aes 5; 165p. 28:
fasciata, Sciaena, 16, p. 64.
fasciatus, Achirus, 16, p. 12, 42.
Eumeces, 15, p. 6.
Natrix, 11.
Pinguipes, 17, p. 5.
Felichthys, 17, p. 85.
femoralis, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 3.
ferruginea, Limanda, 1.
Fish Poison, 15, p. 57; 17, p..81.
flabellare, Catonotus, 15, p. 51.
flagelliformis frenatus, Zamenis, 15.
flavescens, Perca, 5; 15, p. 27, 35, 36;
16; pe 2) 125425 56. S0rmiep. LOZ!
flavimaculata, Agama, 8.
flavirostris, Raja, 16, p. 64.
flavolimbatus, Epinephelus, 15, p. 50.
florulentis, Coluber, 8
Foa, 173 p. 47.
foctens. Synodus, 13;
1

16, p.-

1S ape 44s Lape
fontinalis, Salvelinus, 15, p. 20, 51.
forskalii, Hydrocyon, 8.

Howlers cla Weslin lames 35055116, eels

DS ES la Se zee allo, ps LOs 4.05
SOR 165 p. 125036, 42... 69\s) 7a Dp:
AT OSLO AAs Seon DONO.

fowleri, Bufo, 3; 15, p. 53, 54.

Fowleria, 17, p. 47.

IMebeltdbro, IDs MB oily neha sey yoy, Ail
Hoe 3 jh Zee

freminvillii, Myliobatis, 2.

fulvescens, Acipenser, 17, p. 48, 86.

fulvus, Cephalopholis, 15, p. 50.

fulvus onatalibi, Cephalopholis, 15, p.
50.

Fundulus, 15, p. 28.

diaphanusse2e loc lOn pale. 4 lee lye

dovil, 17) pss:

grandis, 17, p. 39.

heteroclitus macrolepidotus, 2, 5; 16,
p. 12, 41, 44.

luciae, 2.

majalis, 2, 13; 16, p. 41.
notti,, 165 ip; 55,79)
similis, 17, p. 39.

funebris, Gymnothorox, 15, p. 50.
fusca, Desmognathus, 2, 4, 13, 16; 15,

ih bs etsy Mol, CG Wh ZAR AU ioe
14, 64.
fuscum, Syngnathus, 15, p. 44; 16, p.
fuscus, Eupomacentrus, 15, p. 50.

Nectamia, 17, p. 47.
fusiformis, Boleichthys, 16, p. 56, 80.
Gadus callarias, 13; 16, p. 42.
Gage; see eiles elena ee es
gairdneri, Salmo, 16, p. 27.
Galeocerdo tigrinus, 15, p. 43; 16, p.
3

6.
Galeus, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 89.
Gambusia, affinis, 16, p. 55, 79.
holbrooki, 10.

‘Gerrhonotus,

garnotii, Hemidactylus, 6.
gayi, Merluccius, 17, p. 5.
Gempylus serpens, 15, p. 50.
Genyprerus blacodes, 16, p. 65; 17, p.
Germo macropterus, 16, p. 93

Gerres, 17, p. 86.

175) Ds os

scincicauda, 15, p. 10.

getulus, Lampropeltis, 17; 15, p. 6;
L7e spe 922

getulus boylii, Lampropeltis, 15.

gibbosus, Eupomotis, 1, 5, 7, 11, 11,
33 1650p 25420:

Gila plegane, 16, p. 62.

Gill, ING 6;

gilli, ees 17, p- 46.

Ginglymostoma cirratum, 16, p. 36.
gladius, Xiphias, 15, p. 12, 41; 17, p.
20

glaucus, Glyphis, 16, p. 36.

Trachinotus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 4, 23.
gloriosus, Enneacanthus, 16, p. 56, 80.
Glossamia, 17, p. 46.

gilli, 17, p. 46.

pandionis, 17, p. 46, 87.
glutinosus, Plethodon, 2, 13; 15, p. 51,

631) Li p04:

Glyphis glaucus, 16, p. 36.
Gobiesox marmoratus, 16, p. 65.

‘Gobiosoma bosci, 16, p. 40; 17, p. 39.
gracilis, Cottus, 15, p. 51.
grahamiae, Salvadora, 15.
grandis, Fundulus, 17, p. 39.
granulata, Raja, 17, p. 88.
granulosis, Doras, 17, p. 4.
gratiosa, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 4.
Gregory, W. K., 15, p. 60.
griseus, Neomaenis, 17.

Varanus, 8.
Gronberger, S. M., 15, p. 55
grylio, Rana, 3, 5: 169 op: (6:
ervilus, Acris, 35) us lonps ditse cn

gryllus crepitans, Acris, AR lo eiDs
ai, S28 Ges
39, 65, 99.
guachancho, Sphyraena, 15, p. 50.
guaicano, Echeneis, 15, p. ‘11.
sul, Eucinostomus, 15, p. 50; 17,

&

gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 7, 10; 16, p.
0

6, 80.
gunnellus, Pholis, 16, p. 40.
guttata, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16;
Wa fo, OS Ojo, ID, GG.
guttatus, Astrocopus, 16, p. 42.
Elaphe, 15, p. 6
Gymnothorax funebris, 15, p. 50.
ocellatus, 15, p. 50.
punctarenae, 17, p. 3.
Gymnotus carapo, 15.
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus,
SulS MS joe Ay 3, ios ie
SS ‘Schilbeodes, 15) pe St.
12

153p2) 405

USSD 4s
165) p:

Se ee peltatus, 16, p. "80,
Haemulon plumieri, 15, p. 50; 17, p.
23.

Sciurus, 155) ps oo:

sexfasciatum, 17, p. 3.
haje, Naja, 8.
Halocypselus, 16, p. 27.
Haloporphyrus, 17, p. 87.
Halter Ga Rea oi5 sp. (Olmos Or
hammondi, Thamnophis, 15.
Hapsidophrys lineata, 17, p. 53.
Harengula, 17. p. 86.

humeralis, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 39.

sardina, 16, p. 3.

CORETA Vii

harengulus, Eucinostomus, 15, p. 50;
Wii i Sh)
harengus, Clupea, 15, p. 41; 16, p. 39.

Harpe, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 85.

Harpers belo. De 4a) 12.) Doo:

hasselquistii, Ptyodactylus, 8.

Jaleyohon, Jaloy Wey BSS jos OR Circe

Helicolenus dactylopterus, 17, p. 5.

Helmuth, W. T., 16, p. 81

Heloderma suspectum, 7.

Hemidactylium scutatum, 9, 13;
14. 64

Hemidactylus garnotii, 6.

Hemiramphus brasiliensis, 17, p. 23,
79, 104.

Hemitripterus americanus, 16, p. 11.

henlei, Mustelus, 17, p. 61.

Henn, A. W., 16, p. 54.

henshawi, Xantusia, 16, p. 14.

Hepatus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.

bahianus, 15, p. 50
coeruleus, 17, p. 24.

Hepsetia, 16, p. 47.

Hesperoleucus, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87.

heteroclitus macrolepidotus, Fundulus,
255i, 16s py 125 41) 44:

Heterodon platyrhinus, 4, 11, 17; 15,
D> Oh ai/y 6

Hexagrammidae, 17, p. 88.

Hexanematichthys latiscutatus, 17, p.

17, p.

Soe
Hippocampus, 15, p. 12.
hudsonius, 1; 16, p. 41.

nie Caranxel Snipe D0 l7, ps 39205
2
hippurus, Coryphaena, 6; 16, p. 11.
hispidus, Stephanolepis, 13; 16, p. 39,
AZ Sip aeeee
Tetrodon, 17, p. 4.
Histrio, 16, p. 26;
histrio, 15, p. 4
histrio, Scorpaena, 17, p. 4.
histrix, Diodon, 15, p. 11.
leh, (E54 Io IN jon Shale
holbrooki, Gambusia, 10.
Scaphiopus,- 15, p. 17, 52;
Holbrookia, 17, p. 5.
Holocanthus passer, 17, p. 4.
Holocentrus, 16, p. 26.
adscensionis, 17, p. 23.

Lie DoD:

suborbitalis, 17, p. 3.
Home, sapiens, 2, Cle GIS jo, S/R IA Sop
Hoplias, 16, 53r
horridus, Crerias: 7 WO, 20/8 TK, FoR, Cr,
LOSS eliveeD: 64.
hospes, Mugil, 17, p.
Miubbs; (Cs 5 16; p: 33, Ss eo 7aps
38, 74, 99.

hudsonius, Hippocampus, 1; 16, p. 41.
hudsonius amarus, Notropis, 1, 5

humeralis, Harengula, 15, p. 50; ‘17, p.
39.
Paralabrax, 16, p. 64.
Etussakofl. lemlSepaaszes Lo, p. 64,

87.
Hybognathus nuchalis regius, 16, p. 12.
Hybopsis kentuckiensis, 15, p. 51; 16,

p. 79.

Hydrocyon forskalii, 8.

ele Prasat vanes 1G; Pe Si, CES Wyse Soy

arenicolor, 17, p. 5.

cinerea, 3; 15, p. 4, 55.

evittata, 15, p. 38, 55.

femoralis, 3; 15. p. 3.

rarcigore, sig US joy Sis alyyy Toe ak

versicolor, 4; 15, p. 5, 39, 53, 55, 63;
Zee pe eLosOos

Hypentelium, 17, p. 88.
Hypopomus brevirostris, 15.
Hyporhamphus roberti, 15, p. 44; 17,
jay, 1H).
unifasciatus, 16, p. 41.
Hypsiglena ochroryncha, 15.
Tanthina, 6.
Idothea metallica, 6.
imbricata, Eretmochelys, 16) p._ 58:
imperator, Tetrapterus, 15, p. 59.

incisor, Lepomis, 5.
insculpta, Clemmys, 4, 12, 16; 17, p.
15, 66, 74.
insignis, Schilbeodes, 16, p. 54. 17, p.
4.
insularum, Atherinops, 17, p. 38.
interrutus, Anisotremus, 17, p. 3.
iowae, Poecilichthys, 17, p. 71.
irideus, Salmo, 16, p. 27.
iridia, Salmo, 16, p. 27.
Tridio poeyi, 15, p. 50.
Isacia conceptionis, 16, p. 64.
isodon, Aprionodon, 16, p. 36.
Istiophorus, 15, p. 12.
Nigricanse Low pele. 4.
Isurus dekayi, 17, p. 87.
oxyrhynchus, 17, p. 87.
WaASuSs Oy pee sO spe 87
punctatus, 16, p. 36.
tigniss 16} p.sos) 17, ps 87.
jaculus, Eryx, 8.
atta Bee epee leependice
jamesonii, Dendraspis, 17, p. 53.
jeffersonianum, Ambystoma, 8, 13, 14;
LZ, D404, 99:
jocu, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50.
Jordans Di Sy16) op. 28, 485.80, 85i-
WH Toe, LY eh
jordani, Neomaenis, 17, p. 3.
Joturus pichardi, 15, p. 50.

jubelini, Pomadasis, 17, p. 53.
jugularis, Prolatilus, 16, p. 64.
Keim aie). 2 sll 55 pe 2:

kempi, Colpochelys, 17, p. 50.

Kendall Whee Ge 12.013)5 17) ps 28.045)

Pendcie Calamus, 17, p. 23.

kentuckiensis, Hybopsis, US yo. Sle IG,
Dp. :

kingii, Paralichthys, 16, p. 65.

Kinosternon pensylvanicum, Gi alle AS.
eS) 40 FG; ep: 59° 17. pe 15, 56;
65.

Kirtlandia, 17, p. 86.

koelreuteri, Periopthalmus, 17, p. 53.

Konosirus, 17, p. 85.

Kyphosus analogus, 17, p. 4.

sectatrix, 16, p. 17

Labeo coubie, 8.

labradoricus, Coregonus,

Labridae, 15, p. 20.

Labrisomus nuchipinnis, 15, p. 50.

lacertina, Chelydra, 1.

Lachesis, 17, p. 76.

Lachinura roseofusca, 15.

U7, ps 4+5-

Lactophrys tricornis, 15, p. 50.
triqueter, 15, p. 50.

laevigatus, Tagocephalus, 16, p. 11:42
17; p> 22.

laevis, Raja, 17, p. 88.

Lagocephalus laevigatus, 16, p. 11, 42;
fs iD A>

Lagochilus, 17, p. 87.

16, p. 42; 17, p.

Lagodon rhomboides,
39.

lalius, Trichogaster, 16, p. 17.
lamia, Carcharhinus, 17, p. 87.
Lamnidae, 15, p. 20.

Lampanyctus leucopsarum, 17, p. 38.

Viil

Lampetra aeyptera, 15, p. 1.
wilderi, 1.
Lampropeltis doliatus, 15, p. 40.
doliatus triangulus, 16, 17, 15, p.
5263): 17. Sp. (65>
getulus, 175) 15, p: 6; 17, p. 92:
getulus boylii, 15.
rhombomaculatus, 15, p. 6.
zonatus, 15.
Ibeheres, 185 SS ay SEIS 2/5 ie Ae
laterale, Zamenis, 8.
lateralis, Philypnus, 17, p. 4.
Lates niloticus, 8.
Latham, Roy, 17; 15, p. 61; 16, p. 17,
40M 67 V7 ps lOs 235,07
latus, Caranx, 14, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 23.
lazera, Clarias, 8.
leberis, Regina, 16; 15, p. 6.
lecontei, Rhinochilus, 15, p. 32.
/Leiostomus xanthurus, 2; 15, p. 44;
ioe jay a Ce sly, os aul BRE

< lentiginosus, Bufo, 3, 9

Lepidamia evermanni, 17, p. 47.
Lepidion, 17, p. 87.
Lepidodactylus lugubris, 6.
Lepisoteus platostomus, 11.
tristoechus, 11.
Lepodus, 17, p. 89.
Lepomis auritus, 1, 5, 11, 13; 16, p.
12042565) 809175) ps 30:
cyanellus, 7.
incisor, 3.
pallidus, 16, p. 80.
Leporinus, 16, p. 53.
Leptocephalus, 16, p. 26, 28.
conger, 15, p. 43; 16, p. 42.
Leptodactylus, 17, p. 50.
Leptodira, 17, p. 76.
lepturus, Trichiurus, 2; 15, p. 50; 16,
p. 41; 17; p: 8l-
Leucichthys, 17, p. 86.
leuciscus, Brachydeuterus, 17, p. 3.
leucopsarum, Lampanyctus, 17, p. 38.
Leucos, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87.
Leucosomus, 17, p. 87.
lightfooti, Alphestes, 15, p. 50.
lima, Raja, 16, p. 64.
Limanda ferruginea, 1.
limbatus, Carcharhinus, 16, p. 69, 80;
17, p. 78
lineata, Hapsidophrys, 17, p. 53.
lineatus, Doryrhamphus, 15, p. 50.
Roccus, 16, p. 12, 42.
Liopeltis vernalis, 17; 15, P. GAS lyf
p. 65.
Liparis, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.
liparis, 15, p. 2.
littoralis, Carcharias, 13; 16, p. 36, 41,
695) Lap aelZ =
Lobotes surinamensis, 1.
Loligo opalescens, 17, p. 38.
longicauda, Spelerpes, 2; 15, p. 63; 16,
De 67 5) lileuD- Ot. ,
Lophius Baa 2- 15, p. 60; 16,
4

p. 42.
Lophopsetta maculata, 1, 2, 13; 15, p.
45.

Loricaria anus, 17, p. 4.
Lucania parva, 16, p. 57.
Lucas, F. A., 16, p. 100.
luciae, Fundulus, 2.
Luciopimelodus pati, 17, p. 4.
Lucius, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 86.
lucius, Esox, 15, p. 35.
lugubris, Esox, 15, p. 35.
lugubris, Autodax, 15, p. 62.
Lepidodactylus, 6.
lumpus, Cyclopterus, 13, 13; 16, p. 39.
lunulatus, Mustelus, 17, p. 63.

COPEIA

Mabuya perrotetii, 17, p. 53.

macdonaldi Cynoscion, 16, p. 85.

maclovina, Eleginops, 16, p. 65.

maclura, Pteroplatea, 2.

macropterus, Chilodactylus, 17, p. 5.
Eucentrarchus, 16, p. 56, 80
Germo, 16, p. 93.

macrostoma, Sternarchorhamphus, 15.

macrurus, Sternopygus, 15

macularius, Cyprinodon, 16, p. 62.

maculata, Lophopsetta, 1, 2, 13; 15,

p. 45

maculatus, Dormitator, 17, p. 4.

Scomberomorus, 2; 16, p. 41; 17, p.

20.
Spheroides, 2, 13; 15, p. 42; 16, p.
AS Ze ah Sey 2s
Upeneus, 17, p. 23.
mahogoni, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50.
majalis, Fundulus, 2, 13; 16, p. 41.
Malaciemmnys centrata concentrica, 16,
p. 59.

Malopterurus electricus, 15, p. 58.

Mallotus villosus, 17, p. 28.

Manta birostris, 16, p. 87.

Mapo soporator, 17, p. 4, 39.

marginata, Rissola 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42.

marinus, Bufo, 16, p. 13, 43.
Petromyzon, 16, p. 41.
Tylosurus, 2-16) pie 4 lien pos

marmorata, Clemmys, 15, p. 11.

marmoratus, ‘'Gobiesox, 16, p. 65.

martinicus, Upeneus, 17, p. 23.

Mattern, E. S., 17, p. 66.

Mattern, W. T., 17, p. 66.

mauritii, Abudefduf, 17, p. 4.

maximus, Cetorhinus, 17, p. 21, 25;

163 “ps 36:

Mead ‘Gs We, 15; 05 365 17; ps 103:
mearnsi, Uta, 17, p 98.
mediocris, Pomolobus, 16, p. 12, 41.
megalops, Notropis, 16, p. 28.
Thamnophis, 12.
Melanogrammus aeglifinus, 15.
melanoleucas, Pituophis, 16, p. 7; 17,
p. 4, 101.
melas, Ameirus, 17, p. 34.
Membras, 16, p. 47; 17, p. 86.
Menidia, 15, p. 28; 16, p. 47.
beryllina cerea, 2
bonariensis, 17, p. 4.
menidia notata, 2, 11, 13; 16, p. 12.
peninsulae, 17, p. 39.
Menticirrhus americanus, 9.
saxatilis, 2, 9, 13; 15, p. 44; 16, p.
425 175 Dp. 2.
Merluccius bilinearis, 13; 15, p. 43, 45;
16, p. 42; 17, p. 22.
gayieid.) De Oe
productus, 17, p. 38.
merriami, Eutamias, 14.
mesogaster, Parexocoetus, 15, p. 50.
Mesogonistius chaetodon, 16, p. 56, 80.
metallica, Idothea, 6.
microdon, Pseudotriakis, 16, p. 36.
Microgadus tomcod, 16, p. 42.
Micrometrus, 17, p. 86.
micropholis, Coronella, 17, p. 76.
Micropogon opercularis, 17, p. 4.
undulatus, 2, 13; 16, p. 3, 42.

Of Nuicsontenne dolomieu, 1, 5, 13; 16, p.

42.
salmoides, 1, 5; 15, p. 42; 16, p. 12,
42, 56, 80.
microstomum, Ambystoma, 11.
Microstomus, 17, p. 87.

COPEIA 1X

milberti, Carcharhinus, 2, 13; 16, p.
36, 41, 69, 92.

miliarius, Sistrurus, 15, p. 60; 17, p.
30.

Miller, W. DeW., 1; 16, p. 68.

Mionurus, 17, p. 46

mississippiensis, Alligator, 17.
mitchilli, Anchoviella, 2; 15, p. 44; 16,

Oy WA BIS Te Tok USE
Myoxocephalus, 165 p. 395 40/3, 175 Dp:
22.
mitsukurii, Tetrapterus, 16, p. 80.
Mobula, 17, p. 88
olfersi, 16, p. 45.
Mola mola, 15, p. 17, 43.
monticola, Agonostomus,

Ike Foy, SUE
mordax, Osmerus, 17, p. 18.
Mormyridae, 15, p. 58.
Morone americana, 2, 3; 15, p. 42; 16,
De 125542:

motacilla, Seiurus, 16, p. 31.
Mowbray, Ee :. 175 p. 77.
Moxostoma, 16, p. 54.

pidiense, 16, p. 79.
Mugil, 17, p. 79.

brasiliensis, yf 4.

cephalus, 16, p. 62, 64.

curema, 3; 15, p. 50; 165 p., 415 17;

Da Lo:
hospes, 17, p. 3.
muhlenbergii, Clemmys, 4, 16; 17, p.
32, 65

Mullus auratus, 16, p. 42.

multilatus, Peropus, 6.

mundus, Urotrygon, 17, p. 3.
Muraenesox savanna, 15, p. 50.
Miusphiys sR Ge 253. oy lz Loa Dp. 43):

165 p, 60) 17,.p. 2, 1005, 106:
Mustelus, 17, p. 87.
californicus, 17, p. 61.
Chris, WUE, jy LS NG, oy, ae siay hls
W75 ps 45 Ls.
henlei, 17, p. 61.
lunulatus, 17, p. 63.
Mvycteroperca tigris, 17, p. 82.
venenosa apua, 17, p. 82.
mydas, Chelonia, 16, p. 58.
mydrus, Cyprinodon, YS Go See
Myliobatis freminvillii, 2.
Myloleucus, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87.

Myoxocephalus aeneus, 16, p. 40, 42;
7 Dees
mitchilli; 116; p. 39, 40); 17, p. 22:

Be ae eta Tose tte) Os, «De
AD ds Dales

Myrophis punctatus, 17, p. 23.
Mystacoceti, 15, p. 21.
mystes, Scorpaena, V7 pe 4:
Naja haje, 8.
Nakashima, E., 16, p. 86.
Nanestoma, 16, p. 26.
Narcine brasiliensis, 16, p. 46.
Narcobatus nobilianus, 16, p. 41.
narinari, Aetobatus, 16, p. 46; 17, p.

MaSUS.) LSuHTUS. LOY Dp. dO ue D. S27.
natalis, Ameirus, 10; 17, p. 33.
Natica duplicata, 3.
Natrix fasciatus, 11.

septemvittata, 15, p. 37, 63.

sipedon, 2, 4, 16, {7a eeloe) Ds Osunlo,,

Yk, Gk, RYE 63; 16; sp. 443 17; p:
155 OO;

naucrates, Echeneis, 13; 15, p. 11, 50;
NH jon GIS aye top SER

naufragium, Balistes, 17,
nebulosus, Ameiurus, ilF 2: a De oilis
169 py U2 Weep. 34:
Cynoscion, 2.

Nectamia fuscus, 17, p. 47.
Nelson, T. C., 15, p. 14.
nemoptera, Dixonina, 15, p. 50.
Neomaenis apodus, 15, p. 50.
argentiventris, 17, p. 3.
bucanella, 15, p. 50.
griseus, ae
jocu, 15, 50.
jordani, 17, Dao:
mahogoni, 15, p. 50.
synagris, 15, p. 50.
vivanus, 15, p. 50.
Nexilarius concolor, 17, p. 4.
INGChols seeds mone loe isis 15s ips
Ieee e244 Oe OO) 1G) pa 45) GLO;
Sie, GE EK 7Si, Chl t/a So 75
25, 60, ee Ree 104.
(Nicholsina),
nigrescens, Cen onaraa! Ieee eeos
nigricans, Cypsilurus,
Istiophorus, 16, p.
nigritus, Chorophilus, Se 11;
7a DatooS
nigrum, Boleosoma, 15, p. 51.
olmstedi, Boleosoma, 1, 5, 13; 16,
p. 1235)425 17, p: 36.
nilotica, Tilapia, 8.
niloticus, Crocodilus,
Eutropius, 8.
Lates, 8.
Marans. 65) lve) par oo.
niveatus, Epinephelus, 16, p. 11.
Nivicola, 16, p.
nobilianus, Narcobatus,
Nocomis, 16, p. 26.
nocturna, Echidna, 17, p. 3.
notatus, Pimephales, 15, p. 51.
Sphaerodactylus, 17, p. 39.
Nothonotus, 16, p. 26.
nothus, Cynoscion, 16, p. 30.

Lie. 23:

7k De OS

1657 po 41:

Notophthalmus viridescens, 16, p. 23.
Notoscopelus, 17, p. 87.
Notropis amoenus, 5, 13

analostanus, 1; 17, p. 36.

bifrenatus, 11.

corgniutus, ls 13-16) p. 125 28, 40

Vi, Oh, KO
hudsonius amarus, 1, 5.
megalops, 16, p. 28.

procne, 16, p. 55, 79.
whipplii analostanus, 16, p. 12.
nottii, Fundulus, 16, p. 66, 79.
nuchalis regius, Hybognathus, 16, p.
12.
nuchipinnis, Labrisomus, 15, p. 50.
obesus, Enneacanthus, 10.
oblongus, Paralichthys, 1.
obscurus, Carcharhinus, 16, p. 36, 41.
ebscletus; Elaphe, 155 p. 65°39; 6s; 17,
p. 6
obstetricans, Alytes, 15, p. 54.
occidentalis, Chorophilus, 3; 15, p. 22.
Tetronarce, 16, p. 46.
occipitomaculata, Storeriaslizsseel OsnDs

ocellatus, Chaetodon, 15, p. 44.
Gymnothorax, 15, p. 50.
Ophichthus, 16, p. 64.

ochroryncha, Hypsiglena, 15.

octodecimspinosus, no Nae ea 1'5;

De 44s 16) sp 4275p. 22:
ocularis, Chorophilus, 332 IG. fos 2S)
Ocyurus chrysurus, 17; 17, p. 23.

Odontoscion dentex, 15, p. 50.

Odontostomus, 17, p. 87.

Odontaspis, 16, p. 28.

odoratus, Sternothaerus, 4, 12, 16; 15,
AR NG. jos SIR 17, D: 15 S8enooe

oglinum, Opisthonema, 2a Stap: 50.

* COPEIA

olfersi, Mobula, 16, p. 45.
Oligocephalus, 16, p. 26.
olisthostomus, Diapterus, 15, p. 50.
omiscomaycus, Percopsis, 17, p. 86.
Oncorhynchus, 17, p. 38.
onitis, Tautoga, 3; 16, p. 11, 42.
opacum, Ambystoma, 8, 13; 16, p. 23,
8817) pe 24,0260, 40:
opalescens, Loligo, 17, p. 38.
opercularis, Micropogon, 17, p. 4.
operculata, Siren, 15, p. 30.
Ophiodontidae, 17, p. 88.
Ophiosaurus ventralis, 11.
Ophichthus ocellatus, 16, p. 64.
Opisthonema oglinum, 2; 15, p. 50.
Opsanus tau, 17, p. 60; 16, p. 42.
oregonensis, Plethodon, 15, p. 62.
oregonus, Crotalus, 14, 15; 15, p. 48.
ornatus, Uromastix, 8.
Orthopristis chrysopterus, 2, 13; 15, p.
AYNo Ty yo, QUE B/G ioe al, akeh ¢
Osmerus mordax, 17, p. 18.
ossifragus, Corvus, 17, p. 58.
otophorus, Eupomacentrus, 15, p. 50.
Oxersen) 15 6h, Ze) ICY jay i/e ANS) SG io
Ps
oxygenius, Polyprion, 17, p. 4.
Oxylebiidae, 17, p. 88.
Oxyrhopus, 17, p. 76.
oxyrhynchus, Isurus, 17, p. 87.
Pachygnathus, 16, p. 27.
Pachynathus, 16, p. 27.
pachypus, Bombinator, 15, p. 54.
pacifici, Anisotremus, 17, p. 3
pagrus, Sparus, 17, p. 4.
Pagurus pollicaris, 3.
pallida, Agama, 8.
pallidus, Lepomis, 16, p. 80.
Palometa, 17, p. 89.
palustris, Rana, 2, 4, 16; 15, p. 6, 13
BOM S55. 163)3) 16; spy 68k eL7,) p=
15, 100.
pandionis, Glossamia, 17, p. 46, 87.
Xystramia 17, p. 87.
Paralabrax humeralis, 16, p. 64.
Faralichthys brasiliensis, 17, p. 5.
dentatus, 1, 2, 13; 16, p. 12, 42; 17,
D: 2os 0%
kingii, 16, p. 65.
oblongus, 1.
woolmani, 17, p. 4.
parallelus, Centropomus, 15, p. 50.
Parexocoetus mesogaster, 15, p. 50.
parietalis, Thamnophis, 15; 15, p. 10.
paru, Pomacanthus, 15, p. 24.
parva, Lucania, 16, p. 37.
passer, Holacanthus, 17, p. 4.
patagonius, Acanthistius, 17, p. 4.
pati, Luciopimelodus, 17, p. 4.
Pecten, 15, p. 2
pectinatus, Pristis, 2.
peltatus, Hadropterus, 16, p. 80.
penisulae, Menidia, 17, p. 39.
pensylvanicum, Kinosternon, 4, 11; 15,

ps 6:
Penthestes carolinensis, 16, p. 78.
Pik BS HOE

Peprilus, 17, p. 89.
Perca flavescens, 5; 15, p.

16s pea) le4 256: 80.075 ps 02:
Percichthys trucha, 16, p. 64
Percina caprodes, 17, p. 69.
Percophis brasiliensis, 17, p. 5.
Percopsis omiscomaycus, 17, p. 86.
Periophthalmodon schlosseri, 16, p. 12.
Periophthalmus koelreuteri, 17, p. 53.
Peristidiidae, 17, p. 28.
Perona signata, 17, p. 4.
Peropus multilatus, 6.
perrotetii, Mabuya, 17, p. 53.

Petalognathus, 17, p. 76.
Petromyzon marinus, 16, p. 41.
Philypnus dormitator, 15, p. 50.
lateralis, 17, p. 4.
Phillips, Reyes
Pholis, 16, p. 26.
gunnellus, 16, p. 40.
Phoxinus, 16, p. 28.
Phrynosoma, 12; 15, p. 10.
cornutum, 16, p. 81; 17, p. 7.
Phycis, 17, p. 86.

brasiliensis, 17, p. 5.

ene 1, 3, 13°15, p. 25 43); 165 p:

regius, 13; 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42; 17,
p. 23

tenuis, 16) p. 425 Lie) pe ad.
pichardi, Joturus, 15, p. 50.
pickeringii, Hyla, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 14,
SRM, jo Sh 2 sks Sila UGE fos GRE
68';) 17; p. 145,765.
picta, Chrysemis, 4, 11, 12, 16; 15,
Pe 704016) (ps 595) 17, pao. OD).

Xantusia, 16, p. 14.
picturatus, Trachurus, 16, p. 64.
picudilla, Sphyraena, 15, p. 50.
pidiense, Moxostoma, 16, p. 79.
Pieris, 15, p. 9.
Pimelodus wagneri, 16, p. 53.
Pimephales notatus, 15, p. Bil,
Pinguipes chilensis, 16, p. 64.
fasciatus, 17, p. 5.
Pipa americana, 17, p. 49.
pipiens, Rana, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11; 15, p. 13,
BC) sh SOR BUF jon ES Ch GS.
Piscatorius, Lophius, 2; 15, p. 60; 16,
4

pisonis, Eleotris, 15, p. 50.

pisquetus, Caranx, 15, p. 50.

Pituophis catenifer, 15; 15, p. 10; 16,

p. 74, 91.
melanoleucas, 16, p. 7; 17, p. 101.
Saya,) lie 2s

platensis, Prochilodus, 17, p. 4.

Platessa, 16, p. 28.

Plathyrhinoides triseriatus, 16, p. 87.

platostomus, Lepisosteus, 11.

platycephalus, Ameiurus, 16, p. 54, 79.

platyrhinus, Heterodon, 4, 11, 17; 15,

p. 6.

Plethodon cinereus, 17, p. 105.
cinereus erythronotus, 2, 4.
glutinosus, 2, 13; 15, p. 51, 63; 17,

p. 64.
oregonensis, 15, p. 62.

Pleuracromylon, 16, p. 28; 17, p. 87.

Pleuronectes, 16, p. 28.

plumieri, Diapterus, 15, p. 50.
Haemulon, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 23.
Scorpaena, 15, p. 50.

pluriticus, Salmo, 16, p. 62.

Poecilichthys, 16, p. 25; 17, p. 86.
iowae, 17, p. 71.

Poecilliidae, 15, p. 20.

poeyi, Iridio, 15, p. 50.

Pogonias cromis, 15, p. 44; 16, p. 12,

A207. poo:
Pollachius virens, 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42;
17, p. 22.

pollicaris, Pagurus, 3.

Polydactylus, 17, p. 86.

Polydontophis annulatus, 17, p. 76

Polynemus, 17, p. 86.
virginicus, 15, p. 50.

Polyodon spathula, 4; 16, p. 65, 93.

Polyprion oxygenius, 17, p. 4.

Polypterus, 16, p. 54.

COPEIA Bp

Bomacensius arcuatus, 15, p. 24; 17,
p. 24.
paru, 17; p. 4:
Pomacentrus rectifraenum, 17, p. 4.
Pomadasis branicki, 17, p. 4.
jubelini, 17, p. 53.
ramosus, 15, p. 50.
Pomatomus saltatrix, 2, 13: 15, p. 44;
16stp. 4207s pe 4; 20:
Pomolobus aestivalis, 13.
mediocris, 16, p. 12, 41.
pseudoharengus, 3, 5; 15, p. 43; 16,
p. 41.
pomotis, Acantharchus, 10.
Pomoxis sparoides, 5, 11; 16, p. 56.
Ropes Es He 165) 15s ps 15) 16) p. 35:
Porcus bajad, 8.
Porichthys porosus, 16, p. 65.
Poronotus, 17, p. 89.
triacanthus, 2, 13; 15, p. 41; 16, p.
42 Wits (Dp: 20:
porosus, Porichthys, 16, p. 65.
porphyriticus, Gyrinophilus, 15, p. 14,
Gi a, jo Bas UG wh Cee
praedatoria, Buccone, 17, p. 4.
Priacanthus arenatus, 15, p. 50; 16, p.
39.
Prionace, 17, p. 89.
Prionotus carolinus, 1, 13; 16, p. 42;
17, p. 22.
punctatus, 17, p. 5.
strigatus, 2, 13; 15, p. 45; 16, p. 11,
42.
IPristisn Lv p. 79.
pectinatus, 2.
Prochilodus, 16, p. 53.
platensis. 17, p. 4.
procne, Notropis, 16, p. 5, 79.
productus, Merluccius, 17, p. 38.
profundorum, Apristurus, 16, p. 36.
Frolatilus jugularis, 16, p. 64.
Protonotaria citrea, 16, p. 78.
Psammophis shokari, 8.
sibilans, 8.
Pseudacris triseriatus, 2, 10; 17, p.
14.
Pseudemys elegans, 15, p. 15.
rubriventris, 15, p. 6, 40, 63; 16, p.
95,985 17, p. U5, 52:
pseudoharengus, Pomolobus, 3, 5; 15,
jo), CS Wey, jo, Ghile
Pseudoplatystoma coruscans, 17, p. 4.
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, 16, p.
2
Pseudopriacanthus altus, 15, p. 44.
Pseudosciaena, 17, p. 85
Pseudotolithus typus, 17, p. 53.
Fseudotriakis microdon, 16, p. 36.
Pteraclis, 16, p. 26.
Pterophryne, 17, p. 86.
Pteroplatea maclura, 2.
Ptychemys rugosa, 16, p. 97.
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii 8.
pubescens, Dryobates, 16, p. 78.
punctarenae, Gymnothorax, 17, p. 3.
punctatissimus, Eumycterias, 17, p. 4.
punctatum, Ambystoma, 8, 13; 15, p.
BS; 16) p) 05,495" We ip. 405 64:
punctatus, Aplodactylus, 16, p. 64.
Buto; 175 p: 5:
Decapterus, 16, p. 39; 17, p. 20.
Dermatolepis, 17, p. 3.
DiadophiswalA ose paO. Olmos oli,
1 My Ws Ce,
Isurus, 16, p. 36.
Myrophis, 17, p. 23.
Prionotus, 17, p. 5.
pygmaea, Umbra, 16, p. 12; 17, p. 94.
pygmaea bilineata, Umbra, 17, p. 94.

Quassilabia, 17, p. 87.
quercicus, Bufo, 3, 9.
Rachycentron canadus, 2; 16, p: 42;
Radcliffe, L., 7, 14; 16, p. 3; 17, Dp. 25:
radiata, Raja, 17, p. 87.
Rafinesquiellus, 16, p. 26.
Raia pipgcalate, 16D esse
laphanes, 3, 13; 15, p. 43; H 8%
IA, Gale ie son Ee : ae
eglanteria, 2; 16, p. 9, 12, 41.
erinacea, 13; 16, p. 12, 41; 17, p. 17
flavirostris, 16, p. 64. : ;
granulata, 17, p. 88.
laevis, 17, p. 88.
lima, 16, p. 64.
ocellata, 17, p. 87.
radiata, 17, sp: 872
scabrata, 17, p. 87.
sf alsionis: USE ING, jay GG i, joy, ake},
ramosus, Pomadasis, 15, p. 50.
Ranaseliae Danze
aesopus, 3, 5.
aerolata, 11.
catesbiana, 3, 4, 5, 11, 11, 16, 16;
a Ph By SO, 27, Bil, Ge 3478 io, aa

clamitans, 2, 3, 5, 11, 16, 16; 15s pe
Oy isis SOF Sil; Ssh Ge Se sie SIG
5 Cn SS, GS SUG my, Te, ae
esculenta, 15, p. 54.
panies Ss bie SI, jo,
palusttis, 24, pole lS sap. (6; 13, 39)
eS eOS se LOND SNOSiLiZap eal. 5
100. E “ =
Mons 4, wh a big WR see yey, als, sie).
8, THR IW wR eS Shs Coe
septentrionalis, 16; 15, p. 46.
sphenocephala, 3, 5.
sylvatica, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p. 39, 51;
LOSS Doze Sieelid Ds 5s 65:
temporaria, 15, p. 54.
virgatipes, 16, p. 5
rectifraenum, Pomacentrus, 17, p. 4.
regalisy Gynosciony 2,135) 16, ps 125 30)
42-17. pe 24.
Scomberomorus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 81.
Regina leberis, 16; 15, p. 6.
Tenis Hybognathus nuchalis, 16, p.

Phycis, 13; 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42; 17,

p. 23.
Reighard, J., 15, p. 35.
reticulatus, Cynoscion, 16, p. 85.
BSOx sop elOw ps 24 5550798
retifer Scylliorhinus, 16, p. 36.
retractus, Cryptotomus, 14.
Rhamphichthys rostratus, 15.
Rhina, 17, p. 89.
Rhinichthys atronasus, 13; 15, p. 51;
Wh, JO Sey,
cataractae, 11, 13.
Rhinochilus lecontei, 15, p. 32.
Rhinodon typicus, 15, p. 21.
Rhinoptera bonasus, 16, p. 11, 41.
rhombeus, Diapterus, 15, p. 50.
rhomboides, Lagodon, 16, p. 42; 17,
p. 39.
Gop aes: Lampropeltis, 15, p.

Rhombus, 17, p. 89.

rhothoecus, Catostomus, 17, p. 88.

Richardsonius, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 87.

Rissola marginata, 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42.

riversiana, Nantusia, 16, p. 14.

rivoliana, Seriola, 17, p. 4.

robalite Centropomus, 17, p. 3.

roberti, Hyporhamphus, 15, p. 44; 17,
p. 19.

xil COPEIA

Roccus lineatus, 16, p. 12, 42.

Ives, (Ee (Cag 7/5 ide Zils

Rogers, C. H., 17, p. 76.

ronchus, Bairdiella, 15, p. 50.

roseofusea, Lachinura, 15.

roseus, Cryptotomus, 14.

rostratus, Rhamphichthys, 15.

ruber, Caranx, 17, p. 82.

Speleres, 10, 13, 16; 15, p. 28, 38,

63) LO. pe 22ce7e pel wOs

rubicundus, Acipenser, 17, p. 48.

rubriventris, Pseudemys, 15, p. 6
63; 16, p. 95, 98; 17, D. if; o)

rugosa, Ptychemys, 16, p. 97.

rupestris, Ambloplites, 5, 13.

Ruthling, P. D. R., 15; 15, p. Mi325
62S 10snp ee ole

Ruthven, A. G., 15; 16, p. AAT Tie
30

40,

,
2

Rutilus, 16, p. 27.

sadina, Etrumeus, 16, p. 39; 7/5 10m alts

sagamius, Ebisus, 17, PD. 88.

sagax, Sardina, 16, p. 64.

Sagenichthys ancylodon, 17, p. 4.

salar, Salmo, 15, p. 20.

Salminus brevidens, 17, P- 4,

Salmo eriox, 16, p. 28
fario, 5; 16, p. 28.
gairdneri, 16, p- Bie
irideus, 16, p. 27.
iridia, 16, p. 27.
pleuriticus, 16, D. 62.
salar, 15, p. 20.
trutta, 16, p. 28.

salmoides. Micropterus, I, sg, ER Se

42: 16, p. 12, 42, 56, 80.
saltatrix, Pomatomus, Nab IG, ee SH
160 p. 425) Lise p> 4520:

Salvadora grahamiae, Ss

Salvelinus fontinalis, 15, PD. 20s soil.

Sanwald, W., 16, PD. 35)

sapidissima, Alosa, 16, p. 12; 41.

sapiens, Homo, 2, 4; Vy ay PS ale 12%

he

Sarda chilensis, 16, Pp. 64.
sarda, 13; 16, p. 41; 172 pets Lo:

Sardina, une p. i
sagax, 16, D. :

eee Harengula, 16, p. 3; 17, P. 18.

Sardinella, 17, p. 85
caerulea, 17, p. 38. .

sauritus, Thamnophis, Ton isos

AQSs6350 lia) Ds 52 :
sauritus proxima, Thamnophis, 17,

savanna Muraenesox, 15, DP.

saxatilis, Menticirrhus, 2, 9, isis NS,
44: 16, p. 42; 17, P- ile

say, Dasyatis, 2; 16, p. 11

sayanus, Aphredoderus, 16, Pp. 12,

p.
p-

40.
saurus, Elops, 15, PD. 50, SS es Sb
5 i

sayi, Pituophis, 11, 12.
scabrata, Raja, 17, D- 87.
Scaphiopus_ holbrooki, Ny oo il S35
7a peso: u
Seaphirhynchops, 17, Pp. 87.
Scaphirhynchus, 17, Pp. Sie
Scaridae, 16, p. 10.
Seartichthys eques, 16, p. 65.
Scarus, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.
Sceloporus, 17, p. 91.
bi-seriatus, 15, p. 10.
clarkii, 17, p. 5.
undulatus, 4, 16; 15, p. 6, 9; AQenGors
16s0p. 225.175 ps. Lo, 39,
schall, Synondontis, 8.

pehilbeodes gyrinus, U5; 9p, ols) 16. ps
insignia, 1165 p24) Leaps O45
echiossert, Periophthalmodon, 16, p.

Schmidt; Ke) B= 175 ps 30; 52:
schoepfii, Alutera, 2, 13; 16, p. 11, 42.
schoepfii, Chilomycterus, 2; 15, p. 42,
44; 16, p. 42.
schotti, Sternarchella, 15.
Sciaedichthys troscheli, 17, p. 3.
Sciaena fasciata, 16, p. 64.
scincicauda, Gerrhonotus, 15, p. 10.
Scincus scincus, 8.
sciurus, Haemulon, 15, p. 33.
Scoliodon terraenovae, 16, p. 2, 36.
Scomber, 15, p. 21.
roe alike aby yoy, alle):
scombrus, 13; 15, p. 12, 41; 16, p.
Ase 75. 19%
Seoniber Omer es Cavallased Sor pemo Olsmeline
p. 5
maculatus, 25/916; ps 4s Lisa pae20:
regalis, 15) ps 50s ol7, ps. Sit
Scombridae, 15, p. 20.
scombrus, Scomber, 13; 15, p. 12, 41;
16,° ps 403 W7e pe 9:
Scorpaena histrio, 17, p. 4.
mystes, Wve Ds te
plumieri, 15, p. 50.
scutatum, Hemidactylium, 9, 13; 17
p. 14, 64.
Scylliorhinus, 17, p. 8&6.
chilensis, 16, p. 64.
retifer, 16, p. 36.
Seale, A., 17, p. 28.
Sebastodes chilensis, 16, p. 64.
darwini, 16, p. 64.
sectatrix, Kyphosus, 16, p. 17.
Seiurus motacilla, 16, p. 31.
Selene vomer, 15, p. 50.
Semotilus atromaculatus, 13; 15, p. 51;
163.pe/9>
corporalis, 1, 13; 16, p. 28.
septemvittata, Natrix, 15, p. 37, 63.
septentrionalis, Rana, 16; 15, p. 46.
Seriola rivoliana, 17, p. 4.
ZOnata los pe 425) lisepes aus
Seriollella violacea, 16, p. 64.
serpens, Gempylus, 15, p. 50.
serpentina, Chelydra, 1, 2, 4, 11, 12,
16%) 155s 16.40, 168 5) 16; pp.) SSi
Tp. lon Ob:
Testudo, 1.
setipinnis, Vomer, 15, p. 44, 50; 17, p.
206 53:
sexfasciatum, Haemulon, 17, p. 3.
sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, 15, p. 6.
Sharks, 17, p. 25.
shokari, Psammophis, 8.
sibilans, Psammophis, 8.
signata, Perona, 17, p. 4.
silenus, Zaprora, 12.
Siluranadon auritus, 8.
Siluridae, 15, p. 58.
silus, Crotaphytus, 17, p. 96.
similis, Fundulus, 17, p. 39.
sipodon, Natrix, 2, 4, 16, 17; 15, p. 6,
F MSO) S25 OSs Olmpataare les
oy 1, OE
Siphateles, 16, p. 27.
Siphostoma, 16, p. 27; 17, p. 86.
Siren operculata, 15, p. 30.
sirtalis, Thamnophis, 2, 4, 11, 16, 17;
Wey jo) On, te Sy CHO, il, a OS seb
Onl S7ape oa Gor
Sistrurus miliarius, 15, p. 60; 17, Pp.
3

Sitta carolinensis, 16, p. 78.

COPEIA Xili

Skinner, A., 12.

Simithe bie Viel pecse

Snakes, Poisonous, 17, p. 76.

Bas J. Oe 15, p: 64: 16; p. 16;
175 ps 94s

soporator, ee [Veep 4039:
Sparisoma abildgaardi, 17, p. 24.
aurofrenatum, 17, p. 24.
viride, 17, p. 24.
xystrodon, Tf 0 ZB
sparoides, Pomoxis, 5, 11;
Sparus, 16, p. 28.
pagrus, 17, p. 4.
spathula, Polydon, 4; 16, p. 65, 93.
Speck, be Gi. 16; p. 923 175s p..30:
Spelerpes bislineatus, 2, 4, 13, 16; 15,
Doo oon ola O45) 605016. ep:
22 17, ps 14, 64;
longicauda, 2; 15, p. 63; 16, p. 67;

eae si, 1S Th, yo, AES Bik GEIS
16; ps 22; L7e ps W450 64.
Spencer, R. D., 15, p. 7.
Sphaerodactylus notatus, 17, p. 39.
sphenocephala, Rana, 3, 5.
Spheroides annulatus, 17, p. 4.
mactlatus, 2. U3is 15, pp. 42% 16, p:

16, p. 56.

TOA Tops «22:
testudineus, 15, p. 50.
Sphyraena barracuda, 6; 15, p. 50; 17,
p. 81.
borealis, 3; 15, p. 443 16; p. 39); 17,
p. 19:

guachancho, 15, p. 50.
picudilla, 15, p. 50
Sphyrna, 17, p. 89
zygaena, 2, 13;

CYS Wiawian ile
spilopterus, Citharichthys, 15, p. 50.
Spinden, H. J., 2; 4:

Squalus, acanthias, 16, p. 36, 41, 64;

LA: 175738:

sucklii, 17, p. 37.
Squatina, 17, p. 89.

dumeril, 16, p. 36.
squirella, Hyla, 3; 15, p. 3;
stansburiana, Uta, 15, p. 10.
Steaks. 125 (ey IG ib GRE
Steatogenes elegans, 15.
Stejneger, L., 6.
Stenesthes, 17, p. 87.

SOE, 13; 16, p.

il
Stenotomus, 17, p. 87.
Stechenoleris hispidus, StS

42% 17) ps 22
Sternarchella balaenops, ile.

schotti, 15.
Sternarchorhamphus macrostoma, 15.
Sternarchus albifrons, 15.

bonapartii, 15.
Sternopygus macrurus, 15.
Sternothaerus odoratus, 3, 12, 16; 15,

Dp. 623 16; p. 59:3 17eup: 15, 58; 65.
Stolephorus, 17, p. 85.

Stone, W., 10; 17, p. 28.
Storerpille lo nepa os Grmllos “ps 70.
Storeria dekayi, 14, 16, 17; 15, p. 6;
I 7eap a touoo-
occipitomaculata, 17; 15, p. 6, 7.
Sissy Io IPs, 98 a7, jon AR
Streeter, D. D., 16, p. 1.
striatum, Bathystoma, 17, p. 23.
striatus, Centropristes, 2, 13; 15, p. 42;
16aps 142-75 ps 2i.
Cynoscion, 17, p. 4.
Epinephelus, 17, p. 23.

Sp. Ail

165 p> U1;

Ws toe Sh

16, p. 39,

strigatus, Prionotus, 2, 13; 15, p. 45;
16, p. 4, 42.

sturio, Acipenser, 16, p. 41; 17, p. 18.

subaequalis, Corvula, 15, p. 50.

subligarius, Eudulus, 17, p. 39.

suborbitalis, Holocentrus, 17, p. 3.

sucetta, Erimyzon, 16, p. 54.

sucetta oblongus, Erimyzon, 11; 15, p.
Se aL G ps 2 4
sucklii, Squalus, 17, p. 37.

Sufflamen, 16, p. 27.
verres, 16, p. 27.
surinamensis, Anisotremus, 15, p. 20.
Lobotes, 1.
suspectum, Heloderma, 7.
Swifts, 13.
sylvatica, Rana, 2, 4, 11, 16; 15, p. 39,
SlGe peio2)) 4650 17> pylon oo:
Wf 185

synagris, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50;
23.
Synuenathus, 15) ps, 12: 16.5p. 275 17;
p. 86.
PUSCHING Ze doc Losupee44) On ps 39;
41.
Synodontis schall, 8.
Synodus, 16, p. 26.

dominicensis, Ey 0 BNO)
foetens, 13; 15, p. 44;

taeniopterus, Callyodon,

taiasica, Awaous, 15,Ds

Tantilla eiseni, 15.

Tarentola annularis, 8.

Tarpon atlanticus, 15, p. 59.

tau, Opsanus, 15, p. 60; 16, p. 42.

Tautoga onitis, 3; 16, p. 13. 42.

Tautogolabrus adspersus, 16, p. 42.

temporaria, Rana, 15, p. 54.

tenuis, Phycis, 16, p. 42; 17, p. 23

Tephrosia, 15, p. 57.

terraenovae, Scoliodon, 16, p. 2, 36.

Terrapene carolina, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16; 15,
p. 7, 36, 40, 63; 16, p. 4, 42, 60,
Gor 7, per Sel 5.09, 0058745, 91.

testudineus, Spheroides, 15, p. 50.

Testudo polyphemus, 5.

serpentina, 1.
Tetraodontidae, 17, p. 81.
Tetrapterus imperator, 15, p. 59.
mitsukurii, 16, p. 80. -

Tetrodon hispidus, 17, p. 4.

Tetronarce occidentalis, 16, p. 46.

Teuthis, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.

pexanas Myrauchen, 16) p. 62; 17,,.p:
8

Wf, jo, Uy
Lis) \pen24:
50.

thalassina, Uta, 17,
Thamnophis butleri,
hammondi, 15; 15,
megalops, 12.
Danietaliswm oe los OeLOs
Sabbonane, ile, iv/8 WG joy COS Ga alr

p. 98.
15.
DaeLos

DeelS
Thamnophis sauritus proxima, 17, p.
40.
Sintalisse 2 4 ll Only cL Oe Dem OsmGs
WS, 24 Sil, GOS. Wo, jon SalR alr, 8b
LS Oos
thebaicus, Eryx, 8.
Thoburnia, 17, p. 88.
Whore; loses 7al-
Thompson, W. F., 16, p. 30; 17, p. 13.
Thunder, 5. :
Thunnus thynnus, 16, p. 11, 41.
thynnus, Thunnus, 16, p. 11, 41.
Thyrsites atun, 16 p. 64.
tigrinum, Ambystoma, 8; 15, p. 30; 16
roy ANE RR aie Ge fog Lal

100.

californiense, Ambystoma, 15, p. 56.

XIV

pens, Galeocerdo, 15, p. 43; 16; p.
tigris, Isurus, 16, p. se yi p. 87.
Myocteroperca, Wily Sop ty
Tilapia nilotica, 8.
timucu, Tylosurus, 15, p. 50.
tomcod, Microgadus, 16, p. 42.
torosus, Diemictylus, 15, p. 62.
Torrentaria, 16, p. 26.
Trachinotus carolinus, 2, Hehe OIG, jay, Ziebs
163 pe wale 7a p20:
falcatus, ilgye 15, p. 50; 16, p. 42.
glaucus, 15, p. 50; 17, p. 4, 23
Trachurops crumenophthalmus, ho alhy,
Ds oO); 165 p: 39)
ieachusds picturatus, 16, p. 64.
Travell, W., 4.
triacanthus, Poronotus, Py NVR. WG yo),

GS NG 705 CIR Sth, oy AHO).
Trichiurus lepturus, 2; 15, p. 50; 16,
p. 413) 175 pe Sil.

Trichoeaster lalius, 16, p. 17.

tricornis, Lactophrys, 15, p. 50.

triqueter, Lactophrys, 15, p. 50.

triseriatus, Plathyrhinoides, 16, p. 87.
Pseudaerisy 2) 10-79 "p) 14:

tristoechus, Tepisostens. ial

troscheli, Eigenmannia, 15.
Sciaedichthys, 17, p. 3.

trucha, Percichthys, 16, p. 64.

truei, Ascaphus, 17, p. 13.

trutta, Salmo, 16, p. 28.

Turtle, 15, p. 19.

Tylosurus, 15, p. 13; 17, p. 79.
marinus, 2; 15, p. 41; 17, p. 19, 39.
timucu, 15, p. 50.

typicus, Rhinodon, 15, p. 21.

typus, Pseudotolithus, 17, p. 53.

tyrannus, Brevoortia, 2, 3, 13; 15, p.
Zeal 4359 16,0p. 41; 07, peels:
Wimiase ly ps O7e
umbellus, Bonasa, 16, p. 8.
Umbra, 16, p. 26.
pygmaea, 16, p. 12; 17, p. 94.
pygmaea bilineata, 17, p. 94.
Umbrina coroides, 15, p. 50.
un dulaeds, Micropogon, 2, 13; 16, p. 3,
SCelLoporusy 45 UG al Sa pam Ome OF
CMe NOS toe AAS abi jo, AIS Se)
unifasciatus, Hyporhamphus, 16, p. 41.

University of Michigan, 17, p. 30.
Upeneus maculatus, 17, p. 23.
martinicus, 17, p. 23:
Uromastix ornatus, 8.
Urophycis, 17, p. 86.
Urotheca elapoides, Wis ae OS
Urotrygon mundus, 17, p. 3.
ustus, Cryptotomus, 14.
Witay lize pa ole
mearnsi, 17, p. 98.
stansburiana, 15, p. 10.
thalassina, 17, p. 98.

valeriae, Virginia, 15, p. 6, 63; 16, p.
68.
Van Denburgh, J., 16, p. 15.
Van Wagenen, G., 17, p. 44
Varanus griseus, 8.
niloticus, 8; 17, p. 53.
variagatus, Cyprinodon, 2; 16, p. 41;

LSD:
venenosa apua, Mycteroperca, 17, p. 82.
ventralis, Callisaurus, 17, p. 97.
Ophiosaurus, 11.

COPEIA

vernalis, Branchippus, 16, p. 48.
Liopeltis, 17; 15, p. 52: 7/5 1, (See
verres, Surilamern: 16, p. 27.
versicolor, Elyla, 4; 15) p. 5, 39, 53,
By GSS 3/5 jo, US; 65.
vetula, Balistes, 17; p. 1,
Callyodon, 17, p. 24.
vigilis, Xantusia, 16, p. 12, 52.
villosus, Mallotus, 17, p. 28.
violacea, Seriolella, 16, p. 64.
virens, Pollachius, 15, p. 45; 16, p. 42
175, p. 22:
virescens, Eigenmannia, 15.
virgatipes, Rana, 16, p. 5.
Virginia valeriae, 155 p: 65) 63) 1640p

24, 81.

virginianus, Bubo, 16, p. 62.
virginicus, Polynemus, 15, p. 50.
viride, Sparisoma, 17, p. 24.
viridescens, Diemictylus, 2, 10, 13, 14;
NEY Sos 5 Sil ali, qo, CEE
viridescens miniatus, Diemictylus, 13.
Notophthalmus, 16, p. 23.
viridis, Bufo, 15, p. 54.
Dendraspis, 17, p. 53.
vittatus, Ctenops, 4.
vivanus, Neomaenis, 15, p. 50.
Vomer setipinnis, 15, p. 44, 50;
20,
vomer, Selene, 15, 50.
Vulpecula marina, "7, p. 89.
vulpes, Albula, 15, p. 50, 59.
vulpinus, Alopias, 16, p. 36; 17, p. 89.
wagneri, Fimelodus, 16, p. 53.
Wellman, G. B., 17, p. 108.
Welets W. W., 15; IB, Fah ale

Wetmore, A., 17, p. 59. ;
whipplii analostanus, Notropis, 16, p.

12.
Wiegmann, W. H., 3, 11; 15, p. 45.
Wiis De te

wilderi, Lampetra, 15, p. 1
wislizenii, Crotaphytus, 5, 12; 17, p.
6

17, p.

16, p. 56,

Winton, W. M., 16, p. 84;

woolmani, Paralichthys, 17, p. 4.
Wright, A. H., 15, p. 48.
xanthurus, Leiostomus, 2; 15, p. 44;
16; ps Ll 42Zemisy pies 39:
Xantocles, 17, p. 88.
Xantusia henshawi, 1O,9p. 145
picta, 16, p. 14.
riversiana, 16, p. 14.
Vigilise On peedlo sme.
Xenodon, 17, p. 76.
Xiphias gladius, 15, p.
20,

Xiphidion, 17, p. 87.
Xiphister, 17, p. 87.
Xyrauchen cypho, 17, p. 88
texanus, 16, p. 62; 17, p. 88.
Xystaema, 17, p. 86.
cinereum, 17, p. 4.
Xystramia, 17, p. 46.
pandionis, 17, ib tao
xystrodon, Sparisoma, ih i Ae
Zamenis constrictor, 4, 11, 16, 17; 15,
mp ey HOS GS Ces US fo, IS, (Ae:
constricto1 flaventris, 15
flagelliformis frenatus, 15.
laterale, 15.
Zaniolepidae, 17, p. 88.
Zaniolepis, 17, p. 88.
Zaprora silenus, 12.
Zoarces, 16, p. 26; 17, p. 89.
anguillaris, 16, p. 9, 42.

WA GAN 31/5, 50%

GOREIA XV

zonata, oerola, 16; p. 42° 17, p: 20:
zonatus, Chaetodipterus, 17, p. 4.
Lampropeltis, 15.
zonifer, Erilepis, 16, p. 29; 17, p. 9,
88.

zonipectus, Pomacanthus, 17, p. 4.

Zoramia, 17, p. 46.

zygaena, Sphyrna, 2, 13; 15, p. 41; 16,
a iil, Slo, Cal, Ge Ce OAS Wy io.
Sig BI CA

Edited by J. T. Nicuots, American Museum of Natural History

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